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1.
Dr. F. Walberg 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1982,47(1):130-136
Summary The projections from the brain stem reticular formation to the inferior olive have been studied in cats in which microinjections of horseradish peroxidase have been made into the inferior olive from a ventral approach. Retrogradely labelled cells were observed within the reticular formation proper of the medulla, pons and mesencephalon (within the nucleus reticularis parvicellularis, reticularis ventralis, reticularis gigantocellularis, reticularis lateralis, reticularis pontis caudalis, reticularis pontis oralis, cuneiformis and subcuneiformis). Labelled cells were also found within the lateral reticular nucleus (the nucleus of the lateral funiculus), the paramedian reticular and the perihypoglossal nuclei. The connections are bilateral (the projection from the lateral reticular nucleus is only contralateral). The observations demonstrate a more widespread origin for the reticulo-olivary fibres than has previously been shown and indicate that the medullary reticular formation is the area with the highest number of cells projecting to the olivary complex.Abbreviations ß
nucleus ß
- Br.c.
superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)
- Br.p.
middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis)
- C.i.
inferior colliculus
- C.r.
inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body)
- Cu
nucleus cuneiformis
- D
dorsal accessory olive
- dl
dorsal lamella
- dors.c.
dorsal cap
- dorsomed.c.col.
dorsomedial cell column
- F.l.m.
medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Ic or ic
nucleus intercalatus
- l
lateral
- M
medial accessory olive
- m
medial
- N.III,V,VI,VII,X,XII
root fibres of cranial nerves
- N.c.
nucleus cuneatus
- N.c.e.
external (accessory) cuneate nucleus
- N.c.t.
nucleus of corpus trapezoideum
- N.l.l.
nucleus of lateral lemniscus
- N.m.X
dorsal motor (parasympathetic) nucleus of vagus
- N.mes.
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
- Nr
nucleus ruber
- Nrl or N.r.l
lateral reticular nucleus (nucleus of lateral funiculus)
- Nrp or N.r.p.
nucleus reticularis paramedianus
- N.r.t.
nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis
- nucl.
nucleus ß
- Ol.s.
superior olive
- P
principal olive
- ph or P.h.
nucleus praepositus hypoglossi
- PN
perihypoglossal nuclei
- Pp
nucleus peripeduncularis
- Py
pyramid
- Rg or R.gc.
nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis
- Rl or R.l.
nucleus reticularis lateralis (of Olszewski)
- Rp or R.pc.
nucleus reticularis parvicellularis
- Rpc or R.p.c.
nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis
- Rpo or R.p.o.
nucleus reticularis pontis oralis
- Rv or R.v.
nucleus reticularis ventralis
- Scu
nucleus subcuneiformis
- S.n.
substantia nigra
- Tr.sp.V.
spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
- T.s.
tractus solitarius surrounded by nucleus of solitary tract
- vl
ventral lamella
- vlo or ventrolat outgr.
ventrolateral outgrowth
- V.m.
medial vestibular nucleus
- I-XV
transverse sections through the olive from caudal (I) to rostral (XV)
- III,IV,V,VI,VII,X and XII
motor nuclei of cranial nerves (X: nucleus ambiguus) 相似文献
2.
Autoradiographic and axonal degeneration techniques were employed to determine the distribution patterns of inferior olivary afferents whose origins were determined using the horseradish peroxidase method.70 The Fink-Heimer stain for degenerating axons was used following lesions of the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, while brainstem and cerebellar afferents were mapped by tritiated leucine autoradiography.After unilateral lesions of the mid-thoracic spinal cord, degenerating axons were observed within the subnuclei a and b of the caudolateral medial accessory olive and in the caudolateral dorsal accessory olive. Degeneration after upper cervical cord lesions extended more rostrally and medially within the same olivary subdivisions.Several nuclei within the caudal brainstem projected to the inferior olivary complex. The dorsal column nuclei distributed fibers primarily contralaterally to the lateral part of the dorsal accessory olive and to the caudolateral part of the medial accessory olive; the spinal trigeminal nucleus projected contralaterally to the rostromedial dorsal accessory olive; the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei projected to the ipsilateral subnuclei b, c, and β of the medial accessory olive and to the contralateral dorsomedial cell column; the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi sent fibers to the subnuclei c and β, the dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth; the lateral reticular nucleus projected to the subnucleus a of the caudolateral medial accessory olive bilaterally; and the reticular formation distributed fibers to the dorsal accessory olive contralaterally and to the β subnucleus ipsilaterally.Study of inferior olivary complex afferents from the deep cerebellar nuclei showed a projection from the fastigial nucleus to the β subnucleus and the ventrolateral outgrowth. The dentate and interpositus nuclei demonstrated topographic connections from these nuclei to the principal olive and accessory olives, respectively. All cerebellar connections were predominantly contralateral.Analysis of mesencephalic and diencephalic areas also demonstrated several inferior olivary complex afferent systems: the caudal pretectum and the superior colliculus projected to the subnucleus c contralaterally and the dorsal lamella of the principal olive ipsilaterally; the nucleus of the optic tract sent fibers to the dorsal cap; the lateral deep mesencephalic nucleus distributed fibers to the ipsilateral dorsal accessory olive and β subnucleus; the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract projected ipsilaterally to the ventrolateral outgrowth; and several areas including the medial deep mesencephalic nucleus, periaqueductal gray, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the subparafascicular nucleus, the rostral red nucleus and the prerubral field all projected ipsilaterally to the principal olive, rostral medial accessory olive, ventrolateral outgrowth and, to a lesser extent, the caudal medial accessory olive, dorsal cap and β subnucleus.Lesions of the frontal cortex produced axonal degeneration primarily ipsilaterally within many olivary subdivisions, especially the medial dorsal accessory olive and the caudomedial medial accessory olive.Although some notable differences in the distribution and laterality of fibers are described, our findings generally corroborate several earlier reports which used different techniques on a variety of species. Inferior olivary afferents from functionally related areas typically demonstrated similar distribution patterns within the subdivisions of the inferior olivary complex. These patterns suggest a functional localization within the inferior olivary complex which may facilitate an understanding of afferents from areas whose functions are not clearly known. 相似文献
3.
