某三级医院医院感染现患率调查

目的调查某医院医院感染现患率,了解医院感染发生的特点及管理存在的问题,改进预防控制措施。方法采用床旁调查和病历调查相结合的方法,对2009年9月4日的住院患者进行医院感染现患率调查。结果共调查住院患者1 536例,医院感染现患率为5.27%,例次现患率为5.60％;现患率较高的科室为：综合重症监护室（ICU）40.00%,神经外科（包括其ICU）19.67%,肾内科15.38%,血液病科11.90%,新生儿监护室10.81%;主要感染部位依次为：下呼吸道41.86%,上呼吸道23.26%,泌尿道8.14%,血液系统5.81%;分离病原菌43株,以革兰阴性菌为主,占69.77%;气管切开和呼吸机使用相关感染率分别高达20.69%和7.41%;调查日抗菌药物使用率为56.52%,治疗用药病原学送检率41.60%。结论该院医院感染现患率较高的科室为综合ICU和神经外科,需重点监控;感染部位以呼吸道为主;病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主;抗菌药物使用率较高,病原学送检率较低,需加强合理使用抗菌药物的管理。     

1348例医院感染现患率及抗菌药物应用调查分析

目的 了解医院住院患者的医院感染和抗菌药物使用情况,分析主要病原菌的检出及耐药性.方法 采用床旁调查与病历调查相结合的方法,填写调查表,再进行汇总、整理和分析.结果 实查患者1348例,实查率为99.70％,院内感染30例,感染现患率为2.23％,社区感染374例,现患率27.74％；感染部位以上、下呼吸道感染为主,分别占20.00％、43.30％,抗菌药物使用率为55.56％,治疗性使用抗菌药物病原学送检率为55.85％.结论 医院2011年医院感染现患率与2010年相比处于稳定状态,需继续加强医院感染管理科管理职能、提高医务人员感染控制意识和病原学送检率,加强抗菌药物合理应用是有效控制医院感染发生的重要手段.     

588例住院患者医院感染现患率调查

目的了解某院医院感染发生的横断面情况,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法采用床旁和病历调查相结合的方法调查该院的医院感染现患率。结果共调查住院患者588例,医院感染现患率为4.42%,例次现患率为4.59%。医院感染现患率居前3位的科室分别是重症监护室（25.00%）、神经内科（6.95%）和肿瘤科（6.45%）。感染部位以下呼吸道居首位（占55.56%）。治疗使用抗菌药物者病原学送检率为43.71%,医院感染病原学送检率为38.46%。住院患者抗菌药物日使用率为60.37%。结论应加强重点科室的医院感染管理,降低呼吸道感染的发生率,提高病原学送检率,规范抗菌药物的使用,有效降低医院感染发病率。     

2011-2013年医院感染现患率调查分析

目的了解2011-2013年医院感染现患率变化趋势和抗菌药物使用,为改进医院感染监测方法及制定医院感染预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法采取床边调查和查阅病历相结合的方法,对2011-2013年住院患者的医院感染、病原学送检、抗菌药物使用及Ⅰ类切口手术预防性使用抗菌药物等资料进行统计分析,数据采用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行处理。结果 2011-2013年医院感染现患率分别为5.41%、3.71%和4.76%,医院感染现患率居前5位的科室分别为综合ICU、神经外科、手外科、综合科和肿瘤科;医院感染部位均以下呼吸道居首位,其次为浅表切口感染;2011-2013年住院期间抗菌药物使用率分别为68.88%、60.53%和53.51%,调查当日抗菌药物使用率分别为41.20%、33.44%和28.2%,均呈逐年下降趋势;Ⅰ类切口手术抗菌药物使用率呈逐年下降趋势;医院感染患者病原学送检率均>80.00%,符合医院管理年评价标准对医院感染病原学送检率>50.00%的要求。结论应将综合ICU、神经外科、手外科、综合科和肿瘤科作为重点监测对象,加强重点环节管理,降低各种危险因素,积极预防医院感染的发生;继续加大抗菌药物的管理力度。     

2011年医院感染现患率调查分析

目的 了解医院感染现患率及抗菌药物使用情况,为进一步做好医院感染管理工作提供科学依据.方法 2011年6月24-25日采用病例调查与床旁调查相结合的方法,逐一填写现患率个案调查表,统计数据并分析研究.结果 调查的1108例患者中,医院感染29例、31例次,医院感染现患率为2.62％、例次感染率为2.80％;ICU医院感染现患率最高,为71.43％,其次为NICU,现患率为12.50％;感染部位以下呼吸道及泌尿道为主,各占32.26％;1108例患者中抗菌药物使用共370例,抗菌药物使用率为33.39％,以一联和二联用药为主,分别占57.57％和38.11％;治疗性使用抗菌药物病原学送检43例,送检率仅为27.04％.结论 需加强对高危科室和易感人群的医院感染管理,降低下呼吸道和泌尿道的感染,提高病原学送检率,合理使用抗菌药物,才能有效控制医院感染的发生.     

