~(18)F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的应用进展

食管癌恶性程度高、预后差,严重威胁了人类健康,18F-FDG PET/CT集功能和解剖信息于一身,这种医学影像技术在食管癌的应用优势日益受到广大医务工作者的关注。本文综述了18F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的诊断、分期、复发、疗效和预后评估、放射治疗计划制定等方面的研究进展。     

18F-FDG PET/CT and PET/MRI fusion imaging for neuroendocrine carcinoma of the tongue: A case report

Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) involving the tongue is a rare and aggressive disease that is more common in middle-aged and elderly males. We report a case of a 56-year-old male who presented to our hospital with sore throat and was found to have a mass in the left root of the tongue. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT revealed intense FDG uptake in the mass of the tongue base, as well as different uptake of FDG in the mid-posterior mediastinal mass, right adrenal gland, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and mediastinum. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI clearly showed the extent of the tongue lesion, additionally suggesting the presence of brain metastases. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MRI fusion images of the neck were obtained on the workstation, which may have a higher diagnostic value for tongue NEC. The patient underwent a biopsy of the mass in the left root of the tongue and was pathologically diagnosed with NEC. Whole-body ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT and regional PET/MRI fusion images have complementary roles in the diagnosis of tongue NEC, and the former is mainly applied to determine the clinical stage of the disease and to guide treatment.     

FDG PET在胰腺癌中的应用

胰腺癌的影像诊断手段较多 ,如CT、MRI、超声等 ,由于特异性及其敏感性的限制 ,难以早期作出诊断 ,延误患者早期的治疗。因此如何早期提高胰腺癌的诊断为早期治疗提供理论上的依据 ,仍是影像医学和临床医学的研究热点。正电子发射计算机断层(PET)是利用正电子放射性药物在体内的分布来反映人体组织的生理生化代谢功能 ,其中FDGPET利用肿瘤组织的葡萄糖代谢增加来鉴别恶性病变与良性病变。本文就PET的显像基本原理及其在胰腺癌诊断和分期中的应用价值作一简要介绍 ,可以看到FDGPET在胰腺肿块的良恶性鉴别的灵敏度和特异性均较高 ,对临床分析有很好的应用价值 ,在胰腺癌的分期 ,尤其是确定有否肝脏转移方面极具价值。并对FDGPET临床应用的优点和局限性做出分析。     

18F-FDG和11C-choline PET/CT诊断前列腺良恶性病变的影响因素研究

目的:探讨18F-FDG(18F-脱氧葡萄糖)和11 C-choline(11 C-胆碱)PET/CT显像诊断前列腺良恶性病变的影响因素,以提高PET/CT对前列腺病变的诊断价值。方法:选择可疑前列腺病变患者55例为研究对象,年龄57～82岁,28例为前列腺癌,转移程度不一;其余为前列腺良性病变。所有患者均行全身18 F-FDG和11 C-choline PET/CT检查,分析18 F-FDG和11 C-choline标准摄取值(SUV)与前列病变患者的年龄及病理类型的相互关系和意义。结果:55例前列腺病变患者,18F-FDG和11 C-choline标准摄取值与患者的年龄无统计学差异(P>0.05),18 F-FDG标准摄取值与患者的病理类型亦无统计学差异(P>0.05),而11 C-choline标准摄取值与患者的病理类型有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:前列腺病变患者的病理类型是影响11 C-choline标准摄取值的重要因素,11 C-choline PET/CT鉴别诊断前列腺良恶性病变具有重要的价值和意义。     

~(18)F-FDGPET/CT显像在结直肠癌诊断中的应用价值

18F-FDGPET/CT是一种将CT解剖结构成像与PET功能代谢显像融合于一身的显像技术,能够在活体状态下对肿瘤组织进行定性和定位分析,在肿瘤显像领域发挥着重要作用,并且临床应用日益广泛。就18FFDG PET/CT显像原理,在结直肠癌术前诊断和术后复发中的应用(包括术后局部复发和术后远处转移的诊断),以及血清肿瘤标志物升高时18F-FDG PET/CT显像的诊断价值等予以综述。     

