孤独症患儿发育倒退特征的研究

目的：大约30%左右孤独症的患儿在2岁左右出现发育倒退。“倒退型”患儿的病程发展、临床表现尚不十分清楚,因此该研究对一组有发育倒退特征的孤独症患儿进行了研究。方法：符合DSM-IV孤独症诊断标准的孤独症患儿152例, 年龄2.5～6.5岁,根据有无语言发育倒退进行分组。调查患儿的围产期情况、发育史及发育倒退的特征,并对两组患儿的症状进行比较。结果：33例(21.7％)患儿在生后16~21个月时出现语言及社交功能的倒退。CARS量表(Childhood Autism Rating Scale)的评分比较显示倒退组明显高于非倒退组（P<0.05）;倒退组中重症患儿所占比例（66.7%）明显高于非倒退组（45.4%）（P<0.05）。结论：发育倒退在孤独症中占有一定的比例,对于孤独症的诊断具有意义。倒退型患儿的症状程度比非倒退型患儿更为严重,提示倒退型可能为孤独症的一类特殊表型。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（10）：781-783］     

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目的探讨孤独症患儿感觉统合失调和注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)症状的发生情况。方法 2007年7月至2007年11月北京大学精神卫生研究所儿科门诊4岁以上的孤独症患儿56例,进行孤独症行为检查量表(ABC)、Conner父母症状问卷、感觉统合能力发展评定量表(SIS)的评定,并运用DSM-IVADHD诊断标准对年龄≥6岁者进行诊断。结果 49例(87.5%)患儿存在感觉统合失调,其中38例(77.55%)为重度感觉统合失调;大肌肉及平衡感、触觉防御及情绪、本体感及协调3个因子分与ABC总分及ABC各因子分呈显著负相关(r=-0.272～-0.685,P<0.05及0.01);感觉统合失调组ABC总分、ABC感觉、交往及躯体因子分均明显高于非感觉统合失调组(P=0.036～0.003)。33例(58.9%)患儿存在多动症状,≥6岁29例中22例(75.9%)符合ADHD症状学诊断标准;伴多动症状或符合ADHD症状学诊断标准组ABC总分及躯体因子分均明显高于不伴多动症状或不符合ADHD症状学诊断标准组(P<0.05);存在多动症状组大肌肉及平衡感分明显低于不存在多动症状组(P<0.05);符合ADHD症状学诊断标准...     

高危孤独症谱系障碍婴幼儿探索性行为的特征研究北大核心CSCD

目的对比分析高危孤独症谱系障碍(HR-ASD)婴幼儿与正常发育(TD)婴幼儿探索性行为的差异,并探讨其与ASD症状严重程度的关系。方法回顾性选取2019年1月至2020年8月在南京医科大学附属脑科医院儿童门诊就诊的31例6-23月龄HR-ASD婴幼儿为HR-ASD组及南京地区年龄、性别相匹配的TD婴幼儿37例为对照组(TD组),采用《Gesell发育量表》评价2组发育水平,并在自由游戏情境下测量探索性行为的深度及广度。使用《孤独症诊断观察量表》(ADOS)评估HR-ASD组的症状严重程度,采用独立样本t检验及χ^(2)检验分析2组间探索性行为的差异;采用Pearson相关分析探讨HR-ASD组探索性行为与症状严重程度之间的相关性;采用二元Logistic回归分析探索性行为在鉴别2组中的区分效能。结果与TD组相比,HR-ASD组的探索性行为的深度及广度显著降低(55.06±25.73比132.78±44.69、4.42±2.20比8.78±3.28),差异均有统计学意义(t=-8.95、-6.53,均P<0.01);非典型探索性行为及回避退缩性行为显著增加[18例(58.06%)比6例(16.22%)、10例(32.26%)比3例(8.11%)],差异均有统计学意义(χ^(2)=15.30、6.36,均P<0.05)。HR-ASD组内的物体探索、环境探索、社会探索的频率和时长差异均有统计学意义(3比0比0、45比0比0)(均P<0.01)。Pearson相关分析显示,HR-ASD组物体探索性行为的频率与ADOS游戏维度呈正相关(r=0.40,P<0.05);物体探索性行为的持续时间、物体探索性行为的复杂性及探索性行为的深度与CARS分数呈负相关(r=-0.45、-0.47、-0.42,均P<0.05);探索性行为的深度与ADOS刻板维度呈负相关(r=-0.40,P<0.05)。二元Logistic回归分析显示,探索性行为的深度具有区分效能(P<0.01)。结论HR-ASD婴幼儿探索性行为的多种特征存在异常,特别是探索性行为的深度具有区分效能,可作为ASD早期筛查的候选行为学指标。     

