红景天保护缺血再灌注损伤鼠脑细胞的作用及机理研究

目的研究红景天对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用。方法４ＶＯ法复制缺血再灌注动物模型;放免法及化学发光法测定乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）、一氧化氮（ＮＯ）及内皮素（ＥＴ）含量;细胞培养观察红景天对神经细胞的作用。结果（１）缺血再灌注组（ＩＲ）Ａｃｈ含量显著低于假手术组（ＳＡＭ）,药物预防后缺血再灌注组（Ｒ＋ＩＲ）及缺血再灌注后药物治疗组（ＩＲ＋Ｒ）较ＩＲ组显著升高。（２）ＩＲ组ＮＯ含量显著高于ＳＡＭ组,Ｒ＋ＩＲ组及ＩＲ＋Ｒ组ＮＯ含量显著降低。（３）ＩＲ组ＥＴ含量显著高于ＳＡＭ组而Ｒ＋ＩＲ组显著降低。（４）红景天甙培养组细胞存活率及ＬＤＨ含量明显高于对照组,ＮＭＤＡ损伤＋红景天甙组细胞存活率明显高于ＮＭＤＡ损伤组,ＬＤＨ含量却明显降低。结论红景天对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤时脑神经细胞具有保护作用。     

GM_1对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注中钙平衡紊乱、氧自由基代谢异常以及病理损伤的影响

目的　研究单唾液酸四已糖神经节苷脂（ＧＭ１）对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注中钙平衡紊乱、氧自由基代谢异常以及病理损伤的影响。方法　运用大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型（４ＶＯ）,观察假手术组、脑缺血３０ 分钟再灌注６０ 分钟生理盐水（ＮＳ）处理组（ＮＳ组）和缺血３０ 分钟再灌注６０ 分钟ＧＭ１ 处理组（ＧＭ１ 组）的脑海马组织线粒体钙（ＭＣａ）、钙调素（ＣａＭ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）及海马ＣＡ１ 区病理改变。结果　ＮＳ组海马组织ＭＣａ、ＣａＭ、ＭＤＡ含量显著升高（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,海马ＣＡ１ 区神经元呈较严重缺血损伤性改变,而ＧＭ１ 组较ＮＳ组生化和病理变化明显改善。结论　ＧＭ１ 能改善脑缺血再灌注中钙平衡紊乱和氧自由基代谢异常,减轻脑缺血再灌注病理损伤。     

脑缺血对cNOS、iNOS基因表达的影响

一氧化氮（ＮＯ）由一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）专一催化合成。ＮＯＳ有两种生化型：原生型（ｃＮＯＳ）和诱生型（ｉＮＯＳ）,它们各具有特殊作用。我们在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）局灶脑缺血模型（ＭＣＡＯ）的基础上,采用ＲＴＰＣＲ技术,观察ｃＮＯＳ、ｉＮＯＳ的表...     

巴曲酶对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用─—降低NO神经毒性作用

本文用Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠四条血管关闭的全脑缺血再灌注模型，观察脑缺血再灌注脑组织ＮＯ含量的变化及巴曲酶对它的影响。发现：对照组胞组织ＮＯ含量（２２．２２±４．７７ｐｍｏｌ／ｍｇ湿重脑组织）均显著高放假手术组（１３．４７±３．４３ｉ及巴曲酶组（１６．９３±４．３６），而巴曲酶组与假手术组间差异不显著。提示巴曲酶通过降低ＮＯ的神经毒性作用起到保护脑组织、减轻缺血再灌注损伤作用。     

GM1对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注中钙平衡紊乱,氧自由基代谢异常 …

目的 研究单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂（ＧＭ１）对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注中钙平衡紊乱、氧自由基代谢异常以及病理损伤的影响。方法 运用大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型（４ＶＯ）,观察假手术组、脑缺血３０分钟再灌注６０分钟生理盐水（ＮＳ）处理组（ＮＳ组）和缺血３０分钟再灌注６０分钟ＧＭ１处理组（ＧＭ１组）的脑海马组织线粒体钙（ＭＣａ）、钙调素（ＣａＭ）、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）及海马ＣＡ１区病理改变。结果 ＮＳ组海马组织ＭＣａ     