The efferent connections of the rostral parvocellular reticular formation to pontine and medullary nuclei in the rat were studied with anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. Dense innervations from the rostral parvocellular reticular formation were found in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, the supratrigeminal area, the motor trigeminal nucleus, the facial, hypoglossal and parabrachial nuclei and specific parts of the caudal parvocellular reticular formation, including nucleus linearis and the dorsal reticular nucleus of the medulla. The raphe nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, inferior olive, dorsal principal sensory, spinal trigeminal nuclei and gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the ventral reticular nucleus of the medulla received moderate projections. In general, the projections from the rostral parvocellular reticular formation were bilateral with an ipsilateral dominance. The dorsal motor vagus and the ambiguus nuclei were not labeled.
It is concluded that the rostral parvocellular reticular formation participates in regulation of orofacial motor control and in neural networks for limbic control of metabolic homeostasis. 相似文献
4.
G. Holstege L. Meiners K. Tan 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1985,58(2):379-391
Summary Injections of HRP in the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation in the cat resulted in many labeled neurons in the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not in the medial part of this nucleus. HRP injections in the nucleus raphe pallidus and in the C2 segment of the spinal cord did not result in labeled neurons in the BNST. Injections of 3H-leucine in the BNST resulted in many labeled fibers in the brain stem. Labeled fiber bundles descended by way of the medial forebrain bundle and the central tegmental field to the lateral tegmental field of pons and medulla. Dense BNST projections could be observed to the substantia nigra pars compacta, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the PAG (except its dorsolateral part), the cuneiform nucleus, the nucleus raphe dorsalis, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the lateral tegmental field of caudal pons and medulla and the nucleus raphe magnus and adjoining medial reticular formation. Furthermore many labeled fibers were present in the solitary nucleus, and in especially the peripheral parts of the dorsal vagal nucleus. Finally some fibers could be traced in the marginal layer of the rostral part of the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus. These projections appear to be virtually identical to the ones derived from the medial part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (Hopkins and Holstege 1978). The possibility that the BNST and the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei must be considered as one anatomical entity is discussed.Abbreviations AA
anterior amygdaloid nucleus
- AC
anterior commissure
- ACN
nucleus of the anterior commissure
- ACO
cortical amygdaloid nucleus
- AL
lateral amygdaloid nucleus
- AM
medial amygdaloid nucleus
- APN
anterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- AQ
cerebral aqueduct
- BC
brachium conjunctivum
- BIC
brachium of the inferior colliculus
- BL
basolateral amygdaloid nucleus
- BNSTL
lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BNSTM
medial part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
- BP
brachium pontis
- CA
central nucleus of the amygdala
- Cd
caudate nucleus
- CI
inferior colliculus
- CL
claustrum
- CN
cochlear nucleus
- CP
posterior commissure
- CR
corpus restiforme
- CSN
superior central nucleus
- CTF
central tegmental field
- CU
cuneate nucleus
- D
nucleus of Darkschewitsch
- EC
external cuneate nucleus
- F
fornix
- G
gracile nucleus
- GP
globus pallidus
- HL
lateral habenular nucleus
- IC
interstitial nucleus of Cajal
- ICA
internal capsule
- IO
inferior olive
- IP
interpeduncular nucleus
- LC
locus coeruleus
- LGN
lateral geniculate nucleus
- LP
lateral posterior complex
- LRN
lateral reticular nucleus
- MGN
medial geniculate nucleus
- MLF
medial longitudinal fascicle
- NAdg
dorsal group of nucleus ambiguus
- NPC
nucleus of the posterior commissure
- nV
trigeminal nerve
- nVII
facial nerve
- OC
optic chiasm
- OR
optic radiation
- OT
optic tract
- P
pyramidal tract
- PAG
periaqueductal grey
- PC
cerebral peduncle
- PO
posterior complex of the thalamus
- POA
preoptic area
- prV
principal trigeminal nucleus
- PTA
pretectal area
- Pu
putamen
- PUL
pulvinar nucleus
- R
red nucleus
- RF
reticular formation
- RM
nucleus raphe magnus
- RP
nucleus raphe pallidus
- RST
rubrospinal tract
- S
solitary nucleus
- SC
suprachiasmatic nucleus
- SCN
nucleus subcoeruleus
- SI
substantia innominata
- SM
stria medullaris
- SN
substantia nigra
- SO
superior olive
- SOL
solitary nucleus
- SON
supraoptic nucleus
- spV
spinal trigeminal nucleus
- spVcd
spinal trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis
- ST
stria terminalis
- TRF
retroflex tract
- VC
vestibular complex
- VTA
ventral tegmental area of Tsai
- III
oculomotor nucleus
- Vm
motor trigeminal nucleus
- VI
abducens nucleus
- VII
facial nucleus
- Xd
dorsal vagal nucleus
- XII
hypoglossal nucleus 相似文献
5.