儿童孤独症谱系障碍与癫癎共患病的研究

目的探讨儿童孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)与癫癎的相关性。方法选取ASD患儿190例,采用自编问卷、儿童孤独症评定量表和孤独症行为量表对儿童ASD与癫癎相关问题进行调查。结果 190例ASD患儿中,20例(10.5%)曾有癫癎发作,12例(6.3%)被诊断为癫癎。有癫癎发作的ASD儿童1岁前出现体格发育问题及听力问题的比例较无癫癎发作的ASD儿童显著增高(P0.05);被诊断为癫癎的患儿及正接受癫癎治疗的患儿1岁前出现体格发育问题的比例显著增高(P0.05)。有癫癎发作的ASD儿童其感觉反应能力和行为能力较无癫癎发作的ASD儿童差(P0.05)。癫癎治疗对ASD儿童行为有正向影响(P0.05)。结论儿童ASD与癫癎患病有显著关联,可根据儿童1岁前生长发育状况、感觉反应能力和行为能力及有无癫癎发作评估二者共患的可能性。     

语言相关的发育性疾病早期语言特征分析

目的探讨发育水平相当的孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)、全面发育迟缓(GDD)、发育性语言障碍(DLD)儿童的语言特征, 为疾病早期识别提供依据。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院就诊的719例儿童病例资料, 其中ASD 382例, DLD 198例, GDD 139例。采用χ2检验比较3组儿童的发育水平分布的差异, 方差分析比较3组儿童的发育情况, 采用相关性分析语言和非语言发育水平的相关关系, 控制发育水平后, 采用t检验比较ASD和GDD、ASD和DLD儿童的语言能力及儿童的表达性与接受性、视觉相关性语言水平的差异。结果 ASD、GDD、DLD儿童非语言发育水平差异有统计学意义(χ2=414.64, P<0.01)。语言同非语言发育水平呈正相关(r=0.60, P<0.05)。发育水平异常的ASD, 接受性、视觉相关性语言分数均差于其表达性语言(t=6.97、3.58、13.29、6.85、9.09、7.27, 均P<0.01);发育正常的DLD, 表达性语言最差(t=-2.21、-3.61, 均P<0.05);GDD发育轻度落...     

不同发育水平孤独症谱系障碍患儿的语言状况

目的了解不同发育水平孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿的语言状况。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年12月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院就诊的103例ASD患儿的临床资料。根据发育诊断性量表评估患儿发育水平, 分成发育或智力正常组和异常组(包括轻度异常、中重度异常);根据年龄分成2～3、4～6、7～8岁组。采用Pearson χ2或Fisher精确检验、独立样本t检验、方差分析或Kruskal-WallisH检验对比分析不同发育水平、不同年龄ASD患儿的语言情况, 用Pearson相关性检验分析语言能力与孤独症核心症状的关系。结果 103例ASD患儿中, 男86例、女17例, 年龄(5.5±1.5)岁, 正常组61例、异常组42例(轻度异常32例、中度异常10例)。3个年龄组间的发育测评分数、整体语言、听力理解、表达、句法和语义的分数差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。正常组中语言能力异常的检出率显著低于发育异常组的检出率[49.2%(30/61)比100.0%(42/42), P<0.01]。正常组的听力理解、语言表达、语义、句法的分数均显著高于轻度、中重度异常组(89±1...     

