脐动脉波形异常伴胎儿宫内生长迟缓患者胎盘血管内皮生？…

目的 探讨胎儿脐动脉波形异常伴宫内生长迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ）与胎盘血管内皮生长因子（ＶＥＧＦ）表达水平的关系,并得出胎盘的氧水平。方法 应用彩色多谱勒超声,对４０例妊娠晚期妇女进行胎儿脐动脉搏动指数（ＰＩ）、阻力指数（ＲＩ）及收缩期末最大血流速度与舒张期末最小血流速度比值（Ｓ／Ｄ）测定,根据脐动脉波形变化分为４个组。脐动脉波形异常伴ＩＵＧＲ组（ＡＶＡＷ组）、脐动脉波形异常不伴ＩＵＧＲ组（ＡＶＮＷ组）、脐     

胎儿宫内发育迟缓伴有异常脐动脉血流波型的孕妇其胎儿胎盘循环中肾上腺髓质素水平增高

作者实施本研究的目的是评估胎盘产生的新的血管活性多肽—肾上腺髓质素 (Adrenomedullin)是否参与胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)时子宫胎盘血流动力学的变化 ,并研究肾上腺髓质素与胎儿胎盘血流间的关系。故作者对 16例孕 2 8～ 39周并发 IUGR伴有异常脐动脉血流波型的孕妇及 16例正常对照孕妇抽取孕妇及脐血标本 ,肾上腺髓质素水平用特殊的放射免疫分析测定 ,彩色 Doppler超声记录子宫、脐带及胎儿大脑中动脉的血流速度波型。结果 :IUGR患者脐血平均肾上腺髓质素水平显著高于对照组 ,其值分别为 6 3.7± 34.2 pg/ ml与 38.1± 14.8pg/ ml,…     

彩色和能量多普勒超声对高危妊娠胎盘绒毛动脉的血流监测及与妊娠结局的关系

目的　研究高危妊娠胎盘循环的病理生理变化及与其妊娠结局的关系。方法　将研究对象根据脐血流S/D值和临床症状将 1 0 2例研究对象分为三组 :脐血流S/D≥ 95 th%者 37例为胎儿 -胎盘供血不足组 ;脐血流S/D <95 th%者同时有妊娠合并症及并发症者 4 2例为妊娠合并症和并发症组 ;无任何妊娠合并症和并发症2 3例作为正常妊娠对照组。经彩色和能量多普勒超声检测三组脐动脉、胎盘内绒毛动脉的阻力及计数胎盘内绒毛血管的条数并与妊娠结局相比较。结果　脐血流S/D≥ 95 th%的孕妇胎盘内绒毛血管的数量明显低于正常妊娠组和妊娠合并症、并发症组 ,胎盘内绒毛动脉的S/D值均显著高于其他两组。虽然正常组和妊娠合并症及并发症组脐动脉血流S/D值均小于 95 th% ,但妊娠合并症和并发症组胎盘内绒毛血管的数量显著低于正常组 ,胎盘内绒毛动脉S/D值显著高于正常组。三组中胎儿 -胎盘供血不足组妊娠结局最差 ;妊娠合并症和并发症组胎儿体重和胎盘重量居中 ;正常妊娠无不良围产儿结局。结论　彩色和能量多普勒超声可监测胎盘内绒毛血管数量及绒毛动脉的阻力 ,其血流动力学的变化为进一步洞察高危妊娠胎盘循环提供了直接依据     

脐动脉血流监测在产科的应用

脐动脉血流监测做为非侵入性的胎儿胎盘血流动力学评估方法,广泛应用于产科临床。脐动脉多普勒血流波形主要反映胎盘的血管阻力,受绒毛血管发育状况的影响。同时,胎龄、胎儿心率、胎儿呼吸和呃逆、胎动、脐带的采样位置、胎儿性别、胎盘重量及胎儿体重等也对其有一定的影响。循证医学证据推荐将脐动脉超声多普勒检测作为胎儿生长受限及双胎选择性生长受限的胎儿监测。在低危人群中,脐动脉血流监测的意义还存在很多争议。舒张末期血流缺失或反向与围产期结局显著不良相关,需注意排除胎儿先天性异常及非整倍体异常。脐动脉血流异常的产科处理取决于脐动脉多普勒检查结果异常的严重程度、基础产科并发症的严重程度以及孕周,应个体化处理。     

