Chemical composition of bottled mineral water

Thirty-seven brands of domestic and imported mineral waters were analyzed for the following: alkalinity, aluminum, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, calcium, chloride, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, nitrate, pH, phosphate, potassium, silver, sodium, specific conductance, sulfate, tin, vanadium, and zinc. Of the waters examined in this study, 24 had one or more determinands that were not in compliance with the drinking water standards in the United States.     

大学生尿液金属水平与肺功能的关系

  目的  探讨大学生金属内暴露水平与肺功能的相关性，为开展金属暴露与肺功能损伤的相关研究提供依据。  方法  以2017—2018年在华北理工大学曹妃甸校区招募的45名符合标准的大学生为研究对象，分别于春、夏、秋、冬季进行问卷随访调查和健康体检，测量肺功能参数[用力肺活量(FVC)、1 s用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、FEV1/FVC和用力呼气流量(FEF_25~75)]，同时采集晨尿样本。尿液中15种金属含量使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP/MS)检测; 采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较不同季节尿液中金属含量的差异; 运用线性混合效应模型分析尿液中金属组分暴露浓度与肺功能之间的相关性。  结果  尿液15种金属元素中，铬、铁、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、钼、镉、锑、铅在4个季节的含量差异均有统计学意义(H=9.79~20.61，P值均 < 0.05)。5项肺功能参数在4个季节的差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为61.72，45.30，47.61，25.47，35.13，P值均 < 0.05)。线性混合效应模型分析结果显示，尿液中钒、锰、铁、钴、镍和锑含量与FEV1呈负性相关(B值分别为0.202，0.192，0.181，0.154，0.131，0.283);尿液中铝、钒、锰、铁、钴、镍、锌、镉和锑的含量与FVC呈负性相关(B值分别为0.252，0.290，0.292，0.271，0.201，0.180，0.171，0.163，0.381);尿液中锰和锑的含量与PEF呈负相关(B值分别为0.291，0.354)(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  大学生尿液中多种金属含量的增加与肺功能水平下降有关，金属元素的长期暴露有可能造成肺功能的损害，应加强对环境金属污染的控制。     

交通警察尿金属谱与血脂水平的关联性分析

目的 在交通警察中探讨23种尿金属与血脂水平的关联性。方法 采用横断面研究设计,在185名交通警察中（56名内勤人员,129名外勤人员）分析尿金属对血脂水平的影响。对研究对象进行职业健康检查。尿金属浓度采用电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪检测。结果 外勤组甘油三酯（TG）、高密度和低密度脂蛋白均高于内勤组（P＜0.001,P＜0.001和P = 0.036）。外勤组铝、钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、钴、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、铷、锶、钼、镉、锡、锑、钨、铊、铅和铀浓度均高于内勤组,差异有统计学意义（所有P＜0.05）。校正年龄、性别、吸烟、吸烟包年、饮酒、锻炼、工龄、工种、BMI和尿肌酐后,尿铜与TG、尿钴与总胆固醇（TC）的关联性有统计学意义（β = 0.16, 95%CI 0.05～0.28, P = 0.007和β = 0.05, 95%CI 0.01～0.10, P = 0.009）,且在校正了其他金属后,此关联仍有统计学意义。此外,校正辅助变量后,尿铜与血脂异常正相关。结论 尿铜和尿钴分别与TG和TC水平升高有关,表明金属对交通警察血脂代谢具有调节作用。     

Urinary metals and metal mixtures in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)

BackgroundLittle is known about the extent of exposure to metals and metal mixtures among midlife women.ObjectivesWe assessed exposure to multiple metals in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multi-site, multi-racial/ethnic cohort of women at midlife.MethodsWe measured urinary concentrations of 21 metals (arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, cesium, copper, mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, platinum, antimony, tin, thallium, uranium, vanadium, tungsten and zinc) using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry among 1335 white, black, Chinese and Japanese women aged 45–56 years at the third SWAN annual visit (1999–2000). Least squared geometric mean concentrations were compared across race/ethnicity, education, financial hardship, smoking, secondhand smoking, seafood intake and rice intake groups. Overall exposure patterns of multiple metals were derived using k-means clustering method.ResultsThe percentage of women with detectable concentrations of metals ranged from 100% for arsenic, cesium, molybdenum and zinc, to less than 5% for platinum; 15 metals had detection rates of 70% or more. Asian women, both Chinese and Japanese, had higher urinary concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, molybdenum, lead and thallium, compared with other race/ethnic groups, independent of sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary, and geographic characteristics. Seafood and rice intake were important determinants of urinary arsenic, cesium, mercury, molybdenum and lead levels. Two distinct overall exposure patterns- “high” vs. “low” -- were identified. Women in the “high” overall exposure pattern were more likely to be Asians, current smokers, and to report high consumption of seafood and rice. Black women were less likely to have the high exposure pattern.ConclusionsMetal exposure of midlife women differs by racial/ethnic, sociodemographic, lifestyle, dietary, and geographic characteristics. Asian women may be experiencing the highest exposures to multiple metals compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the United States.     