S. L. Stuesse D. B. Newman 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1990,80(3):532-544
Summary Projections from medial agranular cortex to brain stem in rat were determined by use of the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase. Axonal trajectories were also followed by means of the Wiitanen modification of the Fink-Heimer degeneration technique. AGm was identified on the basis of its cytoarchitectonics. AGm projected to the anterior pretectal nucleus, the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the medial accessory oculomotor nucleus of Bechterew, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the nucleus cuneiformis and subcuneiformis, intermediate and deep superior collicular layers, the paramedian pontine reticular formation (reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis, and reticularis gigantocellularis), and raphe centralis superior. Differences in connections between rostral and caudal injections were observed: pontine and medullary projections were lighter from the rostral portion of AGm than from the more caudal portions of AGm. The heaviest projections to the anterior pretectal nucleus were from the caudal portion of AGm. The subcortical projections were very similar to those described for the frontal eye field in monkeys, and the majority of them targeted areas thought to be involved in coordination of gaze with head and neck movements. Thus AGm in rats may contain the homologue of the primate frontal eye fields.Abbreviations 3
main oculomotor nucleus
- 7
facial motor nucleus;
- I, II–IV, V, and VI
cortical layers
- III
third ventricle
- 7n
facial nerve
- AC
Anterior commissure
- AGm
medial agranular cortex
- Bec
Nucleus of Bechterew
- cc
corpus callosum
- Dark
Nucleus of Darkschewitsch
- Dc
dorsal cochlear nucleus
- DLG
dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
- F
fornix
- fr
fasciculus retroflexus
- ic
inferior colliculus
- Me5
mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus
- ml
medial lemniscus
- mlf
medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Mo5
trigeminal motor nucleus
- nV
trigeminal nerve
- pc
posterior commissure
- pn
pons
- Po
posterior thalamic nucleus
- PPo
pedunculo-pontine nucleus
- PPRF
paramedian pontine reticular formation
- py
pyramidal tract
- R
red nucleus
- RaCs
raphe centralis superior
- RaD
dorsal raphe nucleus
- RCf
reticularis cuneiformis
- RiMLF
rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus
- RMc
reticularis magnocellularis
- RPc
reticularis parvocellularis
- RPoCa
reticularis pontis caudalis pars alpha
- RPoCb
reticularis pontis caudalis pars beta
- RPoO
reticularis pontis oralis
- RPoOm
reticularis pontis oralis pars medialis
- RScf
reticularis subcuneiformis
- sc
superior colliculus
- SCP
superior cerebellar peduncle
- so
superior olive
- Sp5
spinal trigeminal nucleus
- Tz
trapezoid nucleus
- WGA-HRP
wheat germ agglutinin- horseradish peroxidase 相似文献
6.
