选择性子宫动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血13例临床分析

目的探讨子宫动脉栓塞术治疗难治性产后出血的时机、疗效及并发症。方法对北京大学人民医院13例难治性产后出血患者,利用数字减影造影（DSA）技术选择子宫动脉及其分支行栓塞治疗。结果 13例产后出血患者分娩时出血量为150～4000ml,平均出血量1200（1200±1215）ml。产后出血总量870～4000ml,平均2555（2555±995）ml。13例患者栓塞前均行按摩子宫,卡孕栓肛塞及欣母沛宫体注射促进子宫收缩,2例剖宫产术中出血患者已行子宫动脉上行支结扎、B-Lynch缝合以及宫腔填纱止血,效果均不佳,经子宫动脉栓塞后12例均成功止血,仅1例未能止血而行全子宫切除术。13例产后出血行子宫动脉栓塞术前存在不同程度的凝血功能异常,在积极纠正凝血功能异常同时行栓塞术。栓塞术后无严重并发症发生,发热为最为常见并发症,但应警惕感染。结论凝血功能障碍并非子宫动脉栓塞术的禁忌证,只要把握好子宫动脉栓塞的时机,子宫动脉栓塞术能有效治疗产后出血,并且并发症少。     

Prospective study of the hemodynamic behavior of ophthalmic arteries in postpartum preeclamptic women: A doppler evaluation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic behavior of the ophthalmic artery by means of the Doppler ultrasound, in postpartum preeclamptic women. It was an observational prospective study with 44 postpartum preeclamptic women (group 1) and 49 postpartum normal women with normal blood pressure and with no previous illnesses known (group 2). All the pregnant women had a Doppler ultrasound exam of the ophthalmic artery in the immediate puerperium, that is, 10 days for the delivery (time 1). Group 1 was then followed prospectively, 26 patients of which returned to the last test in the remote puerperium in 45 days (time 2) and 29 patients returned to the last test in the remote puerperium in 90 days (time 3). All these women had preeclampsia before the delivery. The resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic flow velocity (EDV), second peak of systolic velocity (P2), and the peak ratio (PR) were calculated. The data obtained are expressed in average and standard deviation, by using the Lilliefors test for normality. The average of the Doppler indexes in groups 1 and 2 was compared by means of test t of the student. Group 1 was analyzed separately, comparing the three times, using the test of ANOVA for repetitive measures and Tukey post-hoc range test. In the “Results” section, the statically meaningful differences in RI, PI, P2, RPV, and EDV (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0009, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0028) were found in the immediate puerperium of group 1 in relation to group 2, indicating the persistence of hyperperfusion and orbital vasodilatation in the immediate postpartum period in patients who had complicated pregnancies previously due to preeclampsia. In the evolutionary analysis of group 1, comparing the Doppler indexes between the immediate and late puerperium, statistically relevant differences between the rates of RI, P2, and PR (p < 0,01) were observed, showing a raise of RI and reduction of P2 and PR, and also a tendency of normalization of these rates in the late puerperium. When the same indexes were compared (PI, P2, and PR) now in times 2 and 3, the remote, and late puerperium, respectively, there were no significant differences, indicating the stabilization of these indexes since the 45th day of the puerperium. Within 90 days, RI, PI, and PR are not stabilized yet in relation to the control, even though there is a tendency of these indexes to reach the control. In conclusion, there was persistence of signs of vasodilatation and hyperperfusion of the orbital territory, represented by Doppler of the ophthalmic artery in the immediate puerperium of preeclamptic women. A tendency of normalization of the orbital hemodynamic standard in the pregnant women from the period of the late puerperium was observed, but there was no complete normalization of the vascular pattern on the remote postpartum.     

The impact of Bakri balloon tamponade on the rate of postpartum hysterectomy for uterine atony

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the impact of uterine tamponade with a Bakri balloon on the rate of postpartum hysterectomy due to uterine atony.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries >20 weeks gestation from January 2002 to March 2013 at Baystate Medical Center. Charts were reviewed to determine incidence of postpartum hysterectomy, Bakri balloon placement, uterine artery embolization (UAE) and the B-Lynch procedure. Patients with evidence of placenta accreta were excluded. The primary outcome was the change in rates of postpartum hysterectomy for uterine atony before and after the introduction of Bakri balloon tamponade, using chi-square testing.