胎盘表皮生长因子受体的表达改变与胎儿宫内生长迟缓的关系研究

目的　研究胎儿宫内生长迟缓 (IUGR)患者胎盘表皮生长因子受体 (EGFR)的表达与正常妊娠及巨大儿胎盘之间是否有差异 ,并分析其变化与胎盘绒毛发育是否有关。方法　取足月分娩胎盘组织标本 6 3例 ,于分娩后立即置于 4%中性甲醛缓冲液固定。用免疫组织化学SP法进行胎盘EGFR检测。同时对末梢绒毛血管大小、面积及绒毛面密度等进行分析测量。结果　IUGR组胎盘EGFR的表达较正常对照组和巨大儿组明显增加 (P <0 0 1) ,IUGR胎盘末梢绒毛血管数及血管占绒毛横面积比均明显减少 (P均 <0 0 5 ;P均 <0 0 0 1) ;而巨大儿组与对照组比较无显著性差异。三组胎盘绒毛面密度无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　IUGR儿胎盘EGFR表达增加与其胎盘绒毛发育不良有关 ,EGFR在胎儿胎盘的生长发育及IUGR的发生中起重要调节作用。     

胎儿脐动脉血流速度与围产儿预后的关系

胎儿脐动脉血流速度与围产儿预后的关系李扬黄醒华胎儿脐动脉血流速度波形是反应胎儿胎盘循环状态的指标之一。当胎盘血管阻力增加时，脐动脉舒张期血流速度下降，血流速度波形表现异常。为探讨胎儿脐动脉血流与围产儿预后的关系，我们对１００例孕妇进行了脐动脉血流速度...     

过期与延期妊娠胎盘形态学变化及其与妊娠结局的关系

目的 探讨过期、延期妊娠胎盘绒毛和胎盘床螺旋动脉的病变特点及其与胎儿预后的关系。方法 应用图像分析技术对过期妊娠２０例（过期组）、延期妊娠１５例（延期组）和正常足月妊娠２９例（对照组）,进行形态计量学观察。结果 过期组的胎盘重量减轻,绒毛合体细胞结节增多,细胞滋养细胞增生,基底膜增厚,纤维素样坏死,血管合体细胞膜形成,绒毛直径、周长、面积,胎盘床螺旋动脉管壁增厚,以及羊水过少和羊水粪染的发生率均与     

胎儿宫内生长迟缓患者的胎盘免疫病理学观察

目的：观察胎儿宫内生长迟缓（IUGR）患者的胎盘免疫病理学改变,并探讨IUGR的发病机理。方法：采用免疫组织化学技术,对22例不明原因IUGR（不明原因IUGR组）、10例妊娠高血压综合征（妊高征）合并IUGR（妊高征合并IUGR组）、23例正常产妇（正常妊娠组）的胎盘免疫病理学改变进行观察。结果：⑴3组胎盘绒毛内血管IgG的阳性例数分别为：不明原因IUGR组19例,妊高征合并IUGR组10例,正常妊娠组17例,3组比较,差异无显著性（P＞0.05)。⑵不明原因IUGR组与妊高征合并IUGR组的绒毛内血管IgG阳性例数分别为8例及4例,而正常妊娠组则无一例阳性。⑶不明原因IUGR组与妊高征合并IUGR组的胎盘蜕膜血管IgG、IgM阳性例数,以及滋养细胞IgM染色强度均高于正常妊娠组。而不明原因IUGR组与妊高征合并IUGR组之间比较,差异显著性（P＞0.05)。⑷不明原因IUGR组中,抗心磷脂抗体（ACA）阳性与阴性患者的胎盘免疫复合物沉积状况比较,差异无显著性（P＞0.05)。结论：胎盘免疫复合物沉积在IUGR的发病中起重要作用。不明原因IUGR与妊高征合并IUGR具有相似的胎盘免疫病理改变。ACA导致IUGR的机理是否与胎盘免疫复合物的沉积有关,尚需进一步证实。     

