磁共振弥散张量成像鉴别诊断超急性与急性缺血性脑梗死

目的 评价磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)在超急性与急性缺血性脑梗死鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾分析我院经临床及MRI诊断的单侧超急性期(18例)和急性期(27例)缺血性脑梗死患者的DTI图像。分析DTI序列各项异性指数(FA)、容积比各项异性(VRA)、平均弥散系数(DCavg)及衰减指数(Exat)参数图,并选取病灶、近病灶边缘脑组织(BTCI)及相应对侧为ROI,记录各ROI参数值并计算病灶-对侧各参数相对值。同时以病灶及对侧ROI为种子点重建弥散张量纤维束图。比较病灶、BTCI与相应对侧间各参数值的差异,分析病灶-对侧各参数相对值在超急性与急性脑梗死间的差异。结果 急性缺血性脑梗死DTT DCavg、DTT FA图均可观察到纤维束损伤表现;超急性脑梗死仅DTT DCavg图可观察到损伤表现,DTT FA图未见明显改变。超急性和急性脑梗死病灶DCavg值均低于对侧,Exat值均高于对侧(P均<0.05),而FA和VRA值仅在急性期低于对侧(P<0.05)。超急性期脑梗死BTCI区FA、VRA和Exat值较对侧增高(P<0.05),DCavg值较对侧降低(P<0.05)。急性期脑梗死病灶-对侧FA、VRA和DCavg相对值均低于超急性期(P<0.05)。对于鉴别超急性和急性脑梗死,ROC曲线分析示病灶-对侧FA、VRA和DCavg相对值最佳诊断界值分别为0.852、0.886和0.541;对应诊断敏感度均为100%,特异度分别为90.5%、100%和71.4%。结论 临床可将FA、VRA、DCavg及Exat值综合运用于发病时间不明确的超急性与急性缺血性脑梗死的鉴别诊断,从而有助于选择合理的治疗方案。     

MR扩散张量在临床脑梗死运动功能康复评估中的应用

目的使用扩散张量成像（DTI）研究脑梗死不同时期的扩散张量的变化规律，并试图通过扩散张量纤维束成像（DTT）探讨皮质脊髓束（CST）损伤与运动功能恢复的关系。方法26例脑梗死患者行常规MRI及DTI检查，测量各期病灶及对侧相应正常区域脑组织的平均扩散系数（DCavg）、部分各向异性系数（FA）、容积比（1-VR）及相对各向异性系数（RA）值，同时进行统计学分析；并行白质纤维束三维重建。结果各期病灶与对侧各参数值间的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；各期病灶各参数值间的差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。DTT可显示脑白质纤维束的破坏、推移或扭曲等征象，CST的损伤情况与运动功能的恢复有良好的相关。结论梗死灶DTI各参数值的变化具有规律性，DTT对观察CST的损害程度、预测恢复程度、指导临床康复治疗具有重要的参考价值。     

脑梗死的扩散张量成像与扩散加权成像比较研究

目的比较脑梗死的扩散张量成像与扩散加权成像的影像表现,评价其临床应用价值.方法本研究包括40例脑梗死患者.影像检查时间从卒中发病后11h至9个月.计算病灶侧与对侧的表观扩散系数(ADC)、各向异性分数(FA)、各向异性指数(AI),进行配对t检验.结果急性期和亚急性早期、亚急性晚期病灶在扩散加权图像上呈高信号;慢性期病灶表现为低信号和/或高信号.急性期、亚急性早期病灶ADC平均值(3.2272±1.0126)低于对侧(7.8861±0.5407),P＜0.001.慢性期病灶ADC平均值(11.6629±1.4251)高于对侧(7.7248±0.7164),P＜0.001.亚急性晚期病灶ADC平均值与对侧相比无显著性差异,P=0.814.各期病灶的FA、AI平均值低于对侧,P＜0.001.结论扩散加权成像可快速检出急性期和亚急性期责任病灶,但ADC图不能准确评价各期脑梗死灶水分子的扩散状态.FA和AI图像可以清楚地显示病灶各向异性扩散的降低.     