Results: There were 48?767 deliveries during the study period, with 17?950 before and 30?817 after the introduction of the Bakri balloon. A total of 43 Bakri balloons were placed during the study period and 21 hysterectomies were performed for postpartum hemorrhage secondary to uterine atony, 14 before and 7 after the introduction of the Bakri balloon. This was consistent with a decrease in the rate of postpartum hysterectomy from 7.8/10 000 deliveries to 2.3/10 000 deliveries (p?=?0.01).

Conclusion: Our findings show that utilization of the Bakri balloon is associated with a decreased rate of postpartum hysterectomy.     

Two-dimensional sonographic assessment of maximum placental length and thickness in the second trimester: a reproducibility study

Objectives: To determine the most reproducible method for the sonographic measurement of placental length.

Methods: A prospective study of women with singleton pregnancies who underwent sonographic measurement of placental dimensions during mid-gestation. Two sonographers independently determined placental length using three different approaches (linear, curve-linear and panoramic) and placental thickness. Reproducibility was assessed by the Bland-Altman method and Interclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC).

Results: Overall 34 women were included in the study. The curve-linear approach for the measurement of placental length was associated with the highest reproducibility (mean inter-observer difference of ?0.10?cm) compared to the linear and panoramic approaches (mean difference ?0.15?cm and ?0.29?cm, respectively). Similarly, the ICC was highest for the curve-linear length approach (0.974) compared with the linear length and panoramic length approaches (0.956 and 0.926, respectively). Measurements of maximum placental thickness was also associated with a very good ICC (0.954).

Conclusions: The curve-linear method for the measurement of placental length in the 2nd trimester appears to be the most reproducible approach. This technique may prove useful as an adjunct screening method, along with uterine artery Doppler and maximum placental thickness, to screen for major placental complications of pregnancy in the second trimester.     

Transvaginal color Doppler sonographic assessment of uterus and ovaries in postmenopausal women: The effect of local estrogen treatment

Objective

The objective was to evaluate the effect of local estrogen treatment on the uterus and ovaries using transvaginal color Doppler sonography.

Materials and methods

A 12-week randomized open-label study of postmenopausal women taking local estrogen treatment and controls was conducted. The study group was treated with either a 25-μm estradiol vaginal tablet or 1 g of conjugated estrogen cream intravaginally each day for 2 weeks followed by twice a week for 10 weeks. The control group did not receive any type of hormone replacement therapy. All women underwent transvaginal ultrasonography and color Doppler imaging of the uterine arteries both before starting local estrogen treatment and after treatment. The uterine volume, ovarian volume, endometrial thickness, and uterine arterial blood flow of the two groups were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired Student's t-test. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of the 53 postmenopausal women recruited to this study, 26 women received local estrogen treatment for treatment of urogenital symptoms and 27 untreated women constituted the control group. The mean age was 54.85 ± 5.51 years. The uterine and ovarian volumes were not significantly different before and after treatment in either of the groups. The endometrial thickness did not change in the local estrogen treatment group (4.00 ± 1.60 and 4.30 ± 1.20 mm) or in the control group (3.90 ± 1.40 and 3.70 ± 1.50 mm). The mean resistance indices in the local estrogen treatment group before and after treatment (1.01 ± 0.10 and 0.96 ± 0.10) were not significantly different from those of the control group (0.96 ± 0.15 and 0.97 ± 0.10). The mean pulsatility index after 12 weeks of treatment was lower than before treatment, although not statistically significantly (3.69 ± 1.32 and 4.27 ± 1.49; p > 0.05), and the mean pulsatility indices did not differ between the study and the control groups.

Conclusion

The volumes of the uterus and the ovaries, including endometrial thickness, were not affected and did not show any significant influence of the 12-week local estrogen treatment. The uterine arterial blood flow did not significantly change after treatment.     