大鼠急性局灶性脑缺血再灌注脑组织NO含量和NOS活性的变化

目的探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）和神经元型ＮＯ合酶（ｎＮＯＳ）是否参与急性局灶性脑缺血再灌注的发病机理。方法采用栓红法建立大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞（ＭＣＡＯ）模型,观察脑组织ＮＯ含量和一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）活性的变化及ｎＮＯＳ抑制剂７－硝基吲唑（７－ＮＩ）对再灌注期两者的影响。结果缺血３０分种ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性显著升高,缺血３小进两者下降;再灌注３０分种ＮＯＴ和ＮＯＳ再次升高,而再灌注３小时两者又下降。７－Ｎ     

7—nitro—indazole减小大鼠暂时性局灶性脑梗塞灶范围

目的探讨神经元型一氧化氮合酶（ｎＮＯＳ）在暂时性局灶性脑缺血中的作用。方法用栓线法建立了大脑中动脉阻塞（ＭＣＡＯ）模型的大鼠上，观察特异性ｎＮＯＳ抑制剂７－ｎｉｔｒｏ－ｉｎｄａｚｏｌｅ（７－ＮＩ）对大鼠缺血３ｈ、再灌注３ｈ脑梗塞灶范围的影响。结果７－ＮＩ（２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）可减小大鼠脑梗塞灶范围，且主要减小大脑皮质梗塞灶，其作用可被Ｌ－精氨酸（３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）逆转，Ｄ－精氨酸（３００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）则否。结论ｎＮＯＳ产生的ＮＯ在暂时性局灶性脑缺血中起损害作用     

一氧化氮合酶抑制对戊四氮诱导大鼠点燃模型及该酶阳性神经元的影响

目的：探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在癫痫发病中的作用。方法：ｉｐ４０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１戊四氮３０ｍｉｎ前注射２５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１的Ｎ＾Ｇ－硝基－左旋－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ），连续２２ｄ，观察两组的行为改变及点燃率，同时对３组动物海马，大脑皮质一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的变化输入图像扫描仪，对其胞体平均灰度值进行比较。结果：Ｌ－ＮＮＡ可明显抑制戊四氮点燃模型；戊四氮点燃大鼠模型海马，大脑皮质神经元的ＮＯＳ活性显著增高。结论：ＮＯ参与了戊四氮点燃模型的形成。     

人工合成E-选择素治疗鼠局灶脑缺血再灌注损伤的探讨

目的 探讨新的药物有效地治疗急性期脑缺血再灌注损伤。方法 用人工合成Ｅ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎ Ｌｅｃｔｉｎ Ｄｏｍａｉｎ（以下Ｅ－选择素）Ｎ－末端２３－３０氨基酸残基合成的寡肽（Ｏｌｉｇｏｐｅｐｔｉｄｅ）２ｍｇ／ｋｇ或１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ溶解于生理盐水中,静脉注入自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）永久性大脑中动脉／颈总动脉硬化（ＭＣＡ／ＣＣＡ）闭塞或ＭＣＡ／ＣＣＡ闭塞２小时后ＣＣＡ再灌注的模型中。２４小时后,脑梗死体积用计算机扫描计算。结果 在永久性ＭＣＡ／ＣＣＡ闭塞组中脑梗死体积没有差别,在ＭＣＡ／ＣＣＡ闭塞后ＣＣＡ再灌注组中脑梗死体积显著缩小（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 Ｅ－选择素能够有效地减少大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流后海马区一氧化氮合酶活性的变化