An autoradiographic analysis of ascending projections from the medullary reticular formation in the rat 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ascending projections from the several nuclei of the medullary reticular formation were examined using the autoradiographic method. The majority of fibers labeled after injections of [3H]leucine into nucleus gigantocellularis ascended within Forel's tractus fasciculorum tegmenti which is located ventrolateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus. Nucleus gigantocellularis injections produced heavy labeling in the pontomesencephalic reticular formation, the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, the pontine and midbrain central gray, the anterior pretectal nucleus, the ventral midbrain tegmentum including the retrorubral area, the centromedian-parafascicular complex, the fields of Forel/zona incerta, the rostral intralaminar nuclei and the lateral hypothalamic area. Nucleus gigantocellularis projections to the rostral forebrain were sparse. Labeled fibers from nucleus reticularis ventralis, like those from nucleus gigantocellularis, ascended largely in the tracts of Forel and distributed to the pontomedullary reticular core, the facial and trigeminal motor nuclei, the pontine nuclei and the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum including the locus coeruleus and the parabrachial complex. Although projections from nucleus reticularis ventralis diminished significantly rostral to the pons, labeling was still demonstrable in several mesodiencephalic nuclei including the cuneiform-pedunculopontine area, the mesencephalic gray, the superior colliculus, the anterior pretectal nucleus, the zona incerta and the paraventricular and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. The main bundle of fibers labeled by nucleus gigantocellularis-pars alpha injections ascended ventromedially through the brainstem, just dorsal to the pyramidal tracts, and joined Forel's tegmental tract in the midbrain. With the brainstem, labeled fibers distributed to the pontomedullary reticular formation, the locus coeruleus, the raphe pontis, the pontine nuclei, and the dorsolateral tegmental nucleus and adjacent regions of the pontine gray. At mesodiencephalic levels, labeling was present in the rostral raphe nuclei (dorsal, median and linearis), the mesencephalic gray, the deep and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus, the medial and anterior pretectal nuclei, the ventral tegmental area, zona incerta as well as the mediodorsal and reticular nuclei of the thalamus. Injections of the parvocellular reticular nucleus labeled axons which coursed through the lateral medullary tegmentum to heavily innervate lateral regions of the medullary and caudal pontine reticular formation, cranial motor nuclei (hypoglossal, facial and trigeminal) and the parabrachial complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
7.
M. Matsushita M. Ikeda 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1976,24(4):403-421
Summary The fiber projection from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the cerebellum was examined in the cat. Electrolytic lesions were placed in a confined area of the LRN using a parapharyngeal approach, and the ensuing degeneration was studied in sections stained by the Nauta and the Fink-Heimer methods.Fibers from the LRN ascend the ipsilateral restiform body, terminating bilaterally but chiefly in the ipsilateral cerebellum. In the ipsilateral cortex projections were found to lobules I to V, with denser terminations in sublobules IVb to Ve. The projections are stronger in the intermediate-lateral zones than in the vermis proper. There is also a dense projection to sublobules VId and VIf and to the medialmost part of the simple lobule (HVI). Scanty termination was seen in the medialmost part of crus I. There is a moderate projection to the caudalmost folium of sublobule VIIb and to the rostral folia of sublobule VIIIa and the paramedian lobule. The contralateral projection by fibers crossed within the cerebellum is far less dense but clearcut in the anterior lobe, the rostral folia of lobule VI and the medial part of the simple lobule.In the ipsilateral nuclei strong projections were found to rostral portions of the medial nucleus (M) and the caudal two thirds of the anterior interpositus nucleus (IA) with predominance in the lateral part of the latter. A focal projection was found to rostrodorsal portions of the posterior interpositus nucleus (IP). No projection was found to the lateral nucleus (L). Contralaterally there is a weak projection to the rostral part of M and the medial parts of IA and IP.Abbreviations AL
Anterior lobe
- BP
Brachium pontis
- CD
Subnucl. dorsalis of the nucl. medullae oblongatae centr.
- CV
Subnucl. ventralis of the nucl. medullae oblongatae centr.
- Cr. I
Crus I
- Cr. II
Crus II
- F
Flocculus
- GL
Granular layer
- IA
Anterior interpositus nucleus
- IO
Inferior olive
- IP
Posterior interpositus nucleus
- LRN
Lateral reticular nucleus
- L
Lateral nucleus
- M
Medial nucleus
- ML
Molecular layer
- Pfd
Paraflocculus dorsalis
- Pfv
Paraflocculus ventralis
- Pm
Paramedian lobule
- RB
Restiform body
- SL
Simple lobule
- SMP
Subnucleus medialis parvocellularis
- ST
Nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract
- XII
Hypoglossal nerve nucleus 相似文献
8.
