碘过量对仔鼠海马GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞的影响

目的探讨碘过量与甲状腺激素对仔一代Wistar大鼠大脑海马星形胶质细胞的形态学影响。方法将断乳后1个月Wistar大鼠随机分为5组(NI、5HI、10HI、50HI、100HI),饮用不同浓度的KIO3碘水,饲养3个月后雌雄合笼,取60日龄仔鼠大脑,应用免疫组织化学技术观察海马CA1、CA2、CA3、CA4区星形胶质细胞,并进行形态计量学分析。结果与NI组比较,50HI、100HI组的海马各区GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞面数密度、平均灰度值和阳性细胞的强阳性率均明显降低。结论长期严重碘过量会影响仔鼠甲状腺激素水平,阻碍其大脑海马星形胶质细胞发育,其机理可能与碘过量所致的甲状腺功能低下有关,但大鼠对碘过量有极强的耐受力,当碘摄入量为正常摄入量的50倍以内时,不会影响仔鼠大脑海马星形胶质细胞的发育。     

碘过量对仔鼠小脑浦肯野细胞发育影响的实验观察

目的探讨碘过量对Wistar大鼠仔鼠小脑浦肯野（Purkinje）细胞的形态学影响。方法将断乳后1个月的Wistar大鼠随机分为5组（NI、5HI、10HI、50HI、100HI），饮用含不同质量浓度的碘水，饲养3个月后雌雄合笼，取第2代1、20、60日龄仔鼠，测量血清甲状腺激素，动态观察仔鼠的小脑发育。结果在60日龄时，各碘过量组甲状腺激素水平呈下降趋势，100HI组呈明显甲状腺功能低下状态；在1日龄仔鼠，与NI组相比，各碘过量组仔鼠Purkinje细胞树突覆盖面积、分支密度、总长度、棘突密度、总棘突数均无明显变化（P〉0．05），在20日和60日龄仔鼠，各碘过量组与NI组相比均表现出一定程度的脑发育落后，其中以100HI组最为明显（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论碘过量会影响大鼠子代的小脑发育，其机理可能与高碘所致甲状腺功能低下有关，但大鼠对高碘有极强的耐受力，当碘摄入量小于正常摄入量的50倍时，不会影响仔鼠小脑Purkinje细胞的发育。     

碘过量对仔鼠大脑锥体细胞的形态学影响

目的 探讨碘过量对Wistar大鼠仔鼠大脑锥体细胞的形态学影响。方法将断乳后1个月Wistar大鼠随机分为5组（NI、5HI、10HI、50HI、100HI）,饮用不同浓度的碘水,饲养3个月后雌雄合笼,取第二代1、20、60日龄仔鼠,观察仔鼠的脑发育。结果在1日龄仔鼠中,与NI组相比,各碘过量组仔鼠锥体细胞顶树突棘突密度、棘突的分布类型、锥体细胞基树突数、初级树突分枝指数、锥体细胞的最大横截面积、体密度和面数密度均无明显变化（P〉0．05）;在20日龄仔鼠中,100HI组顶树突棘突密度、锥体细胞的最大横截面积较NI组减小（P〈0．05）;而在60日龄仔鼠中,50HI组和100HI组与NI组相比都表现出一定程度的脑发育落后,其中以100HI组最为明显（P〈0．05）。结论大鼠对碘过量有极强的耐受力,严重碘过量（正常摄人量50倍以上）会影响仔鼠大脑锥体细胞的发育,进而阻碍脑的发育。     

碘过量对大鼠子代生长发育的影响

目的观察不同剂量碘化钾对大鼠子代生长发育的影响。方法将断乳后1个月W istar大鼠随机分为5组(NI、5H、I10H I、50H I、100H I),饮用不同浓度的碘水,饲养3个月后雌雄合笼,取第二代1、20、60日龄仔鼠,测量血清甲状腺激素,观察不同日龄子鼠的体重、身长、尾长、后肢长及大脑和各主要脏器的的重量的变化。结果在60日龄时,各碘过量组甲状腺激素水平呈下降趋势,100H I组呈明显甲低状态;在1日龄仔鼠,与NI组相比,各高碘组仔鼠的体重、身长、尾长、后肢长及大脑和各主要脏器的重量均无明显变化(P>0.05),随着饲以高碘饮水时间的延长,在20日龄仔鼠和60日龄仔鼠,各高碘组与NI组相比均表现出一定程度的生长发育落后,其中以100H I组最为明显(P<0.05)。结论碘过量会影响大鼠子代的生长发育,其机理可能与高碘所致甲状腺功能低下有关,但大鼠对高碘有极强的耐受力,当碘摄入量为正常的50倍以内时,不会影响下一代的生长发育。     

碘过量对大鼠脾脏的形态学影响

目的对不同水平碘过量大鼠的脾脏进行形态学研究,探讨碘过量对机体免疫功能的影响。方法断乳1个月W istar大鼠24只,雌雄各半,随机分为4组:适碘组(NI)、10倍碘组(10H I)、50倍碘组(50H I)和100倍碘组(100H I)。给以不同浓度碘化钾水喂养3个月后,处死取脾脏,对脾脏进行光镜和超微结构研究。结果低水平碘过量(10H I)大鼠脾脏未见明显形态学改变,高水平碘过量(50H I和100H I)大鼠脾脏出现明显形态学改变,即呈现功能活跃的表现。结论高水平碘过量可引起大鼠免疫功能亢进。     

