不同手术方式治疗小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的临床疗效

目的探讨不同手术方式治疗小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年10月至2017年5月威海市中心医院神经外科收治的36例小脑后下动脉动脉瘤患者(共36个动脉瘤)的临床资料。36例患者中,行单纯介入栓塞22例,行单纯开颅手术夹闭9例,5例行开颅血管搭桥联合介入栓塞手术。以出院时格拉斯哥预后评级(GOS)评估手术治疗效果,采用改良Rankin量表评分(mRS)评估患者的临床结局。通过数字减影血管造影(DSA)或CT血管成像(CTA)评估影像学结局。结果行单纯介入栓塞的22例患者中,完全栓塞21例;行单纯开颅手术夹闭的9例患者中,成功夹闭8例;5例应用开颅血管搭桥联合介入栓塞的患者均成功吻合血管并达到完全栓塞。36例患者中,9例术后存在非新发的神经功能缺失,1例术后死亡。35例患者出院时的GOS为:Ⅴ级18例,Ⅳ级14例,Ⅲ级3例。35例患者术后2周复查CTA或DSA,显示动脉瘤均消失。术后3~12个月的影像学随访结果显示,动脉瘤复发3例(8.6%),均为行介入栓塞的患者;其余32例未见动脉瘤复发。34例获临床随访1年,mRS 0~1分21例,2分8例,3分3例,4分1例,5分1例,预后良好率为85.3%(29/34);失访1例。结论根据具体病情采用介入栓塞术、开颅夹闭术或开颅血管搭桥联合介入栓塞治疗小脑后下动脉动脉瘤,患者的临床预后较好,动脉瘤复发率低。     

椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗

目的 探讨椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗策略.方法 分别采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉、支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤、单纯支架植入、手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,以及枕动脉-小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉等方法 治疗18例椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者.结果 18例患者中5例采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,5例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(3例基本致密栓塞、2例非致密栓塞),4例行单纯支架植入术(术后3例动脉瘤血流动力学改善),3例经远外侧入路手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,1例行枕动脉.小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉.其中2例术中动脉瘤破裂出血,1例死亡、1例中残;I例闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉患者,术后出现短暂性吞咽困难和偏侧肢体麻木,其余患者术后平稳.17例获得1个月至3年随访,无一例动脉瘤复发或进展.结论 用于治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的方法 有多种,选择治疗方案时需考虑动脉瘤是否破裂出血或引起脑梗死,以及动脉瘤形态(如局限性偏侧型)、是否位于优势侧、是否累及小脑后下动脉等因素,根据患者具体情况制定个体化治疗方案.     

经小脑延髓裂夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤

目的探讨经小脑延髓裂入路手术夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤的优点及显微手术技巧。方法 23例手术夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤均经后颅窝正中开颅,经小脑延髓裂入路,显微镜下夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤。结果 23例患者,共33枚动脉瘤,完全夹闭31枚,2枚切除,夹闭率94.9%。无一例手术死亡。结论经小脑延髓裂入路夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤,不需切开小脑下蚓部,可有效的清除第四脑室血肿,降低脑压。使血管神经显示更加清楚,不损伤任何小脑组织,能最大限度地减少牵拉血管及神经组织,减少动脉瘤的术中破裂,使手术更安全。术后患者不良反应小。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的血管内治疗与手术治疗（附21例报道）

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉（PICA）动脉瘤的血管内治疗与手术治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析21例PICA动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中近侧段11例行单纯弹簧圈栓塞1例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞7例,开颅夹闭术1例,行枕动脉-PICA血管吻合术1例,保守治疗1例;过渡段5例,行单纯弹簧圈栓塞2例,开颅夹闭术2例,开颅动脉瘤包裹术1例;远侧段5例,行弹簧圈闭塞载瘤动脉1例,NBCA闭塞载瘤动脉1例,Gluba胶闭塞载瘤动脉1例,开颅切除动脉瘤2例。结果 术后1周内死亡5例,其余病例随访6~36个月,其中近侧段行单纯弹簧圈栓塞的1例复发,再次行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,再随访24个月未见复发;远侧段开颅切除动脉瘤的1例术后出现共济失调,近侧段保守治疗的1例未见动脉瘤增大,其余13例未见复发及明显并发症。结论 确保PICA延髓支通畅是治疗PICA动脉瘤的首要前提,PICA动脉瘤的形态、位置、PICA是否为优势血管是动脉瘤治疗方法选择的主要依据,而血管内治疗与手术相辅相成是治疗PICA动脉瘤的有效途径。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的临床特征、诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析12例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、手术效果及诊治过程中存在的相关问题。结果12例中有11例因动脉瘤破裂出血而发病,单纯第四脑室出血4例,全脑室系统出血2例,小脑半球出血3例,小脑蚓部伴第四脑室出血1例,侧脑室伴第三脑室出血1例,以后颅窝占位病变表现1例。8例术前行DSA检查明确诊断,4例术中明确诊断。12例均行后颅窝开颅显微手术治疗,其中动脉瘤颈夹闭9例,孤立切除2例,动脉瘤加固术1例,术后2例因脑积水加重行脑室-腹腔分流术。12例中除1例术后留有轻偏瘫外,其余11例恢复良好。结论小脑后下动脉瘤多以第四脑室出血发病,少数以小脑半球或蚓部出血发病,及早治疗效果满意。手术方式应尽量夹闭动脉瘤颈,对于小脑后下动脉末端动脉瘤,可以采用孤立切除术。     