Dr. J. A. Saint-Cyr J. Courville 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1982,45(3):333-348
Summary Descending projections from the mesencephalon and superior colliculus to the inferior olive were analyzed by an autoradiographic tracing method. Injections of tritium-labelled leucine were placed in regions which had previously been identified as sources of afferents to the olive. These were located adjacent to the central gray and extended from the rostral red nucleus to the posterior thalamus. Additional injections were made in the superior colliculus. Other injections were placed in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Injections restricted to one side of the central mesencephalon resulted in predominantly ipsilateral labelling of the olive. After injections in the caudo-medial parafascicular and subparafascicular nuclei and rostral nucleus of Darkschewitsch, deposits of grains were observed in the rostral pole of the medial accessory olive and adjacent ventral lamella of the principal olive. The medial accessory olive contained grains into its middle third. More caudal injections which involved the interstitial nucleus of Cajal as well as the nucleus of Darkschewitsch and rostral red nucleus resulted in the dense labelling of the entire principal olive (except the dorsal cap), the entire medial acessory olive (except subnucleus and the caudo-medial pole) and the caudo-dorsal accessory olive. Injections centered in the caudal magnocellular red nucleus and extending into the rostral parvocellular division labelled the dorsal lamella of the principal olive almost exclusively. When only the caudal part of the red nucleus was involved in the injection, the olive was entirely clear of grains. Minor contralateral distributions were observed in the dorsomedial cell column, the medial tip of the dorsal lamella and in the caudal medial accessory olive. The deep layers of the superior colliculus were found to project strongly to the contralateral medial accessory olive immediately beside subnucleus and weakly to the same area ipsilaterally.Four pathways were identified as contributing fibers to the olivary projections. These were the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the medial tegmental tract, the central tegmental tract and tectospinal or tectobulbar fibers. The rubrospinal tract did not contribute projections to the olive. Injections in the caudate nucleus, entopeduncular nucleus and ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamic nuclei, did not result in any labeling in the olive.List of Abbreviations AC
anterior commissure
- Cd
caudate nucleus
- CG
central gray
- CP
cerebral peduncle
- CTT
central tegmental tract
- DAO
dorsal accessory olive
- dc
dorsal cap of Kooy
- dmcc
dorsomedial cell column of the inferior olive
- dlPO
dorsal lamella of the principal olive
- Entop
entopeduncular nucleus
- EW
nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
- FR
fasciculus retroflexus
- Fx
fornix
- GP
globus pallidus
- H
H field of Forel
- HRP
horseradish peroxidase
- IC
inferior colliculus
- INC
interstitial nucleus of Cajal
- Int Cap
internal capsule
- IPN
interpeduncular nucleus
- LRN
lateral reticular nucleus
- MAO
medial accessory olive
- MB
mammillary body
- MGB
medial geniculate body
- MLF
medial longitudinal fasciculus
- MRF
mesencephalic reticular formation
- MTT
medial tegmental tract
- ND
nucleus of Darkschewitsch
- NFF
nucleus of the fields of Forel
- NPC
nucleus of posterior commissure
- NPP
posterior pretectal nucleus
- NRTP
nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis
- n III
third cranial nerve fibers
- OT
optic tract
- PC
posterior commissure
- PF
parafascicular nucleus
- PG
pontine gray
- PO
principal olive
- PTM
medial pretectal nucleus
- RNp
parvocellular red nucleus
- RN
red nucleus
- RST
rubrospinal tract
-
subnucleus beta of the inferior olive
- sPf
subparafascicular nucleus
- SC
superior colliculus
- TH
thalamus
- vlPO
ventral lamella of the principal olive
- vlo
ventral lateral outgrowth of the principal olive
- VTA
ventral tegmental area of Tsai
- ZI
zona incerta
- III
nucleus of third cranial nerve
- XII
nucleus of twelfth cranial nerve
Supported by a grant from the Canadian Medical Research Council to the Group in Neurological Sciences at the Université de MontréalSupported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques of the Université de Montréal 相似文献
9.
Projections from the medulla to the parabrachial complex of the rat were examined for their content of neuropeptide Y-, angiotensin II- or galanin-like immunoreactivity using combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical techniques. Rhodamine-labelled latex microspheres were stereotaxically injected into discrete nuclei of the parabrachial complex. After survival of two to five days, colchicine (100 micrograms in 10 microliters saline) was injected into the cisterna magna. One day later, rats were perfused and the brainstems were prepared for visualization of the retrograde tracer and immunoreactivity of one of the three peptides. Retrograde labelling verified that the area postrema, nucleus of the tractus solitarius, caudal spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, parvocellular reticular nucleus, and ventrolateral medulla including the rostral ventrolateral medulla and nucleus paragigantocellularis project to the lateral parabrachial and K?lliker-Fuse nuclei. While most projections were primarily ipsilateral, a small proportion of the projections from the ventrolateral medulla was bilateral. Neurons containing neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were found in the caudal and intermediate nucleus of the tractus solitarius, dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus and in the nucleus paragigantocellularis. After bilateral microsphere injections into the lateral parabrachial and K?lliker-Fuse nuclei, double-labelled neurons were found dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus of caudal and intermediate medullary levels, at the ventral surface of the medulla at intermediate levels and in the nucleus paragigantocellularis at rostral levels. Neurons with angiotensin II-like immunoreactivity were observed at the dorsomedial border of the caudal and intermediate nucleus of the tractus solitarius, in the area postrema and in the lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus paragigantocellularis. Of these neurons, small numbers in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and ventrolateral medulla also projected to the lateral parabrachial and K?lliker-Fuse nuclei. Neurons containing galanin-like immunoreactivity were found in the caudal nucleus of the tractus solitarius, the area postrema, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the raphe nuclei (pallidus and obscurus), the nucleus paragigantocellularis and dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus. Of these cells, double-labelled neurons were found in the commissural and medial subdivisions of the caudal nucleus of the tractus solitarius and in the rostral ventrolateral medulla including the ventral surface and the nucleus paragigantocellularis. The results suggest that neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and galanin may serve as neurochemical messengers in pathways from the medulla to the parabrachial complex. The location of double-labelled neurons suggests that the information relayed by these neurons is related to autonomic activity. 相似文献
10.
