丁苯酞应用于rt-PA静脉溶栓脑卒中的疗效性和安全性分析

目的分析丁苯酞注射液应用于rt-PA静脉溶栓脑卒中的疗效和安全性。方法根据rt-PA静脉溶栓的急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者是否接受丁苯酞注射液治疗分成rt-PA静脉溶栓+丁苯酞注射液治疗组(n=124)和rt-PA静脉溶栓+0.9%生理盐水对照组(n=75)。对两组基线资料及治疗后24 h、7 d、14 d美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、颅内多普勒超声(TCD)监测大脑中动脉平均血流速度(Vm)及搏动指数(PI)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)、90 d mRS评分等临床指标进行比较及分析。结果治疗组NIHSS评分、MMP-9明显低于对照组(P 0.05); TCD监测Vm、PI,治疗组均明显高于对照组(P 0.05)。mRS评分治疗组的预后良好率为93.0%,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓患者应用丁苯酞注射液有显著临床疗效,未增加不良反应发生率及病死率,其作用机制可能与降低血清中MMP-9水平有关。     

rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗小卒中疗效与安全性分析

目的探讨rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗发病4.50小时内小卒中患者的有效性与安全性。方法均为2017年7月至2018年12月住院治疗的小卒中患者共90例,分别接受rt-PA静脉溶栓(溶栓组)或常规双联抗血小板(对照组)治疗,以治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分进行疗效比较、出血性事件发生率评价静脉溶栓安全性。结果溶栓组患者治疗后2 h(t=4.188,P=0.000)及7 d(t=4.105,P=0.000)时NIHSS评分逐渐降低,治疗有效率为60.47%(26/43),与对照组差异具有统计学意义[34.04%(16/47);χ~2=6.299,P=0.012];两组良好结局者所占比例分别为溶栓组90.70%(39/43)、对照组65.96%(31/47),差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=7.952,P=0.005)。牙龈出血(5例)为溶栓组主要并发症,与对照组大便潜血和皮下瘀斑(各1例)差异无统计学意义(Fisher确切概率法:P=0.252),均无颅内出血及死亡病例。结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗发病4.50小时内的小卒中患者安全、有效,且不会增加颅内出血风险和病死率。     

小剂量rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期心源性脑栓塞临床分析

目的探讨小剂量rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期心源性脑栓塞的安全性及近期疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2008-01—2013-12超早期心源性脑栓塞患者47例,其中接受小剂量rt-PA静滴溶栓治疗24例为溶栓组,接受常规二级预防23例为对照组。比较2组治疗前后美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、Barthel指数(BI)及改良Rankin评分(mRS)。结果2组治疗前基本临床资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);溶栓组NIHSS评分明显下降,BI、mRS上升,2组治疗后NIHSS评分、BI、mRS比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中1例出现无症状性脑出血。对照组治疗后NIHSS评分、BI、mRS与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小剂量rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗超早期心源性脑栓塞是安全的,近期疗效显著。     

依达拉奉对急性脑梗死患者rt-PA静脉溶栓后出血性转化的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者重组组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓后出血性转化(HT)的干预效果。方法 将入选的200例(发病至入院时间<4.5 h)ACI的患者按照分层区组随机化原则分为对照组和观察组各100例,对照组给予常规治疗和rt-PA 溶栓治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上加用依达拉奉注射液30 mg/次,2次/d,静脉点滴,连用14 d; 于各时间点(治疗前、治疗后第24 h、3 、7 、14 d)监测2组患者治疗前后的基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、细胞纤维连接蛋白(c-Fn)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)水平及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,并复查颅脑CT或者MRI观察有无HT。结果 治疗后第3、7、14 d重复测量数据比较,观察组患者的MMP-9、c-Fn、GFAP水平、NIHSS评分均低于对照组(P均<0.049)。静脉溶栓后14 d内观察组患者出血性转化发生率低于对照组(P=0.041); 随访3个月观察组病死率1.0%(1/100),对照组病死率3.0%(3/100),2组患者病死率比较无明显差异(经Fisher精确检验,P=0.621); 依达拉奉未发生严重不良反应。结论 依达拉奉能减少rt-PA溶栓后HT的发生,下调MMP-9、c-Fn、GFAP水平和NIHSS评分。     

静脉溶栓治疗卒中预警综合征16例分析

目的总结卒中预警综合征的临床和影像学特点,探讨静脉溶栓治疗卒中预警综合征的有效性和安全性。方法纳入2017年1月至2019年7月共16例卒中预警综合征患者,均予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗以及抗血小板、调脂等治疗,采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评价神经功能,改良16例患者既往有高血压13例次、高同型半胱氨酸血症12例次、高脂血症9例次,吸烟10例次。临床主要表现为单纯运动障碍(7例)和运动感觉障碍(9例);发作次数3～9次,持续时间3～240 min。DWI显示13例(81.25%)可见急性新发梗死灶;CTA或MRA显示14例可见头颈部动脉粥样硬化斑块。溶栓后13例病情完全缓解(5/16)、明显缓解(1/16)或部分缓解(7/16),3例不同程度加重。溶栓后24 h和出院时NIHSS评分低于入院时和病程中最大值(均P=0.000),而入院时与病程中最大值(P=0.433)、溶栓后24 h与出院时(P=0.054)NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义。14例预后良好(mRS评分2分)。无一例发生出血性转化和远期复发。结论对于时间窗内的卒中预警综合征患者,rt-PA静脉溶栓可能是一种有效的治疗方法。     