妊娠高血压综合征合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓胎盘病理改变

目的 :通过对妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓的胎盘光镜和电镜观察 ,了解妊高征合并IUGR的胎盘病理改变 ,从而探讨妊高征引起 IU GR的原因。方法 :选取妊高征合并 IU GR患者、正常妊娠妇女胎盘各 30例 ,常规 HE染色及 PAS染色 ,观察胎盘形态学变化。另取妊高征合并 IUGR及正常胎盘各 5例 ,5 0 0 H型透射电镜观察。结果 :观察组绒毛间质纤维化及纤维素样坏死 >3%、绒毛间质白细胞浸润、合体滋养细胞结节 >30 %、绒毛血管减少瘀血、细胞滋养细胞增生 >2 0 %、滋养细胞基底膜增厚 >3%的数量均明显高于对照组 ,电镜发现合体滋养细胞超微结构改变明显 ,蜕膜螺旋动脉内皮损伤 ,管腔狭窄 ,部分动脉末端闭塞。结论 :妊高征引起 IUGR的病理改变主要有三方面 :绒毛毛细血管减少、瘀血 ;血管合体膜增厚 ;蜕膜螺旋动脉狭窄、闭塞。这也是妊高征造成 IU GR的病理学原因     

妊娠高血压综合征患者胎盘绒毛组织内皮素1和内皮型一氧化氮合成酶的基因表达及其脐动脉血流变化

目的　研究妊娠高血压综合征 (简称妊高征 )患者胎盘绒毛组织内皮素 1(endothelin- 1,ET- 1)及内皮型一氧化氮合成酶 (endothelial nitric oxide synthase,e NOS)的基因表达 ,探讨 ET- 1及一氧化氮在妊高征患者胎儿胎盘循环中对脐动脉血流变化的作用。　方法　对妊高征患者及正常妊娠孕妇的胎盘绒毛组织 ,用地高辛标记的 ET- 1及 e NOS互补脱氧核糖核酸 (com plem entary deoxyri-bonucleotide,c DNA)探针进行点印迹杂交 ,利用 L eica QWIN图象处理系统测量每个杂交点的平均光密度值。在分娩前一日用彩色超声多普勒仪测定其脐动脉血流 S/ D值。　结果　妊高征患者胎盘绒毛组织 ET- 1基因表达明显增多 ,其平均光密度值妊高征组为 0 .43± 0 .0 3,正常组为 0 .2 3± 0 .44两组间差别显著 P<0 .0 5。而妊高征组胎盘绒毛组织 e NOS基因的表达明显低于正常对照组 ,其平均光密度值妊高征组为 0 .19± 0 .2 2 ,正常组为 0 .38± 0 .0 2 ,两组间差别显著 P<0 .0 5。妊高征组脐动脉S/ D值明显高于正常对照组 ,分别为 5 .92± 2 .13和 2 .11± 0 .2 2 ,两组间差别显著 P<0 .0 5。　结论　妊高征患者胎盘绒毛组织 ET- 1的表达明显增加 ,而内 e NOS的表达明显减少 ,脐动脉血流阻力亦明显增加。妊高征患者脐动脉血流     

胎儿宫内发育迟缓时胎盘病理改变与孕妇血及脐血中一氧化氮 …

目的 了解胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ）时胎病理改变与母血及脐血中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）水平的关系。方法 对１９９７年１１月￣１９９８年１０月３８例妊娠合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ组）及３０例正常３０例正常孕妇（对照组）分娩后的胎盘及胎儿附属物进行分析。     