Macro- and microelements in canned sprats

The content of macro- and microelements and toxic metals in the most popular canned sprat was described in this paper. The research included the following canned sprat: sprat in tomato, smoked and steamed sprat in oil. The following analyses were carried out: content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, chromium, selenium, fluorine, iodine, cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic. Fluorine, iodine, selenium, and calcium and phosphorous are provided to customer organism in large amount by canned sprat, however canned sprat cannot be considered as a source of copper, chromium, and manganese. On the base of assessment data one canned sprat (weight 170 g) provides to customer organism more than 50% recommended daily intake of calcium and phosphorus, 85-233% fluorine, 62.5% iodine, 43% recommended selenium, more than 25% zinc, about 15% daily intake of magnesium, potassium and iron. It was found that all of the analyzed canned sprat contained relatively low content of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, thus confirming the established safety standards.     

Effects of waste water sediments on the levels of heavy metals ion the soil and plants

Field small-plot experiments studied the effects of sediments of waste water from Saransk disposal systems. The content of toxic heavy metals (lead, arsenic, and cadmium) in the waste-water sediments, was shown to be not greater than their maximum permissible concentrations (32, 2, and 10 mg per kg of dried soil, respectively). With the use of waste-water sediments, the content of manganese, copper, tin, nickel, vanadium, beryllium, cobalt, iron, and chromium was found to correspond to their baseline level in the soil and plants.     

Distribution of Arsenic and Trace Metals in the Floodplain Agricultural Soil of Bangladesh

Arsenic contaminated groundwater of Bangladesh is one of the largest natural calamities of the world. Soil samples were collected from floodplain agricultural land of Faridpur and Dhamrai regions to estimate the concentration of arsenic and other trace metals (copper, nickel, zinc, chromium, cadmium, lead, selenium, cobalt, mercury, and manganese). Average arsenic in Faridpur soil was recorded more than three times higher than the world limit and nearly five times higher than that of Dhamrai. The average copper, chromium and cobalt both in Faridpur and Dhamrai agricultural soil were also higher than the Dutch and the world standards. Both Fardipur and Dhamrai soil contain low amount of selenium in comparison to world limit (0.7 mg kg⁻¹). A poor correlation between manganese and arsenic was noticed in Faridpur. This may be played a subordinate role in the fixation of arsenic in soil. This study also reveals that the area which has arsenic and trace metal contaminated groundwater may also contain high level of arsenic and trace metals in the agricultural soil due to irrigation with contaminated groundwater.     

佛山市某城区饮用水重金属健康危害风险初步评估

目的 监测佛山市某城区饮用水中重金属含量并评价其健康风险.方法 在佛山市某城区选择3间水厂作为监测对象,在选择水厂的供水范围内选定5～6个监测点,分枯水期(2010年4月)、丰水期(2010年11月)各1次采集水样,检测砷、锑、镉、铬(六价)、铍、铅、汞、硒、镍、铊、铝、铁、锰、铜、锌共15种重金属元素含量,按<生活饮...     

Metals in the Surface Sediments of Selected Water Reservoirs, Slovakia

Ruzin and Velke Kozmalovce water reservoirs (Slovakia) receive potentially toxic elements through rivers draining catchment areas polluted with the former extensive mining of ore-bearing deposits. In this study, the concentrations and fractionation of metals (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium and zinc) have been studied in the surface sediments of the two water reservoirs. Comparison of metal concentrations found in the sediments with the mean shale values revealed a significant anthropogenic enrichment mostly with antimony (22.7), copper (8.5), zinc (5.5), cadmium (4.7), mercury (4.7), arsenic (4.5) and lead (3.9), and antimony (9.8), cadmium (8.8), zinc (4.9), lead (3.3) and arsenic (3.1) in the Ruzin and Velke Kozmalovce reservoirs, respectively. The results of fractionation study showed that the major proportion of cadmium (44.9–52.6%), cobalt (35.7–58.3%) and zinc (27.8–48.7%) was found in labile fractions, i.e., water- and acid-soluble fractions, although copper and nickel exhibited also significant labile fractions. When the risk assessment code was applied to the fractionation study, cadmium and cobalt came under high and very high risk category for the environment, and therefore might cause adverse effect to aquatic life.     

Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Selected Metals in Source Freshwater Khanpur Lake,Pakistan

Selected metals (calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, lead, strontium and zinc) were measured in water samples from a source freshwater Lake. Average levels of cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead in the waters were significantly higher than the guideline values. Health risk assessment was then carried out to determine health risk via oral route and dermal contact. Hazard quotient (via ingestion) levels of cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead were higher than unity; suggesting potential adverse effects on local residents. Principal component analysis revealed considerable anthropogenic contributions of the metals in the water reservoir.     

生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全性浸泡样品中15种金属元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱快速测定法

目的建立生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全性试验中15种金属元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP/MS)快速测定法。方法按照样品说明书要求安装水质处理器,用自来水和纯水冲洗滤芯后注入纯水,于室温浸泡24 h。采集浸泡水样,以115In作为在线内标消除基体效应,以雾化器流速为0.92 L/min,辅助气流速为1.20 L/min,射频发生器功率为1 200 W,等离子气体流速为15.0 L/min,用碰撞反应池ICP-MS法快速测定样品中铝、铬、锰、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、银、镉、锡、锑、钡、汞和铅15种元素。结果 15种金属元素在0.04~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.05~10.5μg/L,各元素在低和高两个浓度水平加标回收率在90.2%~112.3%之间,RSD为1.6%~7.9%。在检测的实际样品中,锰、镍、锌、砷、银、镉、锑和汞8种元素检出,其余7种元素测定结果均低于检出限。结论本方法操作简单快速、灵敏度高,可用于生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全性浸泡试验中多种金属元素同时测定。     

Concentration, Distribution, and Comparison of Selected Trace Elements in Bed Sediment and Fish Tissue in the South Platte River Basin, USA, 1992–1993

During August–November 1992 and August 1993, bed sediment and fish liver were sampled in the South Platte River Basin and analyzed for 45 elements in bed sediment and 19 elements in fish liver. The results for aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, selenium, silver, uranium, and zinc are presented here. All 12 trace elements were detected in bed sediment, but not all were detected in fish liver or in all species of fish. A background concentration of trace elements in bed sediment was calculated using the cumulative frequency curves of trace element concentrations at all sites. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, silver, uranium, and zinc concentrations were greater than background concentrations at sites in mining areas or at sites that have natural sources of these elements. Trace element concentrations in fish liver generally did not follow the same patterns as concentrations in bed sediment, although concentrations of aluminum and cadmium were higher in fish liver collected at mountain sites that had been disturbed by mining. Concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, silver, and zinc increased in bed sediments in urban areas. Iron, silver, and zinc concentrations in fish liver also increased in urban areas. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, silver, and zinc in fish liver increased in the agricultural areas of the basin. Downstream changes in trace element concentrations may be the result of geological changes in addition to changes in land use along the river. Received: 5 April 1996/Revised: 27 July 1996     

Environmental contaminant concentrations in biota from the lower Savannah River,Georgia and South Carolina

Planned harbor expansion and industrial developments may adversely affect the economically important aquatic resources of the lower Savannah River, including those at the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge. To establish the present level of chemical contamination in this system, we collected a total of 102 samples of nine species of fish and fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) from eleven sites in the lower Savannah River and on the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, and analyzed them for concentrations of organochlorine chemicals, aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons, and 13 elemental contaminants: aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc. Residues of DDT (mainly as DDE),trans-nonachlor, dieldrin, Aroclor^® 1260, mirex, and petroleum hydrocarbons were common in fish from the lower Savannah River, but concentrations were below those warranting environmental concern. In general, the concentrations of elemental contaminants also were low; however, arsenic, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were elevated in fish from river stations near the city of Savannah, and lead was elevated in samples from the National Wildlife Refuge. Contamination of the lower Savannah River by organic and elemental contaminants, as indicated by concentrations in fishes and fiddler crabs, did not appear to pose a hazard.     

Heavy Metals in Normal Japanese Tissues

? To obtain the usual values of arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, methyl mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, and zinc in the normal human body, the amounts of 15 metals were determined in 15 male and 15 female Japanese cadavers (average weight, 55 kg [121 lb]). The content of metals found ranged as follows: Zn, 1,800 mg; Cu, 65 mg; Cd, 35 mg; Pb, 25 mg; Mn, 8 mg; Ni, 6 mg; Cr, 4 mg; Hg, 3 mg; Sb, 0.7 mg; MeHg, 0.4 mg.

Cadmium and mercury were higher in Japanese blood than in blood of other people. Cadmium and mercury were absorbed by the metabolic tissues; Cr, Ni, and Pb showed higher concentration in tissue exposed to the environment. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg tended to be higher in females, and Cr, Cu, MeHg, and Mn concentrations tended to be higher in males.     

Heavy metals in normal Japanese tissues. Amounts of 15 heavy metals in 30 subjects.