目的：观察鼠全脑缺血再灌流后海马区ＮＯＳ活性的变化。方法：采用大鼠４血管关闭方法制作全脑缺血再灌流模型。实验动物分为假手术组、缺血１０ｍｉｎ组、再灌注１、２、３ｄ组。测定脑缺血再灌流后海马区ＮＯＳ活性的变化。结果：全脑缺血曹澡注后海马组织ＮＯＳ活性被激活上调。结论：ＮＯ可能参与了海马ＣＡ１区迟发性神经元死亡（ＤＮＤ）的发生。     

骨髓基质细胞对缺血／再灌注损伤海马片的保护作用

目的:探讨骨髓基质细胞对缺血/再灌注海马片的保护作用。方法:缺血/再灌注的大鼠海马片与骨髓基质细胞联合培养。观察海马片细胞死亡及细胞超微结构变化。结果:海马片细胞死亡及超微结构破坏以单纯缺血组最明显,条件培养液组次之,联合培养组最轻。结论:骨髓基质细胞可能通过分泌可溶性营养分子发挥对缺血/再灌注海马片的保护作用;两者的联合培养使骨髓基质细胞对损伤海马片的保护作用显著增强。     

疏血通对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其对NO、NOS含量的影响

目的　探讨疏血通对沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　 4 8只成年雄性沙土鼠随机分成假手术组、缺血再灌注组和治疗组 ,阻断双侧颈总动脉 7分钟后血液复流 ,制成沙土鼠脑缺血再灌注模型。每组随机取 8只沙土鼠于再灌注后 2 4小时处死 ,分离出海马区及额顶部脑组织 ,作脑组织匀浆。测定脑组织匀浆中的NO、NOS含量 ,同时对再灌注后 12小时、3天、7天海马区的病理学改变进行观察。然后比较假手术组、缺血再灌注组和治疗组上述指标的变化。结果　缺血再灌注后 12小时治疗组较缺血再灌注组海马CA1区神经元变性、坏死程度明显减轻 ,随再灌注时间的推移两组变性、坏死及形态不规则的神经元均逐渐增多 ;超微结构显示治疗组细胞器、细胞核及细胞内膜系统的损伤性改变较缺血再灌注组明显减轻。治疗组NO、NOS含量则明显低于缺血再灌注组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而缺血再灌注组NO、NOS含量明显高于假手术组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;治疗组与假手术组NO、NOS含量差别无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　疏血通可能通过抑制NO合成来对脑缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用。     

nNOS抑制剂在大鼠海马缺氧损伤的保护作用

目的为进一步证实缺血、缺氧时神经原性ＮＯ的神经毒性作用。方法在大鼠离体海马脑片上,应用微电极记录技术,研究ｎＮＯＳ抑制剂７－ＮＩ对缺氧所致神经元损害的保护作用。结果ｎＮＯＳ抑制剂７－ＮＩ对海马脑片缺氧后群峰电位（ＰＳ）变化较对照组显著减小。结论７－ＮＩ对海马脑片缺氧损伤有明确保护作用。作用机理可能是７－ＮＩ抑制ｎＮＯＳ活性降低缺氧后海马神经原性ＮＯ的过多形成,从而提高海马脑片抗缺氧损伤的能力,更加明确了缺氧早期神经原性ＮＯ的神经毒性作用。     

Pergolide protects CA1 neurons from apoptosis in a gerbil model of global cerebral ischemia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of dopamine (DA) receptor agonists and antagonists on neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 region after forebrain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in gerbils. METHODS: Gerbil forebrain ischemia was induced by occluding bilateral carotid arteries for 5 minutes. The open field test, hematoxylin-eosin staining and in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) methods were used 1, 3 and 7 days after reperfusion. Western blot was used to examine the phosphorylation of c-Jun. RESULTS: Pergolide could significantly reduce the habituation impairments of ischemic gerbils, increase the number of normal neurons and reduce the number of apoptotic neurons in hippocampal CA1 region after reperfusion. SKF38393, SCH23390 and spiperone had no effects on these changes in this transient I/R injury model. Furthermore, pergolide can significantly reduce the phosphorylation of c-Jun induced by transient forebrain ischemia.     