Placental vessel morphometry in growth retardation and increased resistance of the umbilical artery Doppler flow

OBJECTIVES: To study the tertiary-stem villi vessel lumen and wall thickness of placenta in pregnancy complicated with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), its correlation with the umbilical artery Doppler flow study, and compare with normal and non-IUGR pregnancies. METHODS: Placentas from 45 deliveries (between 28 and 38 weeks) were collected for morphometric study of the tertiary-stem villi vessels. Each pregnancy had clinical suspicion of IUGR and was confirmed by serial ultrasound biometry, HC/AC ratio, and had abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry (RI). Each placenta was weighed after trimming of the membrane and the cord. Sections of the placenta (4 micron) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff reagents. Tertiary-stem villi vessels were identified under a microscope (x40) and morphometric study was performed. Inner and outer circumferences (2.pi.r) were measured, radii (r) were calculated, and vessel wall thickness was determined (outer r - inner r). These findings were compared with the findings from 78 placentas from normal pregnancies (between 28-40 weeks) and 27 placentas from pregnancies with medical complications without IUGR (non-IUGR) and with normal Doppler velocimetry (between 33 and 38 weeks). RESULTS: Weight of placentas were significantly (P < 0.005) lower in IUGR than the normal and non-IUGR groups. The vessel wall thickness was significantly (P < 0.0001) increased in IUGR group (mean 21.17 +/- 3.16 micron [SD]) compared to normal and non-IUGR groups (mean 13.19 +/- 1.66 micron). With advancing gestational age, the thicknesses of vessel walls in all groups were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased. There was significant (P < 0.001) decrease in lumen circumference in the IUGR group (mean 173 +/- 31 micron) compared to normal and non-IUGR groups (mean 69 +/- 23 micron). Significant (P < 0.001) correlation was observed between the thickness of a vessel wall and the increase in Doppler RI. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancies with growth retardation are associated with smaller placentas, increase in the thickness of tertiary-stem villi vessel wall, and decrease in lumen circumference. These changes are associated with an increase in the resistance index of the umbilical artery Doppler flow velocimetry.     

Placental Vessel Morphometry in Growth Retardation and Increased Resistance of the Umbilical Artery Doppler Flow

Objectives: To study the tertiary-stem villi vessel lumen and wall thickness of placenta in pregnancy complicated with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), its correlation with the umbilical artery Doppler flow study, and compare with normal and non-IUGR pregnancies. Methods: Placentas from 45 deliveries (between 28 and 38 weeks) were collected for morphometric study of the tertiary-stem villi vessels. Each pregnancy had clinical suspicion of IUGR and was confirmed by serial ultrasound biometry, HC/AC ratio, and had abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry (RI). Each placenta was weighed after trimming of the membrane and the cord. Sections of the placenta (4μ.) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff reagents. Tertiary-stem villi vessels were identified under a microscope (±40) and morphometric study was performed. Inner and outer circumferences (2.π.r) were measured, radii (r) were calculated, and vessel wall thickness was determined (outer r—inner r). These findings were compared with the findings from 78 placentas from normal pregnancies (between 28-40 weeks) and 27 placentas from pregnancies with medical complications without IUGR (non-IUGR) and with normal Doppler velocimetry (between 33 and 38 weeks).

Results: Weight of placentas were significantly (P < 0.005) lower in IUGR than the normal and non-IUGR groups. The vessel wall thickness was significantly (P < 0.0001) increased in IUGR group (mean 21.17 ± 3.16 μ [SD]) compared to normal and non-IUGR groups (mean 13.19 ± 1.66 μ). With advancing gestational age, the thicknesses of vessel walls in all groups were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased. There was significant (P < 0.001) decrease in lumen circumference in the IUGR group (mean 173 ± 31 μ) compared to normal and non-IUGR groups (mean 69 ± 23 u,). Significant (P < 0.001) correlation was observed between the thickness of a vessel wall and the increase in Doppler RI.