MR扩散张力成像原理及其在脑肿瘤中的研究进展

有关脑肿瘤研究的MRI新技术层出不穷,其中弥散加权成像(DWI)、灌注成像(PWI)、磁共振波谱(MRS)以及血氧水平依赖法(BOLD)脑功能成像研究在脑肿瘤的影像评价中均发挥着重要作用。但是,这些方法对于脑肿瘤与周围脑白质纤维关系的显示上都显得无能为力。随着扩散张力成像(diffusiontensorimaging,DTI)研究犤1-4犦的不断深入,目前已越来越多地应用于存在纤维定向组织的微观结构方面,在脑肿瘤的临床评价中也发挥重要的作用。1DTI的基本原理DTI是利用组织中水分子扩散运动存在的各向异性来探测组织微观结构的成像方法,是通过观察随扩散…     

弥散张量成像诊断新生儿和婴儿胆道闭锁

目的 探讨弥散张量成像（DTI）对新生儿和婴儿胆道闭锁（BA）的诊断价值。方法 收集疑诊为BA或其他胆道疾病的患儿46例,以手术探查、腹腔镜探查、术中造影、病理检查或临床治疗结果作为金标准,将患儿分为BA组与非BA组（non-BA组）。对所有患儿应用1.5T MR扫描仪,采用单次激发自旋回波平面成像DTI序列（b值为1000 s/mm²）行肝脏扫描,经后处理获得平均扩散系数（AvgDC）图及FA图,测量AvgDC值及FA值。结果 46例中,BA组24例,non-BA组22例,BA组的AvgDC值显著低于non-BA组［（1.27±0.16）×10^-3 mm²/s vs （1.43±0.15）×10^-3 mm²/s,P=0.001)］。在BA组中,不同肝脏纤维化分级患儿间AvgDC值、FA值的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;INF1~INF3级炎症分级患儿AvgDC值逐渐降低,但差异无统计学意义（F=2.15, P=0.14）,FA值差异有统计学意义（F=5.51, P=0.01）。应用AvgDC、FA值诊断BA的ROC曲线下的面积分别为0.80±0.07、0.60±0.09;AvgDC界限值为1.33×10^-3 mm²/s时,诊断敏感度为75.00%（18/24）,特异度为77.27%（17/22）。结论 DTI的AvgDC值可用于诊断新生儿和婴儿BA,但其诊断敏感度与特异度仍有待提高。     

磁共振扩散张量成像鉴别诊断肝内胆管细胞癌与肝细胞癌

目的 探讨磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）鉴别肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）和肝细胞癌（HCC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析在我院接受肝脏MR检查并经病理证实的ICC 20例（ICC组）、HCC 32例（HCC组）。所有患者均接受1.5T MRI常规T1WI、T2WI、DWI及DTI序列扫描,观察病变影像学特征。由2名观察者独立测量两组病灶DTI的弥散系数（D）值、各向异性分数（FA）值及DWI的ADC值,分析其测量的一致性并进行组间比较。对有统计学差异的参数,绘制ROC曲线,分析诊断效能及阈值。结果 ICC组9例（9/20,45.00%）病灶边界清晰,HCC组15例（15/32,46.88%）边界清晰,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.02,P=0.90）。ICC组11例（11/20,55.00%）可见邻近胆管扩张,高于HCC组（4/32,12.50%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=10.83,P=0.001）。2名观察者测得的2组各参数结果一致性良好,相关系数值均大于0.90。ICC组FA值（0.45±0.16）高于HCC组（0.30±0.13）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）;2组的ADC值和D值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。FA值ROC曲线下面积为0.76,在界值为0.31时,鉴别诊断ICC与HCC的敏感度（85.0%）较高。结论 DTI的FA值对鉴别ICC与HCC有较高的诊断效能,可以为临床提供重要参考。     