后循环动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨后循环动脉瘤手术适应证和治疗效果.方法 纳入42例共44个后循环动脉瘤,包括基底动脉动脉瘤26例(27个)、椎动脉动脉瘤16例(17个).其中15例分别行颈外动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(4例)、颈内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、颌内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、椎动脉颅内外段(2例)、枕动脉.小脑后下小动脉(5例)搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术;余27例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术.结果 经随访共37例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤14例、基底动脉主干动脉瘤3例、椎动脉动脉瘤9例、小脑后下动脉动脉瘤5例、大脑后动脉P1～P2段交界处动脉瘤4例、小脑上动脉动脉瘤l例和小脑前下动脉动脉瘤1例)患者恢复正常生活活动能力,无一例发生手术相关性神经功能障碍,恢复良好率达88.09%.其余5例患者,1例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤)术后出现严重神经功能缺损症状与体征,生活不能自理;2例(1例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤、1例基底动脉主干动脉瘤)因术后发生脑干缺血,围手术期死亡;2例(椎动脉动脉瘤)复发患者经再次治疗康复.结论 对于不宜直接行手术夹闭的后循环动脉瘤,为了避免因夹闭动脉瘤和延长临时阻断载瘤动脉时间而发生术后脑缺血事件.可选择颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术,以避免动脉瘤夹闭术带来的危险.     

小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤的临床治疗

目的 总结小脑后下动脉( PICA)远端动脉瘤的临床特点,探讨其临床治疗方式的选择.方法 回顾性研究16例PICA远端动脉瘤的临床特点及治疗.6例行后正中入路开颅动脉瘤夹闭术;4例行枕下远外侧入路动脉瘤夹闭术;6例行血管内栓塞术.结果 术后15例恢复良好,1例死亡,1例合并交通性脑积水,行脑室-腹腔分流术.15例出院时均无神经系统阳性体征,随访患者恢复良好.结论 对于PICA远端动脉瘤的治疗,应根据患者的临床情况及动脉瘤和PICA的形态,可以选择开颅夹闭或血管内栓塞.     

小脑后下动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法 .方法 回顾性分析21例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术方法 .其中男9例,女12例,平均40.6岁.1例表现为后颅窝占位;20例为动脉瘤破裂出血.入院时患者Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例.头颅CT表现为幕下为主的蛛网膜下腔出血,或第四脑室出血或二者兼有.脑血管造影提示小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤13例,远端动脉瘤8例,分别采用枕下旁正中及枕下正中入路进行手术.结果 19例行动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,1例行孤立术,1例行载瘤动脉近端切断术.3例术后出现切口一过性脑脊液漏;1例术后偏瘫、后组脑神经麻痹和长期昏迷,2例轻度后组脑神经受损,3个月后完全恢复;其余患者术后无神经功能损伤或并发症,恢复良好.结论 小脑后下动脉瘤的治疗首选动脉瘤夹闭术,术中保护后组脑神经和后下动脉是手术的关键.     

外科手术治疗初次介入栓塞术后复发颅内动脉瘤

目的探讨初次介入栓塞术后复发动脉瘤外科手术治疗的有效性和安全性。方法纳入2014年6月至2019年6月在天津市环湖医院诊断与治疗的15例初次介入栓塞术后复发动脉瘤患者,动脉瘤分别位于前交通动脉(1例),大脑中动脉(MCA,2例),颈内动脉海绵窦段(1例)、床突上段(2例)和后交通段(5例),基底动脉(2例),小脑后下动脉(PICA,2例);5例为巨大动脉瘤(直径 25 mm),3例为大动脉瘤(直径10～25 mm),7例为小动脉瘤(直径10 mm);均行外科手术治疗。结果 15例患者均成功实施外科手术,手术成功率为100%。7例行单纯开颅动脉瘤夹闭术;7例行血管搭桥术,包括颈外动脉-桡动脉-M2搭桥术(2例)、颞浅动脉(STA)-M4搭桥术(1例)、枕动脉-PICA搭桥术(2例)和STA-大脑后动脉(PCA)P2搭桥术(2例);1例行颈内动脉开口缩窄术。术后13例预后良好[改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分≤2],1例(例6)夹闭术后出现脑梗死,1例(例11)STA-PCA搭桥术后11个月死于肺部感染。结论介入栓塞术后复发动脉瘤手术难度较高,推荐在动脉瘤夹闭术和血管搭桥术方面均有足够经验的医疗中心进行,血管搭桥术是处理复杂复发动脉瘤的有效手段。     

颅内动脉瘤栓塞术后复发的手术治疗

研究背景血管内介入治疗是目前颅内动脉瘤的首选治疗方法,但复发率较高,部分患者因再次栓塞困难须行手术夹闭治疗。本文回顾分析行手术夹闭治疗的11例栓塞不全或复发的颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料,结合国内外相关文献报道,探讨手术治疗原则和技巧。方法 11例栓塞不全或复发的颅内动脉瘤患者共有12个动脉瘤,其中前交通动脉动脉瘤3个,大脑中动脉动脉瘤3个,后交通动脉动脉瘤2个,大脑前动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉尖端和小脑上动脉动脉瘤各1个;小动脉瘤7个,大动脉瘤4个。所有患者均于手术显微镜下行动脉瘤夹闭术,11个夹闭完全,1个行椎动脉近端阻断术;术中7个动脉瘤内弹簧圈予以保留,5个予以去除或部分去除。结果所有患者术后平均随访22个月,Glasgow预后分级评分较术前增加或无变化9例(9/11),其中1例术后左侧肢体肌力减退,肌力3级,出院时恢复至4~5级;2例死亡,1例术前病情较重、出院后即死亡,1例载瘤动脉血栓形成、继发肺炎死亡。结论血管内介入治疗后复发动脉瘤具有较高的手术难度,只要进行充分的术前评估和手术方案设计,手术夹闭治疗依然能够取得安全有效的效果。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.