不同术式对高龄髋部骨折患者术后发生谵妄的影响

<正>老年髋部骨折术后谵妄的发生率为15%⁶1%〔1〕。术后谵妄可明显延长老年住院手术患者的住院时间,增加住院费用,使老年住院手术患者的围术期死亡率增加〔2〕,对谵妄危险因素的控制是降低谵妄对患者危害的关键所在〔3〕。高龄、术前并发症、术前认知障碍、全身麻醉、术后低氧血症、术后疼痛、睡眠障碍、手术应激反应、药物毒性作用、贫血、电解质紊乱、低蛋白血症等是髋部骨折术后谵妄的主要病因〔461%〔1〕。术后谵妄可明显延长老年住院手术患者的住院时间,增加住院费用,使老年住院手术患者的围术期死亡率增加〔2〕,对谵妄危险因素的控制是降低谵妄对患者危害的关键所在〔3〕。高龄、术前并发症、术前认知障碍、全身麻醉、术后低氧血症、术后疼痛、睡眠障碍、手术应激反应、药物毒性作用、贫血、电解质紊乱、低蛋白血症等是髋部骨折术后谵妄的主要病因〔4⁶〕。本研究分析不同手术方式对高龄髋部骨折患者术后谵妄发生的影响。     

老年腹主动脉瘤患者的临床特点及围手术期处理

目的 探讨老年腹主动脉瘤患者的l临床特点及围手术期处理策略. 方法 回顾性分析我院24例60岁以上腹主动脉瘤手术患者的临床特点与围术期处理情况. 结果 24例患者平均年龄75.5岁;男女比例为5:1;病程2 d～15年,病程中位数为2.8个月;并存高血压17例、冠心病5例、2型糖尿病4例、慢性支气管炎3例、腔隙性脑梗死2例;腹主动脉瘤破裂患者3例;行带膜支架腔内隔绝术13例,腹主动脉瘤切除+人工血管置换术10例,带膜支架腔内隔绝术+右股动脉、右股深动脉内膜剥脱术+右股深动脉成形术+人工血管右股动脉一胭动脉搭桥术1例;术后并发症发生率为62.5%,病死率为20.8%. 结论 老年腹主动脉瘤患者多伴有冠心病、高血压、糖尿病、慢性支气管炎等老年慢性疾病;老年腹主动脉瘤手术是一类高风险手术,合理的术式选择与围手术期处理是老年腹主动脉瘤患者治疗成功的关键.     

老年腹主动脉瘤患者腔内隔绝围手术期脑保护

目的探讨老年腹主动脉瘤患者腔内隔绝围手术期脑保护及其临床意义。方法根据有无实施脑保护将69例老年腹主动脉瘤行腔内隔绝治疗的患者随机分成两组:保护组38例,对照组31例。对两组术后脑血管意外及脑功能障碍情况进行对比分析。结果两组的年龄、入院时血压、手术时间差异均无统计学意义。两组均未发生死亡和出血性脑卒中。保护组术后谵妄发生率低于对照组(分别为5.3%和41.9%,P<0.05),术后住院时间少于对照组(分别为9.1±3.2d和16.7±5.8d,P<0.05);术后缺血性脑卒中保护组0例,对照组3例,两组比较无统计学意义(0%和9.7%,P>0.05)。结论对老年腹主动脉瘤接受腔内隔绝治疗的患者围手术期采取脑保护能降低脑血管意外和维持大脑功能,有利于患者术后恢复。     

B超检测老年冠心病患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度和肱动脉舒张功能的变化

目的　观察老年冠心病患者的颈动脉内 中膜厚度 (IMTc)及高脂餐后肱动脉舒张功能的变化。　方法　采用高分辨超声检测技术观察老年冠心病患者 (30例 )、老年健康人 (2 2例 )及非老年健康人 (11例 )的IMTc及高脂餐前后肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张功能 (FMD)的变化。　结果　老年冠心病组的IMTc〔(1 13± 0 2 3)cm〕显著高于老年健康组〔(0 94± 0 2 0 )cm〕及非老年健康组〔(0 78± 0 14)cm〕 ,差异均有非常显著性 (均为P <0 0 1)。老年冠心病组的空腹FMD〔(3 4± 1 7) %〕显著低于老年健康组〔(5 3± 3 3) % ,P <0 0 5〕及非老年健康组〔(8 1± 3 9) % ,P <0 0 1〕。年龄与IMTc呈正相关 (r=0 44 4,P <0 0 5 ) ,与空腹FMD呈负相关 (r =- 0 6 5 0 ,P <0 0 0 1) ;高脂餐后 3组受试者的FMD显著减弱〔分别为 (0 6± 0 7) %、(2 6± 2 0 ) %及 (4 2± 2 8) % ;均为P <0 0 0 1〕 ,其中老年冠心病组的FMD下降程度〔ΔFMD % ,(76 7± 10 4) %〕显著高于老年健康组〔(5 4 1± 3 7) %〕及非老年健康组〔(5 0 8± 3 3) %〕 ,差异有显著性 (均为P <0 0 5 )。　结论　老年冠心病患者存在严重的颈动脉粥样硬化与血管舒张功能失调 ,高脂餐后血管舒张功能的进一步减弱 ,可能是诱发急性冠状动脉事     