超早期综合康复治疗中枢性协调障碍患儿的临床回顾性研究

目的观察超早期综合康复治疗对中枢性协调障碍患儿(CCD)的疗效。方法2003-01—2007-01对第三军医大学新桥医院儿科70例CCD患儿据其入院康复年龄分为超早期综合干预组(～6月龄),26例;超早期对照组(～6月龄),20例;早期综合干预组(7～12月龄),24例。超早期综合干预组及早期综合干预组采用运动疗法、作业疗法、神经细胞激活剂及家庭干预等综合康复措施治疗;超早期对照组:行家庭干预;所有病例用上海-Gesell发育量表对发育商进行评估。结果超早期综合干预组的总有效率为92.3%,与早期综合干预及超早期对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);超早期综合干预组在动作、应物及应人3个能区的发育商进步分数分别为8.25、8.30、7.54,均明显高于超早期对照组及早期综合干预组(P<0.01)。结论对CCD患儿实施超早期综合康复治疗可有效促进其动作、应人、应物的发展,可能在减轻围生期脑损伤儿残疾障碍中起关键作用。     

宫内发育迟缓早产儿生后生长迟缓对早期神经发育的影响

目的 探讨宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)早产儿生后生长迟缓对早期神经发育的影响。方法 回顾性分析2008 年5 月至2012 年5 月出生并定期随访至校正胎龄6 个月的171例早产儿的临床资料,其中IUGR早产儿40 例,早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)131 例。比较两组校正胎龄40 周、3个月、6个月的生长迟缓率及校正胎龄3 个月、6 个月时的神经发育情况。神经发育采用Gesell发育量表评估。结果 IUGR 组校正胎龄40 周、3个月、6个月的生长迟缓率均明显高于AGA 组;校正胎龄3 个月时Gesell 各项发育商(大运动、精细动作、语言、适应性及个人社交)均低于AGA 组;校正胎龄6 个月时,IUGR组精细动作及语言发育商低于AGA组,但两组大运动、适应性及个人社交发育商比较差异已无统计学意义。IUGR组6月龄时体重追赶落后的患儿各项发育商均明显低于追赶理想的IUGR 和AGA 患儿。结论 IUGR早产儿生后早期的生长迟缓可对早期神经发育产生不良影响。     

高危孤独症谱系障碍婴幼儿探索性行为的特征研究

目的对比分析高危孤独症谱系障碍(HR-ASD)婴幼儿与正常发育(TD)婴幼儿探索性行为的差异, 并探讨其与ASD症状严重程度的关系。方法回顾性选取2019年1月至2020年8月在南京医科大学附属脑科医院儿童门诊就诊的31例6～23月龄HR-ASD婴幼儿为HR-ASD组及南京地区年龄、性别相匹配的TD婴幼儿37例为对照组(TD组), 采用《Gesell发育量表》评价2组发育水平, 并在自由游戏情境下测量探索性行为的深度及广度。使用《孤独症诊断观察量表》(ADOS)评估HR-ASD组的症状严重程度, 采用独立样本t检验及χ2检验分析2组间探索性行为的差异;采用Pearson相关分析探讨HR-ASD组探索性行为与症状严重程度之间的相关性;采用二元Logistic回归分析探索性行为在鉴别2组中的区分效能。结果与TD组相比, HR-ASD组的探索性行为的深度及广度显著降低(55.06±25.73比132.78±44.69、4.42±2.20比8.78±3.28), 差异均有统计学意义(t=-8.95、-6.53, 均P<0.01);非典型探索性行为及回避退缩性行为显著增加[18例(58.0...     

