以每搏量变异为指导的液体治疗对精准肝切除术患者乳酸和术后肝肾功能的影响

目的探讨以每搏量变异(SVV)为指导的液体治疗策略对精准肝切除术患者乳酸和术后肝肾功能的影响。方法择期行精准肝切除术患者50例,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级,随机分为低中心静脉压组(LCVP组)和目标导向组(SVV组)。LCVP组:通过限制输液、调整体位、利尿等措施维持CVP低于5cm H2O。SVV组:患者桡动脉穿刺成功后连接FloTrac/Vigileo换能器,监测患者心指数和SVV。在控制CVP低于5cm H2O的前提下,输注6%羟乙基淀粉溶液(130/0.4)使得SVV低于12%。记录手术期间低血压的发生情况、去氧肾上腺素使用量、术中出血量、术中输液、输血量,测定手术前、切皮后2、4h和手术结束时的乳酸浓度以及术前、术后1、2、5d的总胆红素、直接胆红素、白蛋白和尿素氮的变化,并记录患者的住院天数和术后30d死亡率。结果 SVV组患者术中发生低血压的次数、去氧肾上腺素用量明显少于LCVP组(P0.05或P0.01);6%羟乙基淀粉溶液(130/0.4)的术中用量明显多于LCVP组(P0.05)。两组患者在切皮后4h、手术结束时乳酸浓度均明显高于术前(P0.01),且SVV组明显低于LCVP组(P0.01)。术后1、2、5dLCVP组和术后1,2dSVV组患者白蛋白浓度明显低于术前(P0.05),术后5dSVV组患者白蛋白浓度明显高于LCVP组(P0.05)。结论采用SVV为指导的目标导向液体治疗,能明显减少术中的低血压发生,降低血管活性药物的用量和乳酸浓度,改善术后低蛋白血症。     

腹腔镜肝切除术中应用低中心静脉压与肝血流阻断的回顾分析研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜肝切除术中应用低中心静脉压及肝血流阻断技术对手术、预后的影响。方法:选取2017年1月至2019年6月84例行腹腔镜肝切除术的患者,45例应用控制性低中心静脉压技术(LCVP),39例纳入未控制的普通中心静脉压(NCVP)组。比较手术切除肝实质组织所需时间、术中失血量、是否输血、术后肝功能、住院时间等。结果:LCVP组术中出血量、肝切除时间、肝门阻断时间低于NCVP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组术后并发症、住院时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);LCVP组术后第5天AST恢复情况优于NCVP组,其余生化指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜肝切除术中间歇肝门血流阻断后应用LCVP安全、有效,可进一步减少术中出血量,缩短手术时间,术后患者肝功能恢复水平不劣于仅肝门血流阻断后未控制中心静脉压的患者。     

每搏量变异和中心静脉压监测对胃肠道手术患者术中输液量及预后的影响

目的 比较每搏量变异(SVV)和中心静脉压(CVP)监测对胃肠道手术患者术中输液量及预后的影响.方法 择期行全身麻醉下胃肠道手术患者40例,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,随机均分为CVP组和SVV组.CVP组,监测CVP指导输液治疗,维持CVP于8～10 mm Hg;SVV组,监测SVV指导输液治疗,维持SVV于10％～12％.术中连续监测HR、SpO2、RR、ECG、PETCO2、IBP.记录术中和术后3d液体输入量,术中失血量、输血量和尿量,记录术后排气、排便时间、全流质饮食时间、半流质饮食时间和住院时间;记录术后48 h内肺部感染等并发症的发生率.结果 术中输液总量和晶/胶体液SVV组明显低于CVP组(P＜0.05);两组术后全流质饮食时间、排气时间、排便时间、恶心呕吐等并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义;半流质饮食时间、术后住院时间SVV组明显短于CVP 组(P＜0.05).结论 相对于CVP监测,胃肠道手术中患者使用SVV监测输液治疗可以明显减少围术期输液量,缩短住院时间.     