腹主动脉病变腔内修复并发症及治疗

目的:总结腹主动脉病变腔内治疗的疗效,探讨并发症发生原因及防治措施。方法:2012年1月至2014年12月,连续性覆膜支架腔内修复术的腹主动脉病变患者224例,其中腹主动脉真性动脉瘤205例,腹主动脉假性动脉瘤5例,腹主动脉瘤破裂4例,腹主动脉穿通性溃疡4例,孤立性腹主动脉夹层2例,腹主动脉腔内修复(EVAR)术后二次介入治疗4例;男性206例,女性18例;年龄36~90岁,平均(69.0±9.2)岁。患者出院前,术后1、6、12个月及每年行主动脉CTA检查。统计不同时间段的并发症,计算其发生率及病死率。结果:术中无死亡,技术成功率100%。围手术期病死率及主要并发症率分别为0.9%(2/224)和10.3%(23/224)。围手术期主要并发症包括内漏13例、支架移位2例,瘤颈医源性夹层1例,脊髓缺血1例,入路血管损伤2例,外周血管血栓形成3例,严重低血红蛋白血症1例。随访12~48个月,随访期间病死率及并发症率分别为8.9%(20/224)和4.5%(10/224)。随访期间主要并发症包括内漏4例、间歇性跛行3例、外周血管血栓形成或闭塞2例及腹主动脉假性动脉瘤感染复发1例。结论:采用覆膜支架置入腔内修复术治疗腹主动脉瘤安全可靠,但严重并发症不客忽视。严格把握适应证、术前精确测量及术中细致操作可在一定程度上降低并发症发生。此外,应重视术后定期复查以及时发现并处理相关并发症。     

老年人颌面创伤的临床特点与治疗

目的　分析老年人颌面创伤的临床特点 ,为提高救治成功率提供依据。　方法　选择第四军医大学口腔医学院 1992年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月就诊的 12 6例老年颌面创伤患者 ,对创伤的原因、部位、合并伤及治疗方法等进行回顾性分析 ,并与同期的随机抽取的 2 0 0例非老年组患者进行比较。　结果　 12 6例中 ,交通事故和暴力致伤为主要创伤原因 ,分别占 6 1 1%和 2 5 4 %。损伤特点为多发性骨折 ,面下部是最易受伤的部位。 6 9 1%的患者并存系统疾病 ,35 7%的老年颌面骨折患者未治疗 ,与非老年组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;老年组的治疗天数和ICU天数〔(16 5± 10 9)和(4 3± 3 3)d〕均较非老年组长〔(4 3± 3 3)和 (2 3± 3 0 )d ,P <0 0 5〕 ,损伤严重度评分与非老年组差异无显著性。　结论　应加强对老年人颌面创伤的预防 ,救治中注意其并存症多的特点及降低病死率和致畸率。     

二氢麦角环肽对血管性痴呆小鼠海马钙信号转导机制的干预作用

目的　观察二氢麦角环肽 (DHE)对血管性痴呆 (VaD)小鼠海马钙信号转导机制的干预作用。　方法　采用双侧颈总动脉线结法 ,制作小鼠VaD模型 ,并设假手术对照组 ,选用DHE为治疗组。分别于术后 2 9d、30d测试学习、记忆成绩。利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察各组海马神经细胞〔Ca2 〕i变化 ;用RT PCR技术检测海马神经细胞内调钙素 (CaM)、调钙素依赖性激酶Ⅱ (CaMPKⅡ )的mRNA表达水平。　结果　模型组神经细胞〔Ca2 〕i为 (4 3 5 0± 3 0 0 ) ,显著高于假手术组的(2 5 5 0± 3 5 0 ) (P <0 0 5 )和DHE组的 (2 6 0 0± 2 0 0 ) (P <0 0 5 ) ;模型组CaM、CaMPKⅡ的mRNA含量〔分别为 (0 76± 0 2 1)、(0 4 3± 0 0 7)〕 ,显著低于假手术组〔(1 13± 0 2 3)、(0 6 7± 0 10 )P <0 0 1〕和DHE组〔(0 99± 0 2 0 )、(0 5 6± 0 11)〕(P <0 0 1)。　结论　DHE可降低VaD小鼠海马〔Ca2 〕i,提高CaM、CaMPKⅡ的mRNA表达水平 ,改善其临床症状。     