HAT、SEDAN评分及相关脑血管病危险因素预测急性缺血性卒中溶栓后出血性转化临床研究

目的探讨溶栓后出血评分(HAT)、症状性溶栓出血危险因素评分(SEDAN)和相关危险因素预测急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)静脉溶栓后出血性转化的临床应用价值。方法共143例发病4.50 h内行rt-PA静脉溶栓且临床资料完整的急性缺血性卒中患者,根据溶栓治疗后头部CT所示分为出血性转化组(18例)和非出血性转化组(125例),二分类Logistic回归分析筛选静脉溶栓后发生出血性转化的危险因素、受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价HAT和SEDAN评分预测出血性转化的敏感性和特异性。结果单因素Logistic回归分析显示,心房颤动、入院时收缩压和血糖水平、发病早期CT呈低密度征象、溶栓时间窗、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、HAT和SEDAN评分均为静脉溶栓后出血性转化危险因素(P0.05);代入二分类Logistic回归方程后,除发病早期CT呈低密度征象,其余各项均为静脉溶栓后发生出血性转化之危险因素。ROC曲线显示,HAT评分预测出血性转化灵敏度为94.40%、特异度为41.60%、曲线下面积0.70,SEDAN评分则为94.40%、65.62%和0.77。结论心房颤动、入院时收缩压和血糖水平、溶栓时间窗、NIHSS评分、HAT和SEDAN评分均为缺血性卒中静脉溶栓后发生出血性转化的危险因素,但以SEDAN评分预测价值较高。     

不同时间窗rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死的疗效观察

目的探讨不同时间窗rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死的临床疗效。方法选取2016年8月~2017年8月我院收治的70例椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死患者为研究对象,所有患者均经多模式MRI证实且行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,根据患者溶栓治疗时间窗不同,将其分为4.5 h组(35例)和4.5~9 h组(35例),比较两组神经功能缺损量表(national institutes of health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、Barthel指数(Barthel index,BI)评分及改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分,观察两组脑出血发生情况。结果与治疗前比较,4.5 h组和4.5~9 h组患者溶栓后24 h、14 d、30 d及90 d的NIHSS评分显著降低(P0.05),BI评分显著升高(P0.05),而两组患者在rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后的NIHSS评分及BI评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组rtPA静脉溶栓后90 d的mRS评分及预后良好率比较均无明显差异(P0.05)。3 m随访期内,4.5 h组脑出血发生率为5.71%,4.5~9 h组脑出血发生率为8.57%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 I扩大时间窗至9 h对椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗安全有效,因此,对于治疗时间窗为4.5 h~9 h的椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死也可行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗。     

急性脑梗死患者阿替普酶静脉溶栓的疗效及出血性转化影响因素分析

目的研究阿替普酶(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)的疗效,并分析静脉溶栓后出血性转化(HT)的影响因素。方法选择发病在6h以内的ACI患者174例,根据治疗方法的不同分为静脉溶栓和常规治疗两组,比较两组治疗前和治疗后24h、14d美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,90d后改良Rankin量表(m RS)评分的变化,并记录不良反应;比较静脉溶栓组有无出血并发症患者之间的影响因素,多因素回归分析确定溶栓后HT的独立危险因素。结果 1静脉溶栓组溶栓后24h、14d NIHSS评分较溶栓前明显降低(P0.05),常规治疗组治疗后24 h、14 d NHISS评分与溶栓前比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后同一时间点比较静脉溶栓组的NHISS评分均低于常规治疗组(P0.05);2静脉溶栓组患者90d后预后良好率高于常规治疗组(58.4%vs42.3%,2=4.423,P0.05)。两组之间死亡率差异没有统计学意义(12.5%vs19.2%,2=1.487,P0.05;3多因素回归分析显示治疗前NHISS评分(OR:1.517,1.2142.261,P0.05)、心房颤动病史(OR:1.431,1.2792.041,P0.05)是溶栓后HT的独立危险因素。结论rt-PA静脉溶栓对发病6h内的ACI患者的疗效优于常规治疗;治疗前NHISS评分、有心房颤动病史是影响溶栓后HT的独立危险因素。     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂超早期静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死的疗效观察