语言相关的发育性疾病早期语言特征分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨发育水平相当的孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)、全面发育迟缓(GDD)、发育性语言障碍(DLD)儿童的语言特征,为疾病早期识别提供依据。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年1月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院就诊的719例儿童病例资料,其中ASD 382例,DLD 198例,GDD 139例。采用χ^(2)检验比较3组儿童的发育水平分布的差异,方差分析比较3组儿童的发育情况,采用相关性分析语言和非语言发育水平的相关关系,控制发育水平后,采用t检验比较ASD和GDD、ASD和DLD儿童的语言能力及儿童的表达性与接受性、视觉相关性语言水平的差异。结果ASD、GDD、DLD儿童非语言发育水平差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=414.64,P<0.01)。语言同非语言发育水平呈正相关(r=0.60,P<0.05)。发育水平异常的ASD,接受性、视觉相关性语言分数均差于其表达性语言(t=6.97、3.58、13.29、6.85、9.09、7.27,均P<0.01);发育正常的DLD,表达性语言最差(t=-2.21、-3.61,均P<0.05);GDD发育轻度落后组,接受性语言最差(t=4.12、-4.24,均P<0.01),发育中度及以上落后组,视觉相关性和接受性语言更差(t=2.46、2.68,均P<0.05)。发育正常的ASD和DLD及发育中度及以上落后的ASD和GDD,在表达性、接受性、视觉相关差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);发育边缘的ASD与DLD相比,ASD的接受性、视觉相关性更差(t=-4.64、-4.60,均P<0.01),表达性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);发育轻度落后的ASD与GDD相比,ASD的接受性、视觉相关性更差(t=-4.11、-4.68,均P<0.01),表达性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在儿童早期,发育异常的ASD儿童以接受性和视觉相关性语言落后为主要表现,发育正常的DLD表达性语言落后明显,GDD语言能力全面落后,以接受性为著;在发育边缘及轻度异常时,接受性、视觉相关语言的显著落后对诊断ASD有参考价值,在发育水平较好或过低情况下,ASD、DLD、GDD语言发育落后情况相似。     

Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders

BACKGROUND: The present study sought to examine the specificity, developmental correlates, nature and pervasiveness of imitation deficits very early in the development of autism. METHODS: Subjects were 24 children with autism (mean age 34 months), 18 children with fragile X syndrome, 20 children with other developmental disorders, and 15 typically-developing children. Tasks included manual, oral-facial, and object oriented imitations, developmental measures, joint attention ability, and motor abilities. RESULTS: Children with autism were found to be significantly more impaired in overall imitation abilities, oral-facial imitation, and imitations of actions on objects than children in all of the other groups. Imitation skills of young children with fragile X syndrome were strongly influenced by the absence or presence of symptoms of autism. For children with autism, imitation skills were strongly correlated with autistic symptoms and joint attention, even when controlling for developmental level. For comparison groups, imitation was related to other developmental abilities including play, language, and visual spatial skills. Neither motor functioning nor social responsivity accounted for a significant amount of variance in imitation scores, when controlling for overall developmental level, which accounted for much of the variation in imitation ability. CONCLUSIONS: Simple imitation skills were differentially impaired in young children with autism, and lack of social cooperation did not account for their poor performance. In autism, imitation skills clustered with dyadic and triadic social interactions and overall developmental level, but were not related to play or language development. For comparison children, all these areas were inter-related. Hypotheses about a specific dyspraxic deficit underlying the imitation performance in autism were not supported.     

Extraction and Refinement Strategy for detection of autism in 18-month-olds: a guarantee of higher sensitivity and specificity in the process of mass screening