2011年医院感染现患率调查与分析

目的 了解某院医院感染现状及抗菌药物使用情况,为有效预防和控制医院感染提供依据.方法 采用床旁调查和查阅病历相结合的方法,对医院2011年11月10日0:00-24:00所有住院患者进行医院感染现患率调查,并填写统一的个案调查表.结果 调查住院患者1195例,发生医院感染34例、36例次,现患率为2.85％、例次感染率为3.01％,医院感染现患率较高的科室依次为综合ICU占31.57％、烧伤科占22.22％、胸外科占9.52％、血液病科占8.00％、神经内科占7.69％、神经外科占6.45％;医院感染的高发部位:下呼吸道占63.88％、泌尿道占13.88％;共检出病原菌23株,抗菌药物使用率49.29％,治疗性使用抗菌药物病原学送检率66.49％.结论 医院感染现患率调查结果提示,应加强对重点科室、重点环节的监控,同时规范、合理使用抗菌药物以有效降低医院感染率.     

2010年中医院医院感染现患率调查与分析

目的了解中医院医院感染的基本情况,为改进监控措施提供依据。方法 2010年8月10日0:00-24:00采用横断面调查方法,床旁调查和查阅住院病历相结合,填写统一的个案调查表,对调查日处于医院感染状态的病例进行统计分析。结果应查689例,实查678例,实查率为98.96%,发生医院感染22例,现患率为3.24%;医院感染最高的科室是综合ICU,其次为心脑病科;感染部位以下呼吸道感染居首位,占所有感染部位的31.82%,其次为泌尿道感染,占22.73%;全院治疗性细菌培养送检率为40.91%,检出医院感染病原菌5株,分别为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌等,抗菌药物的日使用率为28.17%。结论通过对医院现患率的调查,将加强对综合ICU、心脑病科及脑病外科等重点科室、重点环节的监控,降低医院感染率,提高病原菌送检率,合理使用抗菌药物。     

基层医院2010年医院感染横断面调查分析

目的 了解医院感染现患率及抗菌药物使用现状.方法 按照2010年“全国医院感染横断面调查计划书”要求,调查二级医院2010年10月7日0:00-24:00所有住院患者:采用频数、率和构成比描述调查结果.结果 应调查患者321例,实际调查321例,实查率100.0％;医院感染现患率为3.4％,感染部位主要为下呼吸道,占41.7％;抗菌药物使用率为83.0％,其中预防性使用占67.9％;治疗前病原菌送检6例,送检率为9.2％.结论 基层医院比综合性三级医院医院感染现患率低、标本送检率低;下呼吸道感染的控制和抗菌药物应用的管理,是基层医院感染管理工作的薄弱环节.     

三级综合医院医院感染现患率调查分析

目的了解三级综合医院医院感染实际情况,探讨医院感染流行病学特征及高危因素,评价2009-2013年医院感染持续质量改进成效及不足,以利于促进医院感染预防与控制。方法采用电子病历与床旁调查相结合的方法,对2013年7月11日0∶00-24∶00所有住院患者进行调查,并汇总分析调查结果,数据采用SPSS16.0统计软件进行处理。结果应查1 812例、实查1 800例,实查率为99.34%,医院感染40例、41例次,医院感染现患率2.22%,例次感染率2.28%;重症监护病房医院感染率高达18.57%;医院感染部位以下呼吸道为主,占60.97%;抗菌药物的使用率为26.94%,治疗及治疗+预防使用抗菌药物占73.60%,预防用药占26.40%;抗菌药物以一联用药为主,占88.45%;治疗性使用抗菌药物病原学送检率为36.49%。结论应加强重点科室、重点环节、高危人群的医院感染预防与控制,提高治疗性使用抗菌药物病原学送检率,指导合理使用抗菌药物,加强医院感染集束化管理措施的落实,以降低医院感染发生率。     

某县级医院感染现患率调查分析

目的了解安溪县医院医院感染现患率和抗菌药物的使用现况,提高医院感染监测的准确性。方法采用横断面调查,床旁与病历调查相结合,于2015年8月24日0:00-24:00,调查所有住院病人的医院感染现患率和抗菌药物使用等情况,对调查结果进行统计分析。结果当日住院患者659例,实查率100.0%,院感现患率1.7%。感染部位泌尿系感染占45.5%,呼吸道感染占27.3%。抗菌药物使用率45.2%,其中治疗用药占50.7%、预防用药占42.6%、治疗+预防用药占6.7%;一联用药占71.1%,二联占27.9%,三联占1.0%;抗菌药物使用率最高的科室为ICU 100.0%、儿科非新生儿组87.2%、儿科新生儿组77.8%和普外科71.4%。病原菌送检率15.2%。结论医院需加强重点科室医院感染管理,降低泌尿系感染,提高病原学送检率,规范抗菌药物使用,以有效预防和控制医院感染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.