联合用药对动脉瘤覆膜支架腔内隔绝术患者血流动力学及预后的影响

目的分析丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼联合硝酸甘油对胸、腹主动脉瘤(TAAA)患者行动脉瘤覆膜支架腔内隔绝术中血流动力学及预后的影响。方法 58例胸、腹主动脉瘤患者按麻醉方案不同分组,各29例。对照组为丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼,研究组为丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼+硝酸甘油。统计两组血流动力学及预后。结果 T1、T2时研究组SBP、HR、MAP均低于对照组(P0.05);并发症发生率6.89%低于对照组34.48%(P0.05)。结论丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼+硝酸甘油可有效稳定胸、腹主动脉瘤患者行动脉瘤覆膜支架腔内隔绝术术中血流动力学水平,减少并发症。     

气道内支架置入术治疗老年人癌性气道狭窄

一、对象和方法　　 1.对象 :选自我院 1997年 1月至 1998年 12月住院的晚期肺癌患者 2 2例 ,男 15例 ,女 7例 ,年龄 6 0～ 70岁 ,平均(6 6 0± 3 7)岁。鳞癌 16例 ,腺癌 6例。经影像学和气管镜确定狭窄部位 ,其中主气管 9例 ,左总支气管 7例 ,右总支气管 5例 ;狭窄口直径分别为 5 0～ 10 0ｍｍ〔(6 8± 3 0 )ｍｍ〕、4 0～ 6 0ｍｍ〔(4 8± 1 4)ｍｍ〕、3 0～ 6 0ｍｍ〔(4 5±1 4)ｍｍ〕 ,狭窄长度分别为 15 0～ 35 0ｍｍ〔(2 1 1± 8 2 )ｍｍ〕、11 0～ 32 0ｍｍ〔(2 5 0± 8 0 )ｍｍ〕、11 0～ 2 2 0ｍｍ〔(16 0± 5 5 )ｍ…     

血管形成素1基因转染治疗兔缺血性心肌梗死的实验研究

目的　利用兔心肌梗死模型 ,探讨心肌内直接注射血管形成素 1(Ang1)重组腺病毒对缺血性心脏病的治疗作用。　方法　 4 5只新西兰大白兔结扎冠状动脉 (冠脉 )制造心肌梗死模型 ,随机分为Ang1组、培养基 (DMEM )组与半乳糖苷酶基因 (LacZ)重组腺病毒组 ,心肌内分别直接注射Ang1重组腺病毒、DMEM和LacZ重组腺病毒。第 7、14、2 8d各组分别处死 5只 ,以观测心肌梗死及血管新生情况 ,术前及处死前行超声心动图检查。　结果　结扎冠脉后 7、14d ,Ang1组与LacZ组和DMEM组心肌梗死范围及新生毛细血管数差异均无显著性 ,术后 2 8d ,Ang1组心肌梗死范围显著小于LacZ组和DMEM组〔分别为 (9 1± 1 6 ) %对 (14 1± 2 2 ) %和 (13 8± 3 0 ) % ,P <0 0 1〕 ;而术后 14、2 8d新生毛细血管密度明显高于与LacZ组和DMEM组〔分别为 (10 0 7± 1 30 )个 /视野对(5 5 2± 1 0 9)个 /视野和 (5 73± 1 0 3)个 /视野 ,P <0 0 5及 (4 2 93± 6 35 )个 /视野对 (15 88±4 4 3)个 /视野和 (13 17± 1 2 9)个 /视野 ,P <0 0 1〕。心肌梗死发生 2 8d后各组的左室射血分数Ang1组改善幅度明显高于LacZ组和DMEM组〔分别为 (6 5± 6 ) %对 (4 0± 5 ) %和 (4 4± 5 ) % ,P <0 0 1〕。　结论　Ang1能促进兔实验性心肌梗死区     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.