发作性睡病夜间睡眠结构特征的探讨

目的了解发作性睡病患者夜间睡眠结构特点。方法对10例符合发作性睡病国际睡眠疾病分类最低诊断标准的发作性睡病患者和13例正常对照者连续进行两夜夜间多导睡眠图监测,比较两组各项睡眠参数,并分析发作性睡病患者的夜间睡眠结构特点。结果发作性睡病组患者的夜间睡眠潜伏期和快速眼动睡眠潜伏期缩短(P<0．01),在整个睡眠过程中睡眠始发快速眼动时段出现比例明显升高(P<0．01),唤醒指数和睡眠纺锤波密度增高(P<0．05),睡眠转换次数和清醒次数及S1期睡眠比例增加(P<0．01),S2期和S3 S4期比例减少(P<0．01),快速眼动密度增加(P<0．01);全夜快速眼动睡眠时段持续时间无逐渐延长趋势。与对照组受试者睡眠生理参数相比,差异具有显著性意义(P<0．05或P< 0．01)。结论发作性睡病患者夜间睡眠结构的特征为快速眼动活动增强,睡眠维持机制紊乱,中枢唤醒水平降低。     

发作性睡病的临床特征与多次睡眠潜伏期试验对照研究

目的:探讨多次睡眠潜伏期试验(MSLT)对发作性睡病的诊断价值。方法:总结3 6例发作性睡病患者的临床特征,并进行白天5次MSLT和整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)描记,分析平均睡眠潜伏期(sleeplatency ,SL)、睡眠初次出现REM (sleeponsetrapideyemovementperiods ,SOREMP)次数及夜间睡眠相关参数和3 4名正常对照组进行比较。结果:3 6例均有白日过度嗜睡(10 0 % ) ,2 5例伴猝倒(69.44 .% ) ,16例伴入睡前幻觉(4 4 .44 % ) ,8例伴睡眠瘫痪(2 2 .2 2 % ) ,7例典型的睡眠四联征(19.44 % )。白天5次MSLT显示:2 8例发作性睡病患者SL <5min +SOREMP≥2次(77.78% ) ,SL(4 .12±2 .0 4)缩短和SOREMP≥2 (3 .2 8±0 .67)次,与正常对照组相比有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。整夜PSG结果显示:发作性睡病组总睡眠时间(3 3 5 .82±3 4.0 9)min、REM潜伏期缩短(17.19±7.14 )min ,和正常对照组相比有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。结论:发作性睡病具有睡眠潜伏期缩短和REM睡眠提前的特征,MSLT对发作性睡病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

发作性睡病患者行 PSG和MSLT监测的护理

目的：探讨发作性睡病临床主要表现,以及诊断中常用的标准多导睡眠监测（polysomnography ,PSG）和多次睡眠潜伏试验（multiple sleep latency test ,MSLT）的应用和监测方法。方法回顾分析2012‐07—2014‐03到我科监测治疗的26例发作性睡病患者的临床资料。结果26例均顺利完成监测,其中21例夜间PSG检查中睡眠潜伏期＜10 min;14例快动眼睡眠（REM）始于入睡后＜20 min;白天MSLT中,26例平均睡眠潜伏期＜5 min ,入睡开始阶段出现REM（ROREMPs）≥2次的26例。结论护理人员在对患者进行监测的过程中,应采取适合的心理疏导方式,以消除患者的不良情绪,合理的心理疏导能提高检测结果的准确率,将对发作性睡病的诊断起非常重要的作用。     

发作性睡病伴快速眼动睡眠期行为异常研究现况

发作性睡病患者不仅表现为睡眠-觉醒节律不稳定(白日不可抑制嗜睡,夜间容易觉醒),还有与快速眼动(REM)睡眠期障碍相关的症状如猝倒(清醒状态下情感诱发肌张力丧失)、睡瘫及入睡幻觉[1].REM睡眠期行为异常(RBD)是REM睡眠障碍的特征,即在REM期出现与梦境相关的简单或复杂动作,常自伤或伤及同睡者.视频多导睡眠图( Video-PSG)监测可见REM睡眠期出现肌张力迟缓消失;下颌肌电图可见持续或间断性肌张力增高,或出现大量动作电位;肢体活动显著增加;REM睡眠密度增加[2].RBD多发生于神经退行性疾病(帕金森病、路易体痴呆、多系统萎缩等),老年男性多见[3],1992年美国两位学者Scheck与Mahowald首次报道RBD见于发作性睡病患者.     