Routine postpartum ultrasonography in the prediction of puerperal uterine complications.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is a relationship between the findings of routine postpartum ultrasonographic scanning and puerperal uterine complications such as heavy delayed postpartum hemorrhage, retained products of conception, and need for uterine curettage; and to estimate the value of both routine ultrasonographic scanning and clinical data in the prediction of these complications. METHODS: In this cohort study 265 women were examined ultrasonographically on postpartum Days 1, 14, 42 following uncomplicated vaginal or cesarean deliveries. They were divided into a low-risk (n=149) and a high-risk (n=116) group according to predefined risk factors for puerperal uterine complications. The ultrasonographic findings were dichotomized into no masses (endometrial strip, endometrial fluid, or hyperechoic foci) or a definite intrauterine echogenic/heterogeneous mass (IUM, >15 mm in diameter). RESULTS: The presence of risk factor(s) was significantly associated with uterine subinvolution, IUM, heavy delayed postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), and a need for uterine curettage. Multivariable logistic regression analysis for the risk factor(s) that can predict the occurrence of heavy delayed PPH showed that the presence of an IUM was the most predictive variable. The presence of an IUM and heavy delayed PPH predicted uterine curettage in 61.3% and 37.5% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Routine uterine scanning on Day 1 and Day 14 postpartum is an easy, inexpensive, valuable method that can be offered to women at high risk for delayed PPH due to subinvolution or the presence of an IUM. Accordingly, it may be predicted which women will benefit from uterine curettage in up to two-thirds of cases.     

难治性产后出血干预性治疗方法的对比研究

目的探讨难治性产后出血的各种干预性措施在抢救过程中的合理应用及应用价值。方法分析1998年1月至2003年8月间，采用宫腔填塞纱布(塞纱)、盆腔动脉结扎、经导管动脉栓塞术等干预性措施的88例难治性产后出血病人的临床资料。结果全部抢救成功，其中18例宫腔塞纱者成功12例(66．7％)，12例盆腔动脉结扎中成功4例(33．3％)，30例经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)治疗全部成功(100％)，42例一次开腹行全子宫切除术或加盆腔塞纱者成功36例(85．7％)。结论宫腔塞纱可压迫止血。TAE可替代子宫切除术。当子宫成为凝血功能障碍的病因时，主张行子宫切除．     

子宫内膜非典型性息肉样腺肌瘤10例超声表现及临床分析

目的探讨子宫内膜非典型性息肉样腺肌瘤（APA）结合临床表现及阴道超声特点,以协助术前对宫腔内病变的鉴别诊断。方法回顾10例病理诊断为子宫内膜非典型性息肉样腺肌瘤患者的临床表现及阴道超声检查图像并进行分析,观察其超声特征。结果患者年龄24～64岁（平均45.9岁）,8例表现为不规则阴道出血,2例不孕。超声表现：4例病灶位于宫腔下段至宫颈内口,5例位于宫腔内,1例位于宫角处。彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）检查7例病灶测出血流信号,阻力指数（RI）：0.33～0.71。结论子宫内膜非典型性息肉样腺肌瘤（APA）是一种比较罕见的宫腔内病变,临床上需与子宫内膜癌、内膜息肉及黏膜下肌瘤相鉴别,通过超声检查病灶的回声、部位及血流信号并结合临床表现可协助术前诊断。     

经阴道多普勒血流超声检查对子宫肌瘤血流动力学特点的研究

目的：研究子宫肌瘤患者的肌瘤血流及子宫动脉血流动力学特点。方法：对50例绝经前与10例绝经后子宫肌瘤患者（研究组）及21例绝经前与10例绝经后无子宫肌瘤者（对照组）进行经阴道多普勒血流超声检查。结果：研究组子宫动脉（UA）的搏动指数（PI）与阻力指数（RI）明显低于对照组（绝经前P＜0．01、P＜0．05；绝经后P＜0．05、P＜0．02）；收缩末期最大速度（A）和舒张末期速度（B）均高于各自的对照组，P＜0．001）；血流量（BFV）明显高于对照组（绝经前产＜0．002；绝经后P＜0．001）。绝经前有月经改变和无月经改变者的所有多普勒参数之间差异无显著性（P＞0．05），表明子宫体积、肌瘤体积与子宫动脉RI、BFV之间有高度相关性。此外，发现20％（10／50）绝经前肌瘤患者和60％（6／10）绝经后肌瘤患者的肌瘤假膜处血流RI＜0．40，术后病理学检查均证明为良性子宫平滑肌瘤。结论：本研究结果表明，绝经前、后子宫肌瘤患者UA及宫壁血管血流动力学均发生改变，BFV明显增加，RI值降低。     