Neuroprotective effect of aminoguanidine on transient focal ischaemia in the rat brain

Using serial magnetic resonance imaging we have evaluated the effectiveness of aminoguanidine (AG) as a neuroprotective agent in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Because aminoguanidine's neuroprotective properties have primarily been ascribed to its action as iNOS inhibitor, we also performed a biochemical analysis of nitric oxide metabolites and NOS isoforms in our model of ischaemia. Daily injections of AG (100 mg/kg) or saline, were started at 6 h after the occlusion and the effects of this treatment on lesion progression monitored by T(2)-weighted MRI at 6 (pre-treatment scan), 24 and 72 h. Measurements of lesion volumes showed that between 6 and 72 h post-MCAO, lesion growth was slower in AG-treated rats than in control rats. This difference was most pronounced between 24 and 72 h post-MCAO when AG halted the lesion volume expansion observed in control rats. Measurements of plasma NOx (nitrite plus nitrate) at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after MCAO, showed that NO levels did not differ significantly between the AG- and saline-treated groups at any time-point. Moreover, NOS activity assays revealed that no iNOS activity was present in any of the brains tested and that constitutive neuronal NOS activity was similar across the two hemispheres between both groups. The absence of iNOS protein in the ischaemic and contralateral hemispheres at 48 and 72 h after MCAO (control group only) was confirmed by Western blot analysis. These results suggest that AG treatment reduces the rate of growth of ischaemic lesions, perhaps preserving the functioning of perifocal neurons. Our observations contradict suggestions that high levels of NO generated by iNOS are partially responsible for exacerbating the neuronal damage in the postischaemic phase of MCAO. Although this does not rule out a role for AG as a neuroprotective agent via its ability to inhibit iNOS, these findings indicate that neuroprotective actions of AG may also be mediated via other cellular targets.     

Cervical sympathetic trunk transection affects inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in rat hippocampus following focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND： The stellate ganglion block （SGB） plays a protective role in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The human SGB can be simulated by transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk （TCST） in rats. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of TCST on inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） levels and cerebral infarct volume in the hippocampus of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and to analyze the mechanism of action. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A completely randomized, controlled, neuropathological experiment was performed at the Institute of Neurological Disease, Taihe Hospital, Yunyang Medical College between March and September 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 93 Wistar rats, aged 1718 weeks, of either gender, were used for this study. 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride was purchased from Changsha Hongyuan Biological Reagent Company China. Rabbit iNOS antibody and goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody were the products of Wuhan Boster Biological Reagent Co., Ltd., China. METHODS： Ten rats were randomly selected for the sham-operated group. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） using the suture method in the remaining rats. Forty successful rat models were randomly and equally divided into the following two groups： （1） TCST group： subsequent to TCST, MCAO was performed for 2 hours, followed by 24 hours reperfusion; （2） model group： rats underwent experimental procedures similar to the TCST group, with the exception of TCST. Rats in the sham-operated group were subjected to experimental procedures similar to the model group; however, the thread was only introduced to a depth of 10 mm. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Following 24 hours of reperfusion, functional neurological deficits were scored. Brain tissue sections from ten rats of each group were used to measure cerebral infarct volume by TTC staining. Hippocampal tissue sections of an additional ten rats from each group were used to detect iNOS levels using the s     