肝叶切除术患者低中心静脉压联合急性高容量血液稀释的血液保护效应

目的 评价肝叶切除术患者低中心静脉压(CVP)联合急性高容量血液稀释(AHHD)的血液保护效应.方法 择期行肝叶切除术的肝癌患者60例,随机分为3组(n=20):对照组(Ⅰ组)、AHHD组(Ⅱ组)和低CVP联合AHHD组(Ⅲ组),3组均采用硬膜外复合全麻.Ⅰ组术中按1.5∶1输注晶体液和胶体液;Ⅱ组在气管插管后静脉输注4%琥珀酰明胶50 ml·kg-1.h-130min行AHHD,然后静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液维持CVP在正常范围;Ⅲ组入室后静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液1 ml·kg-1·h-1,硬膜外输注1.5%利多卡因和0.2%布比卡因混合液6～8 ml,静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1,维持CVP 1～5 cm H2O,同时静脉输注去甲肾上腺素0.4～0.8 mg/h,维持MAP≥70 mm Hg,肝叶切除后10min开始行AHHD.分别于术前(基础状态)、切皮前即刻、肝叶切除前即刻、肝叶切除后10 min和术毕时测定血糖浓度,分别于上述时点及术后7 d测定血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、白细胞(WBC)、凝血功能指标、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和肾功能指标,并记录各时段输液量、尿量;记录术中失血、输血情况及术后并发症的发生情况.结果 与Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组术中血糖、WBC、GPT、失血量、异体输血量、肝叶切除前输液量、尿量及异体输血率较低,术中Hb、Hct及肝叶切除后输液量和尿量较高(P＜0.05),凝血功能指标、肾功能指标、总输液量和尿量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).所有患者术后未见并发症发生.结论 肝叶切除前低CVP联合肝叶切除后AHHD能明显减少术中失血量和异体输血,且具有良好的安全性.     

低中心静脉压在肝叶切除术中的应用

目的研究低中心静脉压技术是否能降低肝叶切除术中的出血量,并评价这一技术对肾功能的影响。方法60例择期行肝叶切除术的病人。随机均分为对照组和低中心静脉压(LCVP)组。均采用静吸复合气管插管全麻。LCVP组通过吸入异氟醚,静注芬太尼,切肝前控制输液量,必要时微泵静注硝酸甘油,将CVP控制在4 mmHg左右。观察两组病人术中出血量、输血量、切肝前输液量和收缩压、以及术后24h肾功能变化。结果LCVP组术中出血量、输血量、切肝前输液量和收缩压均低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后24h两组病人肾功能变化无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论低中心静脉压技术可减少肝叶切除术中的出血量及输血量,且对肾功能无明显影响。     

低中心静脉压对肝叶切除病人术中出血及肾功能的影响

目的观察低中心静脉压(LCVP)对肝叶切除手术出血量和肾功能的影响。方法LCVP组在肝实质完全离断过程中中心静脉压(CVP)控制在0～5cmH2O(1cmH2O=0.098kPa),C组CVP维持在6～12cmH2O之间。观察两组病人术中总失血量、输血率和输血量,比较肝脏手术部位不同及第一肝门血流处理法不同的两组病人术中出血量,术前、术毕肾功能变化。结果LCVP组和C组术中出血量分别为(427±317)mL和(800±709)mL,P<0.05。LCVP组在不同部位肝叶切除术术中出血量均少于C组。进行第一肝门阻断者,LCVP组出血量明显少于C组。术中LCVP组输血量明显少于C组。两组病人术前、术中肾功能无明显变化。结论低中心静脉压可减少肝叶切除术中的出血量,对手术中病人肾功能无明显影响。     

目标导向液体治疗对腹腔镜肝切除术中血流动力学及脑氧饱和度的影响

目的观察目标导向液体治疗(goal-directed fluid therapy, GDFT)对腹腔镜肝切除术中血流动力学及局部脑氧饱和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation, rSO2)的影响。方法 40例18～71岁择期全身麻醉下行腹腔镜肝切除术患者, 按随机数字表法分为以每搏量变异度(stroke volume variation, SVV)和心指数(cardiac index, CI)为指导的治疗组(S组)、以CVP为指导的治疗组(C组), 每组20例。两组患者均采用气管插管全身麻醉, 行桡动脉及颈内静脉穿刺, 其中S组通过桡动脉连接LiDCOrapidV2系统监测SVV和CI, C组通过压力传感器连接颈内静脉导管监测CVP。记录两组患者一般情况、手术时间、拔管时间、肝门阻断时间;记录两组患者入室(T0)、气腹即刻(T1)、切肝前10 min(T2)、切肝后10 min(T3)、气腹结束即刻(T4)的MAP、心率、血乳酸(lactic acid, Lac)、血糖、rSO2;记录两组患者术中出入量、去甲肾上腺素用量及术后恢复情况(下床时间、排气...     