大鼠急性脑缺血-再灌注模型缺血半暗带的磁共振扩散张量成像

目的：研究大鼠急性脑缺血-再灌注模型缺血半暗带（IP）的扩散加权成像（DWI）和扩散张量成像（DTI）演变规律。方法：制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞缺血模型。分为永久缺血组，0．5h、1．5h、2．5h和3．5h4个再灌注组。在0．5～24h内行T2WI、DWI及DTI检查，测定缺血灶不同部位的ADC、DCavg、FA值，计算病侧与对侧正常组织的相对值。结果：缺血核心与边缘区之间9～12h内的rADC和rDCavg、6h内的rFA有显著性差异（P〈O．05）。2．5h和3．5h再灌注组与永久缺血组组间分析无显著性差异（P〉O．05）。结论：大鼠MCAO模型缺血灶ADC、DCavg、FA值具有特征性演变规律；IP存在时间窗为9～12h，再灌注的时间窗应小于2．5h。     

缺血再灌注模型大鼠脑白质扩散张量成像研究

目的:利用MR弥散张量成像(DTI)技术对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的大脑行动态观察,研究其扩散变化规律。方法:将24只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组和模型组各12只,假手术组只分离血管,模型组根据线栓法制备缺血2h再灌注模型。术后24h、7d、14d用改良神经功能缺损评分(mNSS)评价大鼠神经功能缺损情况;行T2加权成像(T2WI)、DTI扫描,观察脑梗死体积与相关脑区平均弥散率(MD)和各向异性分数(FA)。结果:模型组较假手术组大鼠缺血再灌注后24h、7d和14d的mNSS评分均升高(均P<0.01),且缺血再灌注后7d的mNSS评分低于上一时间点(P<0.05)。T2WI成像显示,模型组大鼠梗死部位呈异常高信号,随时间推移高信号区域面积减少。DTI结果显示,缺血后24h,模型组较假手术组患侧所有脑区MD值均显著下降(P<0.01,0.05),7d后呈假正常化,14d均高于假手术组(P<0.01,0.05);缺血后24h,患侧胼胝体、海马及纹状体的FA值均显著下降(均P<0.05),7d时均持续下降(P<0.01,0.05),除了胼胝体,其他脑区在14d达到最低水平(P<0.01,0.05)。缺血后24h,除了感觉皮层,健侧脑区MD和FA值均高于假手术组(P<0.01,0.05);缺血后7d,除了胼胝体和海马,其他脑区MD值均低于假手术组(P<0.01,0.05)。结论:DTI能够反映不同时期缺血再灌注后脑白质损伤的变化特点,患侧白质随着时间的推移演变为不可转逆的结构破坏,健侧白质功能变化可能与交互性半球间抑制作用有关。     

磁共振弥散张量成像诊断颈椎病颈部肌群损伤

目的 探讨DTI在研究颈椎病颈部肌群损伤中的应用价值,观察颈部肌群在颈椎病发病机制中的作用。方法 对30例患者(颈椎病组)与25名健康志愿者(对照组)行常规MRI和DTI,以肌腹中心作为ROI,分别测量不同肌肉相应ROI内的ADC值和FA值,并比较颈椎病患者与健康人对应肌肉ADC值和FA值的差异。结果 颈椎病组与对照组左侧颈半棘肌的ADC值差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而右侧颈半棘肌、两侧头半棘肌、两侧头颈夹肌、两侧胸锁乳突肌和两侧斜角肌的ADC值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。颈椎病组与对照组两侧颈半棘肌、两侧头半棘肌、两侧头颈夹肌、两侧胸锁乳突肌和两侧斜角肌的FA值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 颈椎病患者部分颈部肌群有受损表现。颈部肌群弥散受限在颈椎病的发病机制中具有一定作用。     