Background: For early detection of autism, it is difficult to maintain an efficient level of sensitivity and specificity based on observational data from a single screening. The Extraction and Refinement (E&R) Strategy utilizes a public children’s health surveillance program to produce maximum efficacy in early detection of autism. In the extraction stage, all cases at risk of childhood problems, including developmental abnormality, are identified; in the refinement stage, cases without problems are excluded, leaving only cases with conclusive diagnoses. Methods: The city of Yokohama, Japan, conducts a routine child health surveillance program for children at 18 months in which specialized public health nurses administer YACHT‐18 (Young Autism and other developmental disorders CHeckup Tool), a screening instrument to identify children at risk for developmental disorders. Children who screen positive undergo further observation, and those without disorders are subsequently excluded. To study the efficacy of early detection procedures for developmental disorders, including autism, 2,814 children born in 1988, examined at 18 months of age, and not already receiving treatment for diseases or disorders were selected. Results: In the extraction stage, 402 (14.3%) children were identified for follow‐up. In the refinement stage, 19 (.7%) of these were referred to the Yokohama Rehabilitation Center and diagnosed with developmental disorders. The extraction stage produced four false negatives, bringing total diagnoses of developmental disorders to 23 (.8%) – including 5 with autistic disorder and 9 with pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Sensitivity was 60% for autistic disorder and 82.6% for developmental disorders. Specificity for developmental disorders rose to 100% with the E&R Strategy. Picture cards used in YACHT‐18 provided a finer screen that excluded some false positive cases. Conclusions: An extraction and refinement methodology utilizing child health surveillance programs achieve high efficacy for early detection of autism.     

Findings and Implications of Developmental Screening for High-Risk Children Referred to a Tertiary Developmental Disability Center

IntroductionThe primary goal of this article is to describe an intake process and results of screening for developmental and autism spectrum disorders in children referred to a tertiary center. A secondary analysis of abnormal screening results, demographic variables, and parental concerns of autism was conducted, along with a correlation analysis between developmental and autism-specific screening tools.MethodsA total of 379 children younger than 6 years were “prescreened” with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers or the Social Communication Questionnaire. Medical records were reviewed to identify demographic variables and parental primary concerns.ResultsIn approximately 11% of participants who screened positive for autism, no parental concerns of autism were present. Medium effect size correlations were found between the failed autism screening tools and delays in two domains on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3.DiscussionClinical implications are addressed concerning diligent use of developmental and autism-specific rating scales to identify children at risk.     

Could head circumference be used to screen for autism in young males with developmental delay?

Aim: Research has suggested an abnormal acceleration in head circumference growth in children with autism within the first 12 months of life. This study aimed to examine head circumference at birth and head circumference growth rates in young children with autism and developmental delay, and young children with developmental delay without autism. Methods: This study assessed head circumference at birth and rate of change in head circumference in young children with autism (n= 86) and children with developmental delay without autism (n= 40). Results: For both groups of children, head circumference at birth and head circumference growth were compared with Centers for Disease Control normative data. No differences were found between the group of children with autism and developmental delay compared with the group with developmental delay only. However, when the sample was compared with a range of selected Centers for Disease Control normative medians, the children with autism were found to have significantly smaller head circumferences at birth and significantly larger head circumference at 18.5 months of age. Conclusions: These results are discussed in relation to the potential of accelerated head circumference growth as an early marker for autism. This study failed to find a difference in the head circumferences of children with autism and developmental delay and children with developmental delay only, thus suggesting that head circumference measurement has limited value as an early marker for autism.     

A prospective study of response to name in infants at risk for autism

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of decreased response to name at age 12 months as a screen for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other developmental delays. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal design studying infants at risk for ASD. SETTING: Research laboratory at university medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Infants at risk for autism (55 six-month-olds, 101 twelve-month-olds) and a control group at no known risk (43 six-month-olds, 46 twelve-month-olds). To date, 46 at-risk infants and 25 control infants have been followed up to 24 months. Intervention Experimental task eliciting response-to-name behavior. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Mullen Scales of Early Learning. RESULTS: At age 6 months, there was a nonsignificant trend for control infants to require a fewer number of calls to respond to name than infants at risk for autism. At age 12 months, 100% of infants in the control group "passed," responding on the first or second name call, while 86% in the at-risk group did. Three fourths of children who failed the task were identified with developmental problems at age 24 months. Specificity of failing to respond to name was 0.89 for ASD and 0.94 for any developmental delay. Sensitivity was 0.50 for ASD and 0.39 for any developmental delay. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to respond to name by age 12 months is highly suggestive of developmental abnormality but does not identify all children at risk for developmental problems. Lack of responding to name is not universal among infants later diagnosed with ASD and/or other developmental delays. Poor response to name may be a trait of the broader autism phenotype in infancy.     