Calpain inhibitor entrapped in liposome rescues ischemic neuronal damage

Transient forebrain ischemia induces activation of calpain and proteolysis of a neuronal cytoskeleton, fodrin, in gerbil hippocampus. This phenomenon precedes delayed neuronal death in hippocampal CA1 neurons. We examined effects of a calpain inhibitor on delayed neuronal death after transient forebrain ischemia. In gerbils, a selective calpain inhibitor entrapped in liposome was given transvenously and 30 min later, 5-min forebrain ischemia was produced by occlusion of both common carotid arteries. On day 7, CA1 neuronal damage was examined in the hippocampal slices stained with cresyl violet. Calpain-induced proteolysis of fodrin was also examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. Additionally, to assure entrapment of the inhibitor by CA1 neurons, the inhibitor-liposome complex was labeled with FITC and given to gerbils. Fluorescence in the hippocampal slices was examined by confocal laser scanning microscope. Selective CA1 neuronal damage induced by forebrain ischemia was prevented by administration of the inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner. Calpain-induced proteolysis of fodrin was also extinguished by the calpain inhibitor in a dose-dependent manner. Bright fluorescence of the FITC-labeled inhibitor was observed in the CA1 neurons. The data show an important role of calpain in the development of the ischemic delayed neuronal death. Calpain seems to produce neuronal damage by degrading neuronal cytoskeleton. Our data also show a palliative effect of the calpain inhibitor on the neurotoxic damage, which offers a new and potent treatment of transient forebrain cerebral ischemia.     

Folic acid deficiency increases delayed neuronal death, DNA damage, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 immunoreactivity, and gliosis in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia

Folic acid deficiency increases stroke risk. In the present study, we examined whether folic acid deficiency enhances neuronal damage and gliosis via oxidative stress in the gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. Animals were exposed to a folic acid-deficient diet (FAD) for 3 months and then subjected to occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 5 min. Exposure to an FAD increased plasma homocysteine levels by five- to eightfold compared with those of animals fed with a control diet (CD). In CD-treated animals, most neurons were dead in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 days after ischemia/reperfusion, whereas, in FAD-treated animals, this occurred 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion. Immunostaining for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was performed to examine DNA damage in CA1 neurons in both groups after ischemia, and it was found that 8-OHdG immunoreactivity in both FAD and CD groups peaked at 12 hr after reperfusion, although the immunoreactivity in the FAD group was much greater than that in the CD group. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1; a final mediator of neutrophil transendothelial migration) immunoreactivity in both groups increased with time after ischemia/reperfusion: Its immunoreactivity in the FAD group was much higher than that in the CD group 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, reactive gliosis in the ischemic CA1 region increased with time after ischemia in both groups, but astrocytosis and microgliosis in the FAD group were more severe than in the CD group at all times after ischemia. Our results suggest that folic acid deficiency enhances neuronal damage induced by ischemia.     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对缺血性海马迟发性神经元死亡的保护作用

目的：研究一氧化氮在缺血性海马迟发性神经元死亡中的作用,观察非选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂Ｎ＾Ｇ－ｎｉｔｒｏ－Ｌ－ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅ对缺血性海马ＤＮＤ的影响。方法：实验分为假手术组,生理盐水治疗组,Ｌ－ＮＮＡ治疗组。采用大鼠４血管关闭方法制作了全脑缺血再灌流模型,以假手术组为对照,检测了脑缺血１０ｍｉｎ再灌流７２ｈ海马区ＮＯＳ活性的变化并观察计量了海马ＣＡ１区组织病理改变;     

尼莫地平对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤早期保护作用的研究

目的探讨尼莫地平对急性脑缺血再灌注损伤的早期保护作用。方法线栓法复制大鼠急性脑缺血模型。30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术、模型、尼莫地平3组。模型组采取缺血2h再灌注2h。尼莫地平组大鼠在缺血0时刻起每小时腹腔注射给药一次,剂量为5mg/kg。各组大鼠在手术4h后实验结束后,行腹主动脉采血,同时取完整脑组织。脑组织切片进行TTC染色,并比较各组脑组织梗死面积。检测各组大鼠血清及脑组织匀浆中SOD、MDA、NO含量。结果与模型组相比,尼莫地平组大鼠脑组织梗死面积显著减少。血清生化指标显示,模型组SOD含量显著低于假手术组,给予尼莫地平治疗后,SOD含量增加明显。模型组MDA、NO含量明显高于假手术组,尼莫地平组明显降低血清中MDA、NO。结论尼莫地平对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,这种保护作用与NO和氧化应激密切相关。