Diffusion tensor imaging in episodic cluster headache

Background.— Cluster headache (CH) is a rare headache disorder with severe unilateral headache bouts and autonomic symptoms. The pathophysiology of CH is not completely understood. Using a voxel‐based morphometric paradigm or functional imaging, a key role of the hypothalamus and the pain matrix could be demonstrated during CH episodes. However, there are no diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data investigating the white matter microstructure of the brain in patients with CH. Therefore, we used DTI to delineate microstructural changes in patients with CH in a headache‐free state. Methods.— Seven male patients with episodic CH and 7 healthy subjects were included and examined with a routine 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Whole‐head DTI scans measuring fractional anisotropy were analyzed without a priori hypotheses using track‐based spatial statistics. Results.— We found significant microstructural brain tissue changes bilaterally in the white matter of the brainstem, the frontal lobe, the temporal lobe, the occipital lobe, the internal capsule, and on the right side of thalamus and cerebellum. There were further lesions in the basal frontal lobe that were part of the olfactory system. Alterations of fractional anisotropy in the brainstem might indicate changes of the medial lemniscus and central sympathetic pathways. Conclusions.— Patients with episodic CH have microstructural brain changes in regions that belong to the pain matrix. Furthermore, we were able to detect structural changes suggesting an involvement of the olfactory system as well as lesions in the brainstem indicating an involvement of trigeminal and sympathetic systems.     

扩散张量成像在脑脓肿诊断中的价值

目的评价MR扩散张量成像在脑脓肿中的应用价值. 方法经病理及临床复查证实的脑脓肿9例.行常规MR扫描、扩散张量成像(DTI)检查.构建平均扩散系数(ADC)图和各向异性分数(FA)图,并测量脓肿及周围水肿区的ADC、FA值.结果在扩散张量加权像上,脓肿腔表现为高信号,水肿区呈低信号;在ADC图上,脓肿呈低信号,平均ADC值为(0.66±0.07)×10-3mm2/s,水肿区呈高信号;在FA图上,脓肿与水肿均表现为低信号.结论在DTI扩散张量加权像上,脓肿表现为较特异的高信号,ADC值较低,有助于和囊变、坏死性肿瘤鉴别.     

扩散张量成像观察重度吸烟者脑白质微观结构完整性

目的 采用基于示踪空间统计分析的扩散张量成像（TBSS-DTI）观察重度吸烟者（HS）脑白质微观结构的完整性。方法 根据中文版尼古丁依赖量表（FTND）筛选34名HS（HS组）和年龄、性别及教育水平匹配的非吸烟志愿者（NS）34名（NS组）,行TBSS-DTI采集,测量异常脑白质区扩散参数,包括轴向扩散系数（Da）,径向扩散系数（Dr）,平均扩散系数（MD）及FA,应用多元回归分析扩散参数与HS吸烟相关参数的相关性。结果 与NS组比较,HS组胼胝体左前部（包括胼胝体膝部和嘴体部）FA值降低。FA值降低脑区Da显著降低、Dr显著升高（P均<0.05）。胼胝体左前部Dr和MD与烟龄呈正相关（Dr：r=0.356,P=0.049;MD：r=0.405,P=0.024）。结论 HS胼胝体左前部白质微观结构完整性异常,并与烟龄相关,提示重度尼古丁依赖导致脑白质进行性退行性变。     

多形性胶质母细胞瘤MR弥散张量成像应用研究

目的本研究旨在探讨平均扩散系数（ADC）和各向异性指数（FA）在鉴别多形性胶质母细胞瘤肿瘤组织、水肿及正常脑组织,以及探讨ADC值及FA值在对肿瘤浸润范围中的作用。方法14例多形性胶质母细胞瘤在治疗前行常规MRI、增强扫描及弥散张量成像（DTI）,在T1WI增强、T2WI上确定肿瘤组织、水肿及正常脑组织,在ADC图和FA图上测量这些区域的FA值及ADC值,用方差分析评定值之间的差异。结果肿瘤囊变区的ADC值（2.07&#177;0.631）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s最高,其次为水肿区（1.39&#177;0.164）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s、肿瘤强化中心（1.13&#177;0.187）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s、肿瘤强化边缘（1.04&#177;0.254）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s、瘤周正常白质区（0.779&#177;0.088）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s、对侧正常白质（0.748&#177;0.082）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s。对侧正常白质FA值最高（0.538&#177;0.084）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s,肿瘤囊变区最低（0.09&#177;0.028）&#215;10^-3mm^2/s。肿瘤强化边缘与囊变坏死区、水肿区、瘤周正常白质以及对侧正常白质ADC值差别均具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,瘤周正常白质区与对侧正常白质区ADC值无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。肿瘤强化边缘与囊变坏死区、瘤周正常白质区、对侧正常白质区FA值差别均具有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,瘤周正常白质区与对侧正常白质区FA值有显著性意义（P〈0.05）,肿瘤强化边缘FA值与水肿区FA值差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结论ADC值可用于区分多形性胶质母细胞瘤正常脑白质、水肿和肿瘤强化边缘,FA值对于组织学鉴别无明显意义,FA值对肿瘤浸润范围有重要的意义。     