不同碘水平对仔鼠大脑皮质发育影响的形态学研究

目的观察不同碘水平对仔鼠大脑皮质发育的形态学影响。方法断乳后1个月大鼠饮用不同浓度的碘水，饲养3个月后雌雄合笼，取第2代60日龄仔鼠，测量血清甲状激素值，测量全脑重量，观察大脑皮质内锥体细胞层锥体细胞的形态学改变（HE染色和镀银染色）。结果各碘过量组甲状腺激素水平呈下降趋势，100HI组呈明显甲低状态；各高碘组仔鼠大脑皮质神经元排列分层及细胞形态与NI组相比，未见明显改变。结论大鼠对碘摄入量的增高有较强的耐受性，本实验各碘过量组中均未见仔鼠大脑皮质锥体细胞产生明显的形态改变。但过高碘摄入时（100HI组）表现为甲状腺功能低下，是否会引起仔鼠大脑皮质神经元的功能改变，还有待于进一步实验研究。     

不同剂量碘对Balb/c小鼠生殖力影响的实验观察

目的探讨不同剂量碘所致的甲状腺功能低下对小鼠生殖力的影响。方法断乳1个月的Balb/c小鼠70只,雌雄比例为3∶1,随机分为5组:低碘组(LI),适碘组(NI),5倍碘组(5H I),10倍碘组(10H I),50倍碘组(50H I)。饲养3个月后的雌雄小鼠按3∶1合笼后观察雌鼠阴栓及受孕情况。结果低碘组雌鼠受孕及产仔率均低于适碘组,仔鼠死亡率明显高于适碘组。5倍碘组受孕率、产仔率及仔鼠死亡率与适碘组相比无异常。10倍碘组受孕率及孕鼠死亡率高于适碘组。50倍碘组受孕率及仔鼠死亡率同样低于适碘组,但产仔率与适碘组比较没有明显的变化。结论碘缺乏、碘过量均引起甲状腺功能低下,从而降低小鼠的生殖力,但低碘对生殖力的影响更明显。     

不同碘摄入量对子代小鼠海马GFAP阳性神经胶质细胞影响的研究

目的探讨碘缺乏和碘过量对子代小鼠海马CA1区神经胶质细胞的影响。方法断乳后1个月Balb/C小鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为5组:低碘组(LI),适碘组(NI),5倍碘组(5HI),10倍碘组(10HI),50倍碘(50HI),给予不同浓度的碘化钾碘水,饲养3个月后雌雄合笼,取子代小鼠20日龄、40日龄脑组织,应用免疫组织化学技术观察海马CA1区放射层及腔隙分子层神经胶质细胞,并进行形态计量学分析。结果不同日龄小鼠与NI组相比,5HI组、10HI组面数密度及平均光密度无明显差别,且无统计学意义;LI组、50HI组面数密度及平均光密度有不同程度的下降,且有统计学意义。结论脑发育临界期碘缺乏及严重碘过量会影响子代小鼠海马神经胶质细胞的发育,且碘缺乏的影响较碘过量严重。     

碘过量对大鼠子代神经元特异性烯醇化酶表达的影响

目的观察碘过量对大鼠子代脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶表达的影响。方法根据饮用水碘剂量的不同,将断乳后1个月Wistar大鼠随机分为5组(NI、5HI、10HI、50HI、100HI)。饲养3个月后雌雄合笼,取子一代1、20、60日龄仔鼠,测血清甲状腺激素(T3、T4),免疫组织化学染色,光镜下观察碘过量对脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)表达的影响,图像分析不同日龄仔鼠的大脑发育情况。结果碘过量组(5HI、10HI、50HI、100HI)血清甲状腺激素水平在生后1日和20日龄时与对照组(NI)比较无明显差别在60日龄,各碘过量组甲状腺激素呈下降趋势,100HI组[T4=(37.52±8.69)nmol/L、T3=(0.61±0.16)nmol/L]与NI组[T4=(59.42±17.56)nmol/L、T3=(1.13±0.34)nmol/L]比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.38、5.44,P<0.01)。NSE的免疫组化和形态计量学显示:海马CA3区NSE阳性细胞的数密度(NA)、体密度(VV)和灰度值随碘过量的严重程度而下降,100HI组[NA=(30.38±2.49)/mm2、VV=(0.100±0.012)、灰度值=(139.81±11.11)]与NI组[NA=(34.63±2.31)/mm2、VV=(0.122±0.018)、灰度值=(149.05±6.83)]比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.54、3.86,P<0.01;t=2.62,P<0.05)。结论大鼠对碘摄入量的增加有较强的耐受性,在100HI组可以观察到以NSE表达降低为主要特点的脑发育障碍,其发病机理与碘过量所致的甲状腺功能低下有关。     

不同碘摄入量对子代小鼠海马神经元影响的研究

目的探讨碘缺乏和碘过量对子代小鼠海马CA3区神经元的影响。方法断乳后1个月Balb/c小鼠,雌雄各半,随机分为5组：低碘组（LI）,适碘组（NI）,5倍碘组（5HI）,10倍碘组（10HI）,50倍碘组（50HI）,给予不同浓度的碘化钾碘水,饲养3个月后雌雄合笼,取40日龄子代小鼠脑组织,应用免疫组织化学技术观察海马CA3区神经元,并进行形态计量学分析。结果与NI组相比,5HI组、10HI组NSE阳性神经元面数密度及平均光密度无明显变化,差异无统计学意义; LI组、50HI组面数密度及平均光密度有不同程度的下降,且有统计学意义。结论脑发育临界期碘缺乏及严重碘过量会影响子代小鼠海马神经元的发育,且碘缺乏的影响较碘过量严重。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.