S. D. Stocker B. C. Steinbacher Jr. C. D. Balaban B. J. Yates 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1997,116(2):270-282
A region of the caudal ventrolateral medullary reticular formation (CVLM) participates in baroreceptor, vestibulosympathetic,
and somatosympathetic reflexes; the adjacent retroambigual area is involved in generating respiratory-related activity and
is essential for control of the upper airway during vocalization. However, little is known about the connections of the CVLM
in the cat. In order to determine the locations of terminations of CVLM neurons, the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine were injected into this region. These injections produced a dense concentration
of labeled axons throughout the lateral medullary reticular formation (lateral tegmental field), including the retrofacial
nucleus and nucleus ambiguus, regions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, the lateral and ventrolateral aspects of the hypoglossal
nucleus, nucleus intercalatus, and the facial nucleus. A smaller number of labeled axons were located in the medial, lateral,
and commissural subnuclei of nucleus tractus solitarius, the A5 region of the pontine reticular formation, the ventral and
medial portions of the spinal and motor trigeminal nuclei, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial nucleus. We confirmed the
projection from the CVLM to both the rostral ventrolateral medulla and lateral tegmental field using retrograde tracing. Injections
of biotinylated dextran amine or Fluorogold into these regions resulted in retrogradely labeled cell bodies in the CVLM. However,
the neurons projecting to the lateral tegmental field were located mainly dorsal to those projecting to the rostral ventrolateral
medulla, suggesting that these neurons form two groups, possibly with different inputs. Injections of retrograde tracers into
the lateral tegmental field and rostral ventrolateral medulla also produced labeled cell bodies in other regions, including
the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei and nucleus solitarius. These data are consistent with the view that the CVLM of
the cat is a multifunctional area that regulates blood pressure, produces vocalization, affects the shape of the oral cavity,
and elicits contraction of particular facial muscles.
Received: 18 February 1997 / Accepted: 27 March 1997 相似文献
11.
G A Bishop 《Neuroscience》1984,11(2):487-496
Electrophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase were made in different parts of the rat inferior olivary complex using a ventral approach. Data from these injections provide anatomical evidence for the existence of a projection to the inferior olive which takes origin from reticular nuclei in the brainstem. The majority of reticulo-olivary neurons are located in the nucleus raphe obscurus and nucleus raphe pallidus. Other reticular nuclei which contribute to this projection include the nucleus reticularis ventralis and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Analysis of injections confined to specific parts of the olivary complex reveals a topographical pattern in the reticulo-olivary projection. Caudal parts of the complex receive input primarily from the nucleus reticularis ventralis. As more rostral and medial parts of the inferior olive are included in the injection, there is concomitant shifting of labeled neurons to the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis and the raphe nuclei. The reticulo-olivary neurons may serve several non-mutually exclusive roles in olivary circuitry. They may be the source of serotonin and/or substance P to the nucleus. Physiologically, they may provide the inhibitory input observed in the nucleus. Finally, some of these neurons may be the brainstem relay of the lateral funiculus and dorsolateral funiculus spino-olivo-cerebellar pathway proposed by Larson and his co-workers (J. Physiol., Lond. 203, 611-640, 641-649). 相似文献
12.
C. H. Yeo M. J. Hardiman M. Glickstein 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1985,60(1):114-126
Summary We report the connections of cerebellar cortical lobule HVI in the rabbit. We have studied the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheatgerm-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) following its injection into HVI to reveal efferent and afferent connections. All of the cases showed strong anterograde transport to the anterior interpositus nucleus (AIP) — indicating that this is the major efferent target of HVI. Retrogradely labelled cells were found in the inferior olivary, spinal trigeminal, lateral reticular, inferior vestibular and pontine nuclei. Within the olive, the medial part of the rostral dorsal accessory olive (DAO) and the adjacent medial part of the principal olive (PO) were consistently labelled in all cases. This area is known to receive somatosensory information from the face and neck. There was no projection to the hemispheral part of lobule VI from visual parts of the olive within the dorsal cap and medial parts of the medial accessory olive. Likely sources of visual and auditory information to HVI are the dorsolateral basilar pontine nuclei and nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, which were densely labelled in all cases. These anatomical findings are consistent whith the suggestion that, during NMR conditioning, information related to the periorbital shock unconditional stimulus (US) may be provided by climbing fibres to HVI and light and white noise conditional stimulus (CS) information may be supplied by pontine mossy fibres. 相似文献
13.