目的 探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)超早期静脉溶栓治疗急性脑梗死(ACI)的疗效及安全性.方法 对74例发病＜6 h的ACI患者给予rt-PA(50 mg)静脉溶栓治疗,溶栓前及溶栓后30 min、24 h、14 d及3个月时分别采用美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,以及溶栓后3个月给予修订的Rankin评分(mRS)和日常生活能力Barthal指数(BI)评分,评价其疗效及安全性.结果 溶栓后各时间点NIHSS评分均有明显改善(均P<0.01);3个月时NIHSS≤1分者31例(41.9%),mRS 0～1分者39例(52.7%),BI 95～100分者33例(44.6%).脑出血发生率:＜36 h 5例(6.8%),36～72 h 3例(4.1%).3个月内死亡9例(12.2%).结论 ACI发病6 h内给予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗相对安全有效.     

不同时间窗重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓治疗椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死的疗效

目的探讨不同时间窗重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死的疗效。方法对26例经多模式MRI证实的椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死患者行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,治疗时间窗<4.5 h组和4.5～9 h组各13例。患者在治疗前及治疗后24 h、14 d、90 d进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,90 d时行Bathel指数(BI)、改良Rankin量表(mRs)评分,比较两组的疗效;观察溶栓后有无脑出血发生。结果 <4.5 h组与4.5～9 h组各时间点NIHSS、BI及mRs评分差异无统计学意义。<4.5 h组与4.5～9 h组各有1例非症状性脑出血。90 d时,<4.5 h组mRS评分预后良好7例(53.85%);4.5～9 h组6例(46.15%),两组预后良好率的差异无统计学意义。结论椎-基底动脉系统脑梗死静脉rt-PA溶栓治疗4.5 h时间窗和适当延长治疗时间窗均安全有效。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂相关性分析

目的 探讨他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂的影响。方法 2010年3月至2014年3月收治颅内囊状动脉瘤67例,其中破裂者32例,未破裂者35例。采用多变量Logistic回归评估他汀类药物的使用和颅内动脉瘤破裂的关系。结果 破裂组术前使用他汀类药物4例（12.5%,4/32）,未破裂组16例（45.7%,16/35）。破裂组服用他汀类药物的百分比显著低于未破裂组（P<0.01）。纠正潜在的混杂干扰后（or值: 0.30,95%可信空间:0.12~="" 0.64）显示,颅内动脉瘤破裂与他汀类药物的使用呈显著负相关,也与高血清总胆固醇浓度有关。结论 本结果提示他汀类药物对颅内动脉瘤破裂有一定的预防效果。     

Impact of our understanding of the genetic aetiology of epilepsy

A genetic contribution to aetiology is estimated to be present in up to 40% of patients with epilepsy. It is useful to categorise genetic epilepsies according to the mechanisms of inheritance into Mendelian disorders, non-mendelian or ‘complex’ disorders, and chromosomal disorders. Over 200 Mendelian diseases include epilepsy as part of the phenotype, and the genes for a number of these have been identified recently. These include autosomal recessive progressive myoclonic epilepsies such as Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Lafora disease and the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies. The last named have been shown to arise from mutations in ion channel genes. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is caused by mutations in CHRNA4, benign familial neonatal convulsions by mutations in KCNQ2 and KCNQ3, and generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus by mutations in SCN1B. ‘Complex’, familial epilepsies are more difficult to analyse, but evidence has been obtained for loci predisposing to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 6p and 15q. Lastly, the genes underlying several spike-wave epilepsies in mice have been cloned, and three of these encode sub-units of voltage-gated calcium channels. Received: 29 September 1999/Accepted: 7 December 1999     

肌萎缩侧索硬化三例误诊分析

目的掌握肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)的诊断标准,以便早期准确诊断,避免误诊。方法分析3例ALS患者早期被误诊的临床资料。结果 3例患者均以下肢无力发病,逐渐波及上肢或对侧肢体,脊柱MR I示颈部或腰部椎间盘突出压迫硬膜囊,手术治疗后,症状无缓解,病情仍进行性加重,经肌电图检查证实为ALS。结论临床医师应熟知ALS的诊断标准,对患者详细询问病史、认真查体和电生理检查是减少ALS误诊的关键。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

失匹配负波在意识障碍评估中的临床价值探讨

自失匹配负波(MMN)于20世纪70年代被发现以来,我们对规律性声音被打破后所诱发的前注意检测有了进一步认识,而MMN成为了开启认知大门的钥匙。至今为止,MMN的研究范围从产生机制发展到神经精神疾病相关的临床试验,特别是对于急性脑损伤(ABI)昏迷以及进展后的慢性意识障碍(DoC)患者,MMN被认为是一个可靠的预后预测指标。然而,由于MMN难以用于个体评估,目前在临床实践中的应用仍十分有限,广大临床医师对MMN的了解甚少。因此,本文就MMN的产生机制、在意识障碍中的临床意义、判读方法及其影响因素做一综述。