Conclusions: Pregnancies with growth retardation are associated with smaller placentas, increase in the thickness of tertiary-stem villi vessel wall, and decrease in lumen circumference. These changes are associated with an increase in the resistance index of the umbilical artery Doppler flow velocimetry.     

Fetal hypertension and abnormal Doppler velocimetry in an ovine model of intrauterine growth restriction

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to test the hypothesis that systemic blood pressure (BP) is increased above normal in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) fetal lambs with elevated umbilical artery (UmA) Doppler indices. STUDY DESIGN: Five pregnant ewes were exposed to hyperthermic conditions for 80 days beginning at 40 days' gestation (dGA) to induce IUGR. They were then placed in ambient conditions with 6 additional ewes that served as controls. Doppler indices were calculated from UmA Doppler flow velocity waveforms. At 128 dGA, fetal catheters were placed for measurement of umbilical blood flow (UBF) by an ethyl alcohol steady-state diffusion technique and for aortic BP measurements. At 132 dGA, fetal mean systemic BP and blood flow were determined. At necropsy the placental and fetal weights were recorded. UBF was normalized for fetal weight. Linear regression, F tests and t tests were performed as appropriate. P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Compared with control pregnancies, the IUGR pregnancies showed: (1) reduced fetal and placental weights, (2) elevated systemic BP, (3) reduced UBF, (4) elevated UmA and aortic Doppler velocimetry indices, (5) increased resistance per 100 g placenta, and (6) decreased UmA oxygenation and increased lactic academia. The UmA Doppler index of resistance (systolic/diastolic ratio) correlated strongly with calculated resistance (R2 = 0.7). Doppler indices also correlated with systemic BP (R2 = 0.5). CONCLUSION: Ovine IUGR fetuses with high UmA Doppler indices have elevated systemic BPs. UmA Doppler indices of resistance correlate well with (1) fetal systemic BPs and (2) resistance as calculated by pressure/flow. This whole animal study shows that IUGR fetuses are hypertensive and that increased UmA Doppler resistance indices are consistent with a fetal-placental hypertensive state.     

An image analysis technique for the investigation of variations in placental morphology in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia with and without intrauterine growth restriction

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to use visual image analysis to observe changes in the morphology and composition of placental villi in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: Placental biopsies from nine normal pregnancies, five cases of PE, five cases of IUGR, and five cases of PE with IUGR (PE x IUGR) were randomly sampled. Formalin-fixed, wax-embedded sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and subjected to image analysis. The placental areas occupied by villi, syncytiotrophoblast, and syncytial cytoplasm and nuclei were quantified. RESULTS: Significantly smaller placentas were obtained from growth-restricted pregnancies. PE, with and without IUGR, had no effect on the total area occupied by villi or intervillous space. IUGR alone showed a real and consistent reduction in villous area (56.0 +/- 2.4% vs 43.6 +/- 3.3%, P <.03). While the ratio of syncytial to villous areas were noticeably reduced in all cases of PE (0.38 +/- 0.03 vs 0.24 +/- 0.07, P <.05), this ratio remained unchanging in IUGR. Birth weight was positively correlated to both placental size and total villous area occupied. Moreover, increasingly positive relationships were recorded between both syncytiotrophoblast area and syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasm and birth weight (P <.01 and P <.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: These measurements point to impoverished villus development in idiopathic IUGR. The observed changes in PE with IUGR were more akin to PE without growth restriction than IUGR alone. This suggests that idiopathic IUGR and IUGR in PE have a separate etiology, idiopathic IUGR arising through a reduction in villous area alone, and IUGR in PE caused by changes in syncytiotrophoblast quantity, more specifically the amount of syncytiotrophoblast cytoplasm.     