The olivo-cerebellar projection to the flocculus and adjacent parts of the ventral paraflocculus was investigated by means of anterograde transport of tritiated leucine. Four subdivisions of the principal olive (caudal lateral bend, ventro-lateral outgrowth, rostral and caudal dorsal cap) and the rostral tip of the medial accessory olive were involved in the projection. In the flocculus contralateral to the injection site, eight different climbing fiber strips are distinguished, most of which extend into the most caudal lobule of the ventral paraflocculus and the area of cortex connecting it with the flocculus. One of these, present in the extreme caudal edge of the area under study, originated from the rostral part of the medial accessory olive and was labeled C2. The others originate in the principal olive and are labeled F-strips. Whereas the caudal lateral bend is connected with a single strip (F7), the remaining subdivisions give origin to two separated strips. The ventro-lateral outgrowth, the rostral and caudal dorsal cap are the respective sites of origin of the strips F2 + F5, F3 + F6 and F1 + F4. The significance of the strips is discussed in relation to the cerebellar relay nuclei, known to receive floccular efferents. A new nomenclature is proposed for the lobular subdivision of the flocculus and adjacent parts of the ventral paraflocculus, together with a simple method for the construction of a two-dimensional diagram of these areas. 相似文献
14.
C D Balaban 《Neuroscience》1984,12(1):129-149
This study analyzes the organization of olivo-vestibular and cerebello-vestibular projections in rabbits. Iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase, placed under physiological guidance into the superior, medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, produced retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal cap, ventrolateral outgrowth and lateral flexure of the principal olivary nucleus, the caudal half of the medial accessory olive and the caudal three-fourths of the dorsal accessory olive. This inferior olivary labeling was strictly contralateral. The same injections labeled groups of Purkinje cells in the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex, oriented perpendicular to the long axes of the folia of lobules I-V, VId-e and VIII-X of the vermis and the flocculus. The patterns of olivo-vestibular and cerebello-vestibular connections were consistent with the general hypothesis that inferior olivary axon collaterals project to both Purkinje cells and subcortical neurons inhibited by those Purkinje cells. In addition, the analysis of flocculo-nodular and dorsal cap-ventrolateral outgrowth projections to the medial and superior vestibular nuclei suggests that these connections are discrete at the level of a pool of olivary neurons which projects to functional pools of neurons in both cerebellar cortex, and in the vestibular nuclei. Thus, it is likely that inferior olivary projections define functional networks spanning cerebellar cortex and the vestibular nuclei. 相似文献
15.
The efferent and intranuclear connections of the nuclei of the descending trigeminal tract of the mallard have been studied with lesion methods, and by axonal transport techniques following injections of tritiated leucine, and of horseradish peroxidase.The large subnucleus oralis neurons, including those belonging to the nucleus of the ascending glossopharyngeal tract, have proven to be the sole origin of trigeminocerebellar connections. The cerebellar afferents are of the mossy fiber type, and terminate predominantly in lobules V, VI and VII, and possibly, lobule IV. Trigeminocerebellar projections are ipsilateral except for the vermal area.Subnucleus interpolaris is the main source of intratrigeminal fibers that terminate in subnucleus oralis and the ventral part of the main sensory nucleus. These intranuclear connections are bilateral, but the medium-celled caudal part of subnucleus interpolaris in particular contains the majority of bi- and/or contralaterally projecting neurons. Additionally, the small cells in the rostral part of subnucleus interpolaris project ipsilaterally upon the parabrachial region, and upon the lateral reticular formation.Projections upon the parabrachial region furthermore emanate bilaterally from layer I of the rostral subnucleus caudalis. A minor part of layer I neurons sends its axons contralaterally along with those of the dorsal column nuclei toward the thalamic nucleus dorsolateralis posterior. Associated with the medial lemniscus, contralateral termination is also present in the lateral part of the ventral lamella of oliva caudalis, in the marginal zone of nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis and immediately surrounding intercollicular grey and, finally, in the nucleus intercalatus thalami. Furthermore, a bilaterally descending projection from subnucleus caudalis upon layers I and II of the rostral cervical cord was observed. Close to their origin subnucleus caudalis neurons project upon the adjoining caudal part of the lateral reticular formation. 相似文献
16.
G. B. Stanton R. W. Greene 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1981,44(4):419-426
Summary Six injections of HRP were placed in the periabducens reticular formation (PARF). Two were placed ventromedial to the caudal half of the abducend nucleus (VIn), two were placed further laterally and ventral to the rostral half of the nucleus, and two were placed rostral to the nucleus. Most injections in PARF produced cell labeling in the vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei bilaterally and labeled cells in the reticularis gigantocellularis (Rgc) and reticularis pontis caudalis (Rpc) nuclei contralateral to the injection site. Few labeled neurons were found in the caudal part of the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). In the mesencephalon, bilateral but more numerous ipsilateral labeled cells were found in the medial mesodiencephalic region including the nuclei of Cajal, Darkschewitsch and the posterior commissure. Injections placed caudomedial to VIn resulted in a characteristic concentration of labeled cells in the ipsilateral nucleus cuneiformis and rostral half of the contralateral superior colliculus (SC). Injections placed rostral to VIn in PARF produced cell labeling in the nucleus campi Foreli. The results are related to physiological evidence which suggests that PARF is an important premotor center for coordination of oculomotor, head and body movements. 相似文献
17.