大鼠急性脑缺血扩散张量成像各参数变化的实验研究

目的明确急性脑缺血扩散张量成像DCav、Iso image、FA、RA值的动态变化。方法清洁级健康雄性SD大鼠12只，分成四组：A组MCAO脑缺血1h（3只），B组脑缺血1．5h（3只），C组脑缺血3h（3只），D组脑缺血6h（3只）。按照时间点行脑MR检查，测量病变和对侧相应区域Isoimage信号、DCav、FA、RA值。结果脑缺血各观察时间点MRI显示患侧脑皮质和纹状体等皮质下结构DCav值降低至对侧的51％～67％，各向同性图像Iso显示明确的病侧异常高信号。在MCAO1h和1．5h虽然患侧FA、RA测量值偏高，但与对侧不具备统计学差异。脑缺血3h时患侧FA、RA值降低，与对侧差别有显著意义，此种现象持续至6h。结论急性脑缺血不同MRDTI参数随时间变化各异，联合应用能全面反映缺血组织病理生理状态。     

帕金森病的扩散张量成像研究

目的 研究帕金森病(PD)患者锥体外系和部分功能区的扩散张量成像(DTI)参数变化及其与PD的关系.方法 PD患者30例作为研究组,按Hoehn-Yahr分级量表将20例双侧症状患者作为中晚期PD组,10例单侧症状PD患者作为早期PD组.选取年龄和性别匹配的健康志愿者30名作为对照组.所有受试者均接受常规MR头部平扫和DTI检查.在FA图和ADC图上测量各兴趣区(双侧黑质、红核、苍白球、壳核、尾状核、丘脑、胼胝体膝部、胼胝体压部、扣带回、额叶白质和中央前回)的FA值和ADC值,并进行统计分析.结果 PD组的黑质、尾状核、丘脑和胼胝体压部的FA值较对照组明显减低(P<0.05);中晚期PD组的中央前回的FA值较对照组和早期PD组明显减低(P<0.05),中晚期PD组的扣带回的FA值低于对照组(P<0.05);中晚期PD组、早期PD组与对照组其余兴趣区的FA值差异无统计学意义;PD病变的严重程度与黑质FA值呈负相关(r=0.039,P=0.025).3组之间各兴趣区的ADC值差异无统计学意义,但随着病情级别的增加,ADC值呈增高趋势.结论 黑质、尾状核、丘脑和胼胝体压部的FA值有助于PD的早期诊断;DTI可为PD的在体研究提供更多与病理机制和临床表现有关的有价值信息.     

Diffusion tensor imaging: structural adaptive smoothing

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data is characterized by a high noise level. Thus, estimation errors of quantities like anisotropy indices or the main diffusion direction used for fiber tracking are relatively large and may significantly confound the accuracy of DTI in clinical or neuroscience applications. Besides pulse sequence optimization, noise reduction by smoothing the data can be pursued as a complementary approach to increase the accuracy of DTI. Here, we suggest an anisotropic structural adaptive smoothing procedure, which is based on the Propagation-Separation method and preserves the structures seen in DTI and their different sizes and shapes. It is applied to artificial phantom data and a brain scan. We show that this method significantly improves the quality of the estimate of the diffusion tensor, by means of both bias and variance reduction, and hence enables one either to reduce the number of scans or to enhance the input for subsequent analysis such as fiber tracking.     