Management of acute puerperal inversion of the uterus with beta-mimetic drugs and prostaglandins

The sequential administration of a β₂-mimetic and a prostaglandin were found to be a most useful approach to the first-aid management of acute inversion of the puerperal uterus.     

Surgical aspects of postpartum haemorrhage

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) refers to excessive bleeding from the genital tract after birth. Failure of medical treatment to control bleeding would necessitate surgical measures to arrest haemorrhage, to save lives. Algorithms such as HAEMOSTASIS have been proposed as aids to the systematic and stepwise management of primary PPH. Clinicians need to be aware of various surgical techniques that could be employed to arrest haemorrhage, the appropriateness of a chosen surgical intervention to the specific clinical situation and the timing of instituting the intervention. Surgical measures to arrest PPH include repair of genital tract trauma, evacuation of retained products of conception, uterine balloon tamponade, exploratory laparotomy and uterine compression sutures, systematic pelvic devascularization, uterine artery embolization, subtotal and total abdominal hysterectomy. Consideration should also be given to the experience and the skill of the operator, as well as to the familiarity with the chosen surgical procedure.     

产后出血的保守性手术治疗

产后出血是分娩期常见而且严重的并发症,在药物和子宫按摩不能控制出血时,需采取手术干预。保守性手术是指保留子宫的手术方法,包括血管结扎、宫腔填塞压迫止血、子宫压迫缝合等。B-Lynch缝合技术在产后出血的保守性手术治疗中具有里程碑式的意义,并且由此改良出多种子宫压迫缝合方法。这些技术各有利弊和不同的适应证,根据产后出血的不同原因选择合适的保守性手术方式,才能达到良好止血和减少并发症的目的。     

Late occurrence of severe hyponatremia followed by extrapontine osmotic demyelination syndrome after successful conservative management of postpartum hemorrhage due to placenta accreta by uterine artery embolization

Development of severe hyponatremia followed by extrapontine osmotic demyelination syndrome was reported as a significant late complication after successful conservative management of postpartum hemorrhage due to placenta accreta by uterine artery embolization.     

产后出血致子宫切除49例临床分析

目的探讨产后出血导致子宫切除的手术时机。方法回顾性分析1994年1月至2008年12月15年间北京妇产医院产科49例产科急症子宫切除患者的病例资料。结果 49例产后出血切除子宫病例中,胎盘因素（48.97%）占首位,其次为子宫收缩乏力（28.57%）。出血量在1700～8000ml,平均（4176±1691）ml。49例患者均输血治疗,输血量400～4800ml。49例患者皆存活,围生儿死亡2例（3.64%）。结论对于产科出血,在使用各种措施无效时,应及时切除子宫。     

Traumatic avulsion of the pregnant uterus

Crushing injury of the abdomen in a woman at 13 weeks' gestation caused nearly complete avulsion of the uterine body from its attachments in the pelvis.     

Endometrial thickness and the Doppler sonographic parameters of the uterine arteries as discriminators of endometrial status in postmenopausal women receiving anti-hypertensive treatment

AIM: The aim of the present study was to establish the Doppler sonographic parameters of the uterine arteries in postmenopausal patients with or without hypertension and to determine the value of their measurement in the prediction of endometrial pathology. METHODS: Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 23) and the ones receiving anti-hypertensive medication (n = 34) examined for both endometrial thickness and Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries by transvaginal sonography. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between endometrial thickness and uterine artery Doppler sonographic parameters in hypertensive postmenopausal women compared to normotensive controls. CONCLUSION: The role of Doppler examination in the differential diagnosis of endometrial pathology in patients with or without hypertension seemed not to be effective.