Stereological study of the placentae in intrauterine growth retardation with different ponderal index]

10 placentae each from the cases of IUGR with normal ponderal index (NPI) and low ponderal index (LPI) and 10 from normal pregnancy as control were analysed quantitatively with stereological principles. This study showed the placental weight, volume, surface area of villi and villous fetal capillary in IUGR were significantly reduced than that in control group. The percentage ratio of the fetal capillary volume was increased significantly in IUGR group but the ratio of vasculo-syncytial membrane/villous fetal capillary decreased. It suggested that compensation to anoxemia in placenta of IUGR was incomplete. The data also found that all the parameters in NPI group were decreased significantly than that in LPI group, which implied NPI group had a more severe growth deficiency of the placental functional structure. When placental growth deficiency occurs in the first or second trimester, both the fetal length and weight will be severely affected.     

胎儿宫内发育迟缓时胎盘病理改变与孕妇血及脐血中一氧化氮水平的关系

目的了解胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ）时胎盘病理改变与母血及脐血中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）水平的关系。方法对１９９７年１１月～１９９８年１０月３８例妊娠合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓（ＩＵＧＲ组）及３０例正常孕妇（对照组）分娩后的胎盘及胎儿附属物进行分析。用隔还原显色法测定母血及脐血ＮＯ水平。结果ＩＵＧＲ组中２６例有胎盘、脐带病理改变（６８．４２％）。主要表现为绒毛发育迟缓及绒毛炎;对照组中５例有胎盘病理改变（１６．６７％）,两组比较差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＩＵＧＲ组中母血及脐血ＮＯ水平均低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）;ＩＵＧＲ组中２６例胎盘病理改变明显,其母血及脐血ＮＯ水平低于胎盘无明显病理改变者（Ｐ＜０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０５）;两组脐血ＮＯ水平均高于母血ＮＯ水平（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）,两组脐血与母血ＮＯ水平均有相关性（ｒ＝０．５４７５,ｒ＝０．８５０６）;脐血ＮＯ水平与新生儿体重在ＩＵＧＲ组未发现明显相关性（ｒ＝０．２８３８）。结论ＩＵＧＲ时,胎盘发生明显病理变化,导致母血及脐血中ＮＯ的水平降低。     

Increased endothelial thrombomodulin (TM) expression in pregnancies complicated by IUGR

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a cell surface receptor playing an important role in endothelial cell anticoagulant activity. TM is also known as a factor of angiogenesis; low TM activity correlates with impaired angiogenesis. Since vascular lesions with disorders of the placental coagulation and inadequate angiogenesis can be associated with IUGR, we hypothesized that thrombomodulin expression in the villous vasculature and syncytiotrophoblast of placentae complicated by IUGR might differ from those of normal pregnancies. Representative tissue samples of normal, IUGR as well as 1st and 2nd trimester (n = 12) placentae were collected. Immunohistochemistry (APAAP) of paraffin tissue sections was performed using monoclonal antibodies specific for TM and PECAM. The percentage of immunopositive vessels and the intensity of immunoreactivity was assessed. Vascular endothelium and syncytiotrophoblast stained positive for TM. Immunoreactivity for TM in villous vasculature rose significantly with gestational age. Villous vessels of IUGR placentae, showed a higher expression of TM, compared to placentae of appropriately grown fetus (p < 0.05). The number of terminal villi and the number of blood vessels per intermediate villi was significantly reduced in IUGR placentae (p < 0.05). These differences reflect inadequate vascularisation and impaired angiogenesis in IUGR.     

胎儿生长迟缓孕妇胎盘微绒毛的体视学研究

对１２例胎儿生长迟缓及１０例正常胎儿（对照组）的盘组织进行光镜水平和电镜水平的定量观测。ＩＵＧＲ组中，胎盘正常重量指数的有６例，低重量的指数的有６例。结果：ＩＵＧＲ组胎盘重量、胎盘容积、绒毛表面积及绒毛毛细血管表面积均小于对照组，ＮＰＩ组胎盘重量、胎盘容积、绒毛表面积、绒毛毛细血管表面积、微绒行间腔表面积密度和微绒毛表面积绝驿值小于对照组及ＬＰＩ组。