经腹胃大部切除术与腹腔镜穿孔缝合术对急性胃穿孔患者胃蛋白酶与胃肠激素水平的影响

目的探讨经腹胃大部切除术与腹腔镜穿孔缝合术对急性胃穿孔患者胃蛋白酶与胃肠激素水平的影响。方法选取2016-01—2018-06间济源市人民医院收治的73例急性胃穿孔患者,根据自愿原则和手术方式的不同分为2组。缝合组(41例)行腹腔镜穿孔缝合术,切除组(32例)实施胃大部切除术。比较2组手术时间、术中失血量、肛门排气时间及术前、术后1周胃蛋白酶(PGⅠ、PGⅡ)水平、胃肠激素(VIP、GAS)水平。结果 2组手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。缝合组术中失血量少于切除组,肛门排气时间短于切除组,术后1周的PGⅠ、PGⅡ、VIP、GAS水平高于切除组。差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与经腹胃大部切除术比较,对急性胃穿孔患者实施腹腔镜穿孔缝合术,创伤小、对胃肠功能影响小,有利于促进胃肠功能恢复和生活质量改善。     

超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞对保留自主呼吸的胸腔镜手术术后镇痛及应激反应的影响

目的探讨超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞联合喉罩对保留自主呼吸的胸腔镜手术术后镇痛和应激反应的影响。方法胸腔镜肺叶切除术病人60例,按随机数字表法将60例病人分为超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞保留自主呼吸麻醉组(C组)和双腔管气管插管全麻组(N组),每组30例。分别于麻醉诱导前(T1)、手术开始后10分钟(T2)、手术开始后30分钟(T3)、手术结束后10分钟(T4)检测两组病人血糖、去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素浓度;比较两组病人术中麻醉药物的用量、苏醒时间、术后24小时视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)和病人自控镇痛(PCA)镇痛泵舒芬太尼用量及PCA按压次数,病人首次排气时间、排便时间、住院时间。结果两组病人T_4时的血糖、去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素的含量均升高,与T_1、T_2、T_3时比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05); C组T_4时血糖、去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素的含量低于相同时间段的N组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与N组比较,C组病人术中麻醉药物用量、术后24小时VAS评分和PCA舒芬太尼用量及PCA按压次数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),C组病人麻醉苏醒时间、首次排气时间、排便时间、住院时间均缩短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声引导下前锯肌平面阻滞在保留自主呼吸的胸腔镜手术中,能有效抑制围术期应激反应,为胸腔镜手术提供良好的术后镇痛,降低术后镇痛药物的使用,缩短麻醉苏醒时间和住院时间,促进术后康复。     

可控性低中心静脉压技术在肝切除术中的临床应用

目的探讨在肝切除术中通过降低中心静脉压来减少手术出血量的临床意义。方法我们对36例肝切除患者按随机数字法分为2组,低中心静脉压(LCVP)组和对照组各18例,LCVP组切肝时经体位、控制输液、药物处理使中心静脉压维持在0～5 cmH2O,但保持动脉收缩压大于90 mmHg;对照组则按常规处理,不人为干预中心静脉压。比较两组切肝前、后及切肝时的出血量、切肝时间及术后肝肾功能。结果两组患者切肝时出血量及切肝时间有统计学差异(P0.05),术后1 d、3 d、7 d肝肾功能对比无差异(P0.05)。结论肝切除术中将中心静脉压控制在0～5 cmH2O,能够有效减少肝切除过程中的出血量,缩短手术时间,同时对肝肾功能无影响。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.