放射性核素标记的胆碱在PET/CT肿瘤显像中的应用

18F-FDG PET/CT可明显提高恶性肿瘤诊断的准确性,指导恶性肿瘤的分期与再分期,对患者治疗方案的选择产生了重要影响。其在全身许多肿瘤中的应用价值已获得认可,但还存在一些不足。随着正电子标记药物的不断研发,放射性核素标记的胆碱逐渐应用于临床。胆碱是细胞膜的重要组成成分,恶性肿瘤的胆碱代谢增高。近年来的研究表明,胆碱PET/CT在胶质瘤、头颈部肿瘤、肺癌、肝细胞肝癌、前列腺癌、膀胱肿瘤等的诊断、分期及复发检测等方面具有很好的应用价值,特别是对颅内病变的观察、高分化肝细胞肝癌的诊断、生物靶区勾画、复发病灶的定位等,在一定程度上弥补了18F-FDG PET/CT的不足。笔者回顾了放射性核素标记的胆碱（11C-胆碱和18F-胆碱）在肿瘤显像中的应用。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像用于肺癌诊疗的研究进展

常规¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT静态显像在肺癌的诊断、分期、疗效评估等方面发挥了重要作用,并能通过标准化摄取值等代谢参数进行半定量分析,但静态显像无法提供病变的示踪动力学信息。近年出现的动态显像技术能够连续评估某一时间段内病变的代谢变化过程,并可应用净摄取速率常数等动力学参数进行定量分析,与静态显像相互补充,为肺癌的诊断提供更丰富的信息。就 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT静态及动态显像在肺癌诊疗中的研究进展进行综述。     

喉癌18F-FDG PET/CT显像的临床应用价值

目的探讨18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET/CT显像相对于单独的18F-FDG PET显像在喉癌诊断中的临床价值以及评价平均标准化摄取值(SUVmean)在喉癌和喉生理性显像鉴别中的作用。方法疑似喉癌患者23例。男19例,女4例,年龄30～70岁。空腹6H以上,静脉注射7.4MBq/kg 18F-FDG后40min后仰卧位行头颈部或全身扫描。分别评价18F-FDG PET和18F-FDG PET/CT显像对病灶诊断的灵敏度和特异性。19例病理为鳞癌的喉癌患者与15例喉生理性显像患者作为对照,测定显像部位的SUVmean,试用受试者工作曲线特征(Receivrer Operation Characteristic,ROC)及阳性似然比(positive likelihood ratio,+LR)确定SUVmean阈值。结果 23例喉癌患者,108处病灶。18 F-FDGPET显像和18F-FDG PET/CT显像对病灶诊断的灵敏度分别为85.1%(40/47)和89.4%(42/47),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),特异性分别为和72.1%(44/61)和91.8%(56/61),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。19例病理为鳞癌的喉癌患者SUVmean均数为7.3±2.9,15例喉生理性显像SUVmean均数为4.9±1.1,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SU-Vmean阈值选定为6.1,18 F-FDG PET/CT显像喉癌诊断的灵敏性为63.2%,特异性为86.7%。结论 18 F-FDG PET/CT显像明显改善18F-FDG PET显像的特异性。SUVmean阈值选定为6.1,有利于喉癌和喉生理性显像的鉴别。     

Exploring new frontiers in molecular imaging: Emergence of Ga PET/CT

Since US Food and Drug Administration approval of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose as a positron tracer, and the development of hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography machines, there has been a great increase in clinical application and progress in the field of nuclear molecular imaging. However, not underestimating the value of (18)F, there are known limitations in the use of this cyclotron-produced positron tracer. We hence turn our focus to an emerging positron tracer, (68)Ga, and examine the advantages, current clinical uses and potential future applications of this radioisotope.     

PET recognition of pulmonary metastases on PET/CT imaging: impact of attenuation-corrected and non-attenuation-corrected PET images

Purpose The aims of this study were to assess the performance of FDG PET at PET/CT imaging for the detection of pulmonary metastases and to evaluate differences in lesion detectability on attenuation-corrected (AC) and non-attenuation corrected (NAC) PET images.Methods The institutional PET/CT database was searched for patients with pulmonary metastases of 3–60 mm in diameter. Ninety-two patients with 438 metastases to the lungs were included in the study. The primary tumours were 33 malignant melanomas, 12 carcinomas of unknown primary, 11 colorectal carcinomas, eight differentiated thyroid carcinomas, seven aggressive non-Hodgkins lymphomas, six head and neck cancers, three breast cancers, two prostate cancers and ten others. Lesion detectability was visually compared between PET and CT and between AC and NAC PET images using a five-point scale.Results Of the 438 pulmonary metastases, 174 were detected with FDG PET (39.7%), six of them on NAC images only (not significant). Visual scores were higher on NAC images in 41.4% and equal in 54.6% of lesions. The sensitivity of FDG PET increased significantly from 0.405 for metastases of 5–7 mm in diameter to 0.784 for lesions of 8–10 mm and to 0.935 for lesions measuring 11–29 mm in diameter. No metastases smaller than 5 mm in diameter were seen on PET images.Conclusion FDG PET/CT is useful for the assessment of pulmonary metastases. The frequency of lesion detection is similar for AC and NAC PET images. A reduced sensitivity of FDG PET has to be considered for lesions smaller than 11 mm in diameter.     