Summary The organization of the afferent projections to the lateral reticular nucleus of the rat was investigated following placement of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated wheatgerm agglutinin into the red nucleus, fastigial nucleus, various levels of the spinal cord or the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex. The pattern of distribution of anterogradely labelled profiles visualized with tetramethylbenzidine revealed that the caudal three-fourths of the lateral reticular nucleus received a large, topographically organized projection from the entire length of the contralateral spinal cord. The lateral part of the rostral half of the lateral reticular nucleus received a small projection from the contralateral red nucleus, the dorsal part of the middle third of the nucleus received a diffuse projection from the contralateral fastigial nucleus, and the extreme rostromedial part of the nucleus received a sparse projection from the contralateral cerebral cortex. The dorsal part of the middle third of the lateral reticular nucleus also received a small projection from the ipsilateral cervical spinal cord. The distribution of afferent fibres from different levels of the spinal cord, red nucleus, and fastigial nucleus overlapped substantially in the middle third of the lateral reticular nucleus, whereas the cerebral cortical receiving area was separate. These data suggest that the middle third of the lateral reticular nucleus integrates spinal and supraspinal impulses to the cerebellum, while the rostral part of the nucleus is involved in a separate cerebral cortico-cerebellar pathway.Abbreviations
DSC
dorsal spinocerebellar
-
ECN
external cuneatus nucleus
-
F
fastigial nucleus
-
FRA
flexor reflex afferents
-
HRP
horseradish peroxidase
-
IO
inferior olivary nucleus
-
IP
interpositus nucleus
-
LRN
lateral reticular nucleus
-
MCP
magnocellular portion
-
M-LRN
magnocellular LRN
-
NA
nucleus ambiguus
-
NSTT
nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve
-
PCP
parvicellular portion
-
R
red nucleus
-
STP
subtrigeminal portion
-
STT
spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve
-
TMB
tetramethylbenzidine
-
VSC
ventral spinocerebellar
-
WGA
wheatgerm agglutinin
-
b-VFRT
bilateral ventral flexor reflex tract
-
c-VFRT
contralateral ventral flexor reflex tract
-
i-FT
ipsilateral forelimb tract 相似文献
18.
R.P. Vertes 《Neuroscience》1984,11(3):651-668
The origins of projections within the medial forebrain bundle from the lower brainstem were examined with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Labeled cells were found in at least 15 lower brainstem nuclei following injections of a conjugate or horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin at various levels of the medial forebrain bundle. Dense labeling was observed in the following cell groups (from caudal to rostral): A1 (above the lateral reticular nucleus); A2 (mainly within the nucleus of the solitary tract); a distinct group of cell trailing ventrolaterally from the medial longitudinal fasciculus at the level of the rostral pole of the inferior olive; raphe magnus; nucleus incertus; dorsolateral tegmental nucleus (of Castaldi); locus coeruleus; nucleus subcoeruleus; caudal part of the dorsal (lateral) parabrachial nucleus; and raphe pontis. Distinct but light labeling was seen in raphe pallidus and obscurus, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, nucleus gigantocellularis pars ventralis, and the ventral (medial) parabrachial nucleus. Sparse labeling was observed throughout the medullary and caudal pontine reticular formation. Several lower brainstem nuclei were found to send strong projections along the medial forebrain bundle to very anterior levels of the forebrain. They were: A1, A2, raphe magnus (rostral part), nucleus incertus, dorsolateral tegmental nucleus, raphe pontis and locus coeruleus. With the exception of the locus coeruleus, attention has only recently been directed to the ascending projections of most of the nuclei mentioned above. Evidence was reviewed indicating that fibers from lower brainstem nuclei with ascending medial forebrain bundle projections distribute to widespread regions of the forebrain.It is concluded from the present findings that several medullary cell groups are capable of exerting a direct effect on the forebrain and that the medial forebrain bundle is the major ascending link between the lower brainstem and the forebrain. 相似文献
19.
The afferent connections of the mesencephalic reticular formation were studied experimentally in the rat by the aid of the retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracer technique. The results suggest that the rostral portion of the mesencephalic reticular formation receives its main input from the cerebral cortex, the zona incerta and the fields of Forel, the central gray substance, the nuclei reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis, and the deep cerebellar nuclei. Substantial input to the same territory of the mesencephalic reticular formation appears to come from the superior colliculus, the substantia nigra, the parabrachial area, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, whereas several other brain structures, among which the locus coeruleus and the raphe complex, seem to represent modest but consistent additional input sources. The afferentation of more caudal portions of the mesencephalic reticular formation appears to conform to the general pattern outlined above with only three exceptions: the cerebral cortex, the deep cerebellar nuclei and the spinal trigeminal nucleus seem to be relatively modest sources of projections to these levels.Considering that the mesencephalic reticular formation is a critical structure in the “ascending activating systems”, the present results, confirming and extending those of many other investigators, characterize a set of pathways that seem to be an important part of the anatomical substrate of the sleep-waking cycle. 相似文献