多次睡眠潜伏期试验的检测方法及临床应用进展

应用多导睡眠仪（PSG）进行多次睡眠潜伏期试验（MSLT）是客观评价日间思睡严重程度的 标准工具。分析多次试验的睡眠次数、平均睡眠潜伏期以及快速眼动（REM）睡眠出现的潜伏期与次数， 能将思睡的严重程度用睡眠潜伏期的长短显示出来，更具有客观性和可重复性。目前MSLT在临床已 广泛用于发作性睡病的诊断，特发性睡眠增多和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等日间思睡的严重程度评 估，以及精神振奋剂等药物的疗效评估。现对MSLT的具体检测方法及临床应用作一综述。     

24例成人发作性睡病伴快速眼动睡眠期行为异常患者临床及多导睡眠图分析

目的探讨发作性睡病(Narcolepsy)合并快速眼动睡眠期行为异常(REM sleep behavior disorder,RBD)患者的临床及多导睡眠图特征,为临床诊断提供客观依据。方法收集本院24例临床诊断为发作性睡病同时合并RBD患者,行多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)及多次睡眠潜伏期试验(multiple sleep latency test,MSLT),对其临床症状及电生理检查结果进行统计分析。结果临床症状:本组24例均存在白天不能控制的过度嗜睡(100%);临床症状表现形式有睡眠相关性幻觉、睡眠瘫痪、猝倒发作、夜间睡眠中打鼾、憋醒、夜间睡眠中拍打同床人、梦境扮演经历。PSG分析:24例患者中24例N1期睡眠时间增加(100%);18例N2期睡眠时间减少(75%);18例N3期睡眠时间减少或消失(75%);12例REM睡眠时间延长(50%);9例(37.5%)存在呼吸暂停-低通气情况(AHI5次/时);15例(62.5%)存在周期性肢体运动(PMLS指数15次/时);24例伴随下颌肌电持续或间断增高(100%);12例伴随出现肢体或颜面部异常活动(50%)。MSLT分析:24例平均睡眠潜伏时间均小于8 min同时大于或等于两次REM起始睡眠(100%)。结论成人发作性睡病患者常合并睡眠呼吸暂停-低通气综合征,继发性嗜睡症状需与发作性睡病相鉴别;发作性睡病者常合并RBD,异常动作并非每夜都发生,但PSG可发现微小的异常动作或肌电活动,帮助疾病诊断;发作性睡病常合并周期性肢体运动,且分布在REM睡眠期较多时,需注意是否同时存在RBD可能。     

32例儿童发作性睡病临床特征分析

目的 加强对儿童发作性睡病临床特征及诊断方法的认识. 方法 回顾性分析自2008年9月至2011年9月北京市儿童医院神经科和解放军总医院儿童医学中心收治的32例发作性睡病患儿资料,同时对相关文献进行回顾分析. 结果 32例发作性睡病患儿均有日间不可抗拒的入睡发作,26例(81.3％)存在猝倒发作,11例(34.4％)存在睡眠幻觉,仅2例(6.25％)存在睡眠瘫痪表现.患儿多以日间睡眠增多为起病症状,大多数患儿有夜间睡眠紊乱、易激惹的临床表现,性格改变、食欲及体重增加、青春期提前也是常见的临床症状.多次小睡睡眠潜伏期试验(MSLT)检查在患儿中阳性率较低,可能与患儿年龄小、病程短等因素有关. 结论 不可抗拒的入睡发作、猝倒发作是中国儿童发作性睡病典型的临床表现,结合多导睡眠图和MSLT可明确诊断.     

多项睡眠图联合长程视频脑电图监测癫(痫)患者夜间睡眠呼吸事件82例报告

目的:探讨癫(痫)患者睡眠中(痫)性放电对睡眠呼吸事件的影响.方法:对临床确诊的82例成人癫(痫)患者进行多项睡眠图(PSG)和长程视频脑电图(V-EEG)监测,分析其夜间睡眠中发作性事件情况,并探讨(痫)性放电及抗癫(痫)药的影响.结果:癫(痫)组入睡潜伏期、快速眼动(REM)睡眠潜伏期增加,浅睡期所占比例增多,深睡期所占比例减少,睡眠效率降低,夜间觉醒次数增多,睡眠呼吸暂停指数增高,与对照组比较差异均有显著意义(P＜0.01).周期性腿动事件与对照组比较无明显差异.(痫)性放电和抗癫(痫)药对睡眠呼吸暂停指数和周期性腿动指数未见明确影响.结论:癫(痫)患者存在睡眠结构紊乱和睡眠呼吸障碍,觉醒事件、呼吸事件、腿动事件三者之间相互影响,采用PSG联合V-EEG同步监测有利于全面分析睡眠结构与癫(痫)呼吸事件之间的关系.     

发作性睡病和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者多次睡眠潜伏期试验对照研究

为了解发作性睡病与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的异同，采用多次睡眠潜伏期试验(MSLT)和多导睡眠图(PSG)进行对照研究。     

不同病程阶段发作性睡病患者PSG检查比较

目的分析不同病程阶段发作性睡病患者电生理指标的差异。方法收集2009年1月至2010年1月在北京宣武医院睡眠中心确诊的发作性睡病患者45例。根据患者检查时的病程长短,分成三组。每位患者均进行多导生理记录仪睡眠监测(PSG)及多次小睡潜伏时间试验记录其指标。结果病程≥10年的发作性睡病患者的深睡眠比例显著低于病程<10年的患者;病程≥20年的发作性睡病患者的睡眠中清醒时间显著高于病程<10年的患者;病程≥20年的发作性睡病患者的腿动指数和MLST平均REM睡眠潜伏期显著高于病程<20岁的患者。其他指标没有统计学差异。结论随着病程的延长,发作性睡病患者的基本特征并没有改变,但是会掺杂一些年龄因素造成的睡眠障碍问题。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.