To obtain the usual values of arsenic, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, mercury, methyl mercury, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, vanadium, and zinc in the normal human body, the amounts of 15 metals were determined in 15 male and 15 female Japanese cadavers (average weight, 55 kg [121 lb]). The content of metals found ranged as follows: Zn, 1,800 mg; Cu, 65 mg; Cd, 35 mg; Pb, 25 mg; Mn, 8 mg; Ni, 6 mg; Cr, 4 mg; Hg, 3 mg; Sb, 0.7 mg; MeHg, 0.4 mg. Cadmium and mercury were higher in Japanese blood than in blood of other people. Cadmium and mercury were absorbed by the metabolic tissues; Cr, Ni, and Pb showed higher concentration in tissue exposed to the environment. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Hg tended to be higher in females, and Cr Cu, MeHg, and Mn concentrations tended to be higher in males.     

Metals in Fish along the Southeast Coast of India

Metal concentrations (cadmium, chromium, iron, lead, copper, manganese, zinc and mercury) in the muscle of five fish species (Epinephelus chlorostigma, Lutjanus russelli, Terapon jarbua, Cynoglossus arel and Lagocephalus lunaris) from the six fish landing centres along southeast coast of India were measured. In Cuddalore and Mudasalodai, the level of toxic metals cadmium, chromium and manganese were well above the permissible limits. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, manganese and mercury in C. arel were above the permissible limit and it is consistent with their habitat and diet. The results showed a relationship between metal concentrations and pollution status of the areas.     

Heavy metals in bottled natural spring water

New regulations regarding the presence of contaminants in bottled water went into effect in California in January 2009. These requirements include testing, reporting, and notification to regulate the presence of heavy metals in bottled natural spring water sold in California. In the study described in this article, six sources of bottled natural spring water were purchased and analyzed for silver, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, thallium, vanadium, and zinc. All of these metals except beryllium, mercury, and thallium were detected in at least one of the bottled natural spring water sources. No concentrations were above either federal or California maximum contaminant levels but arsenic concentrations exceeded California public health goals in all six sources. Improving the California notification requirements for bottled water contaminants would result in a process more similar to the notification process for tap water and would result in better-informed consumers.     

Metal concentrations in human lung tissue,with special reference to age,sex, cause of death,emphysema and contamination of lung tissue

Summary Nine element concentrations in the lung tissues of 2,274 autopsies were determined in Japan by atomic absorption spectrometry. The metals determined were iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, cobalt, nickel, lead, and chromium. The range, mean, standard deviation, mode and median are described for each metal. Moreover, these data were analyzed statistically, based on their sex, age, degree of lung contamination (color and the amount of particle deposition), severity of pulmonary emphysema and cause of death. Iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper and cobalt concentrations in the lung tissue seemed to be affected mostly by physiological variation and the levels in the blood. On the other hand, nickel, lead and chromium concentrations might reflect environmental exposure. Chromium concentration especially increased with age and showed a significantly positive correlation with the degree of contamination and severity of emphysema.     

韭菜35种元素分析结果

笔者分析各种食物数百种，计划在《世界元素医学》的食物中药栏目中陆续奉献给广大读者，每期1-2篇。韭之为菜，可生可熟，可菹可久，乃菜中最有益者。本文报告韭菜、韭菜花、韭菜籽的ICP检验35种元素结果。韭菜富含元素：磷、铬、铜、锂、钴、锰、钡、锶、钛、钒、锌、硼、钾、铁、镁、钙；韭菜花富含元素：磷、铜、锂、镍、锑、锌、锶、钴、钛、钡、锰、铈、镓、镧、铌、钪、钍、硼、钾、铁、镁、钙、铍；韭菜籽富含元素：磷、铜、锂、锰、钡、锶、钛、锌、锆、铈、硼、镁、钙。据此不难看出韭菜具有：主归心，安五脏六腑，除胃中热，利病人，可久食的道理。     

Simultaneous determination of 31 elements in foodstuffs by ICP-MS after closed-vessel microwave digestion: Method validation based on the accuracy profile

This article describes an optimisation and validation process for the simultaneous determination of 31 elements – lithium, boron, sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, arsenic, selenium, strontium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, antimony, tellurium, barium, mercury, lead and uranium – in food samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after closed-vessel microwave digestion. In order to improve the limits of quantification of certain elements for risk assessment in the context of the first French Infant Total Diet Study (iTDS), the analytical conditions of the multi-elemental method were optimised. The validation was conducted using the evaluation of several performance criteria such as linearity, specificity, precision under repeatability conditions, intermediate precision reproducibility and limits of quantification (LOQ), with the use of the accuracy profile. Furthermore, the method was supervised by several external quality controls (EQC). Results indicate that this method could be used in the laboratory for the routine determination of these 31 essential and non-essential elements in foodstuffs with acceptable analytical performance. A more sensitive method will be necessary for Hg and Pb to decrease at the lowest the percentage of left-censored data for this iTDS.