轻度Alzheimer病人的弥散张量成像研究

目的研究轻度Alzheimer患者弥散张量成像的异常,并与正常老年人进行比较.方法对16例正常志愿者和14例轻度Alzheimer患者进行了弥散张量成像扫描,测量双侧杏仁核、海马头和丘脑的ADC和FA值,并对结果进行统计学比较.结果对照组和AD组的双侧海马头部的ADC值均存在显著性差异(P＜0.01),而FA值无显著性差异;对照组和AD组的双侧杏仁核的ADC值之间无显著性差异,右侧杏仁核的FA值在对照组和AD组之间存在显著性差异;双侧丘脑的ADC和FA值都没有显著性差异.结论弥散张量成像能发现轻度Alzheimer患者双侧海马头部的扩散系数的异常,从而探测到组织结构间隙的变化.     

Diffusion tensor imaging and axonal tracking in the human brainstem

Diffusion tensor MRI was used to demonstrate in vivo anatomical mapping of brainstem axonal connections. It was possible to identify the corticospinal tract (CST), medial lemniscus, and the superior, medial, and inferior cerebellar peduncles. In addition, the cerebral peduncle could be subparcellated into component tracts, namely, the frontopontine tract, the CST, and the temporo-/parieto-/occipitopontine tract. Anatomical landmarks and tracking thresholds were established for each fiber and, using these standards, reproducibility of automated tracking as assessed by intra- and interrater reliability was found to be high (kappa > 0.82). Reconstructed fibers corresponded well to existing anatomical knowledge, validating the tracking. Information on the location of individual tracts was coregistered with quantitative MRI maps to automatically measure MRI parameters on a tract-by-tract basis. The results reveal that each tract has a unique spatial signature in terms of water relaxation and diffusion anisotropy.     

Diffusion tensor imaging of neurodevelopment in children and young adults

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) was used to study regional changes in the brain's development from childhood (8-12 years, mean 11.1 +/- 1.3, N = 32) to young adulthood (21-27 years, mean 24.4 +/- 1.8, N = 28). Mean diffusivity (Trace/3 apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were measured in 30 regions of interest (ROIs) in 13 distinct brain structures. Correlational analysis was performed to detect changes within 8-12 years and within 21-27 years, and group analysis to compare childhood diffusion properties with young adult values. Increases of fractional anisotropy were seen in the genu of the corpus callosum, splenium of the corpus callosum, corona radiata, putamen, and head of the caudate nucleus within 8-12 years, and also between childhood and young adulthood. Reductions in Trace/3 ADC were observed in 9 of 13 structures within 8-12 years and into young adulthood as well. DTI demonstrates more widespread changes in the brain's microstructure with maturation than previous reports using conventional T1-weighted MRI scans. These findings suggest a continuation of the brain's microstructural development through adolescence.     

Diffusion tensor imaging of adult age differences in cerebral white matter: relation to response time

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures the displacement of water molecules across tissue components, thus providing information regarding the microstructure of cerebral white matter. Fractional anisotropy (FA), the degree to which diffusion is directionally dependent, is typically higher for compact, homogeneous fiber bundles such as the corpus callosum. Previous DTI studies in adults have demonstrated an age-related decline in white matter FA, but whether the relation between FA and behavioral performance varies as a function of age has not been determined. We investigated adult age differences in FA, and age-related changes in the relation between FA and response time (RT), in a visual target-detection task. The results confirmed that, independently of age, FA is higher in the corpus callosum than in other brain regions. We also observed an age-related decline in FA that did not vary significantly across the brain regions. For both age groups, a lower level of integrity of the cerebral white matter (as indexed by FA), in specific brain regions, was associated with slower responses in the visual task. An age-related change in this relation was evident, however, in that the best predictor of RT for younger adults was FA in the splenium of the corpus callosum, whereas for older adults the best predictor was FA in the anterior limb of the internal capsule. This pattern is consistent with measures of the task-related cortical activation obtained from these same individuals and suggests an age-related increase in the attentional control of responses mediated by corticostriatal or corticothalamic circuits.