The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1997: Change and Continuity in the Development of Children with Autism

The developmental approach to childhood psychopathology identifies deviations from typical patterns of development and stability of individual characteristics over time, and precursors in early life of later functions. The application of this approach to the social, communicative, and cognitive development of children with autism is discussed. Results from a longitudinal study of children with autism and other developmental disorders are described, indicating that children with autism have stable deficits in joint attention, representational play, and responsiveness to the emotions of others, and that early variations in these abilities are important for concurrent and subsequent language development and for peer engagement many years later.     

Office screening and early identification of children with autism

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), also called pervasive developmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revised), constitute a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that coalesce around a common theme of impairments in social functioning, communication abilities, and repetitive or rigid behaviors. The ASDs considered here include autism/autistic disorder, Asperger disorder/Asperger syndrome (AS), and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. This article focuses on autism/autistic disorder screening and its early identification, with a brief mention for AS screening, as there are limited tools and no recommendation for universal screening for AS.     

Evaluating autism in a Chinese population: the Clinical Autism Diagnostic Scale

Background

The purpose of this study was to report on the psychometric measures and discriminatory function of a new diagnostic test for autism spectrum disorders, the Clinical Autism Diagnostic Scale (CADS).

Methods

The CADS was used to test 216 children in the study, including 86 with low-functioning autism specturm disorders (ASD), 16 children with highfunctioning ASD, 16 with pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified, 7 with Asperger syndrome, 65 with typical development, 11 children with language impairments and 15 with intellectual disabilities. Ages ranged from 38-73 months. Behaviors for the groups were compared across seven domains.

Results

The results indicated the instrument was reliable, valid, and successfully differentiated the different groups of children with and without autism. All ASD groups were found to display difficulties in the domains of sensory behaviors and stereotyped behaviors. The play and social domains were found to measure similar underlying concepts of behaviors, while the receptive language and expressive language domains were also found to measure similar underlying-language concepts. The group of children diagnosed as having low-functioning autism performed less well on all tested domains in the instrument than did the other three groups of children with ASD, and these other three groups each also presented unique patterns of behaviors and differed on individual domains.

Conclusions

CADS is a reliable and valid test. It successfully differentiates the abilities of children with ASD at different levels of functioning.     

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??Neurocognitive developmental disorders in children include developmental dyslexia??developmental dyscalculia??attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders??which have high incidence in children’s nervous system diseases. Neurocognitive developmental disorders affect the children’s academic performance and social skills??and are the challenge in the long-term social prognosis. At present??we are in lack of objective and effective tool for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of neurocognitive development disorders in children. In recent years??the development of brain science provides a new way to explore the mechanism and intervention of the neurocognitive developmental disorders. From the perspective of cognitive behavioral??neural mechanisms and intervention??this paper elaborates the research findings of brain science in neurocognitive developmental disorders. The evidence of brain science demonstrateds that neurocognitive developmental disorders present core cognitive impairment and abnormal brain structure or function. The intervention mainly involves cognitive behavior training??and the brain stimulation effect needs to be confirmed.     

Pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise specified. A developmental-psychopathological approach for the development of made-to-measure treatment planning.

Diagnosis and classification of autism and related pervasive developmental disorders is both easy and difficult. Infantile autism is a characteristic syndrome on which many publications have appeared in the last 50 years. Conversely, the diagnosis and even the classification of children with pervasive developmental disorders related to autism is difficult. Although children with these disorders are twice as numerous as children with infantile autism, growing attention has been directed to at the latter group since the last decade. In this paper, autism and related disorders are described as a developmental disorder as well as a spectrum disorder. The spectrum of clinical symptoms can be explained, of which infantile autism is the most severe and prototypical manifestation. A working model is presented which accounts for all the problems of children with pervasive developmental disorders. An illustration of working with the model in practice is also given. The main lines of treatment and stages in treatment are briefly described.