Clinical impact of 18F-choline PET/CT in patients with recurrent prostate cancer

Purpose

To investigate the clinical value of ¹⁸F-fluorocholine PET/CT (CH-PET/CT) in treatment decisions in patients with recurrent prostate cancer (rPCA).

Methods

The study was a retrospective evaluation of 156 patients with rPCA and CH-PET/CT for restaging. Questionnaires for each examination were sent to the referring physicians 14–64?months after examination. Questions included information regarding initial extent of disease, curative first-line treatment, and the treatment plan before and after CH-PET/CT. Additionally, PSA values at diagnosis, after initial treatment, before CH-PET/CT and at the end of follow-up were also obtained from the questionnaires.

Results

Mean follow-up was 42?months. The mean Gleason score was 6.9 at initial diagnosis. Initial treatment was: radical prostatectomy in 110 patients, radiotherapy in 39, and combined prostatectomy and radiotherapy in 7. Median PSA values before CH-PET/CT and at the end of follow-up were 3.40?ng/ml and 0.91?ng/ml. PSA levels remained stable, decreased or were below measurable levels in 108 patients. PSA levels increased in 48 patients. In 75 of the 156 patients (48%) the treatment plan was changed due to the CH-PET/CT findings. In 33 patients the therapeutic plan was changed from palliative treatment to treatment with curative intent. In 15 patients treatment was changed from curative to palliative. In 8 patients treatment was changed from curative to another strategy and in 2 patients from one palliative strategy to another. In 17 patients the treatment plan was adapted.

Conclusion

CH-PET/CT has an important impact on the therapeutic strategy in patients with rPCA and can help to determine an appropriate treatment.     

18F-FDGPET／CT在腺样囊性癌术后中的应用价值

目的：探讨18F-FDGPET/CT在腺样囊性癌术后中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2007年8月-2014年3月13例腺样囊性癌术后18F-FDGPET/CT检查图像资料,分析其特点,以提高对该病局部复发或远处转移的认识,所有病例确诊肿瘤复发、转移的依据为再次手术或穿刺病理及临床随访证实。结果13例腺样囊腺癌中,其中位于右颌下腺3例,左颌下腺2例,而位于左上唇、左侧鼻腔、右侧鼻腔、右侧蝶窦及筛窦、右上颌窦、气管下段、口底、右侧硬颚各1例。经手术病理或随访证实,局部复发2例,未见局部复发11例,PET/CT诊断复发5例,未见局部复发8例,PET/CT对术区局部复发诊断敏感性为100％,特异性为78．6％;远处转移9例,PET诊断转移7例,转移性病变诊断敏感性为77.8％,特异性为100％,其中4例改变了临床分期。其中颈部淋巴结转移3例,双肺转移4例,肝脏及骨骼多发转移1例,双肺、骨骼转移1例,同时并双肺、肝脏、骨骼多发转移1例。肿瘤局部复发病例中,SUVmax最大值为15．3,SUVmax最小值为7．4;转移性病变中,其中SUVmax最大值为15．8,SUVmax最小值为0．8。结论腺样囊性癌是一种高度侵袭性恶性肿瘤,具有生长速度慢、手术治疗后易局部复发和长期随访易发生远处转移等特点。因此,18F-FDGPET/CT一次显影全身显像,不仅对腺样囊性癌术后局部有无复发有重要诊断价值,而且对远处转移也有很好的参考意义。     

Increasing the accuracy of F-FDG PET/CT interpretation of “mildly positive” mediastinal nodes in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction

The aim of this study was to identify radiological factors that may reduce false-positive results and increase diagnostic accuracy when staging the mediastinum of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

Methods

This was a retrospective, interdisciplinary, per-node analysis study. We included patients with NSCLC and mediastinal nodes with an SUV max in the range of 2.5–4.0 on PET-CT. We hypothesized that the greatest number of false positive cases would occur in this cohort of patients.

Results

A total of 92 mediastinal lymph nodes were analyzed in 44 patients. Mediastinal disease (N2/N3) was histologically confirmed in 15 of 44 patients and in 34 of 92 lymph nodes; positive predictive value of 37% and false positive rate of 63%. Lymph node SUV max, tumor size, ratio of node SUV max to tumor SUV max (SUVn/SUVp), and ratio of node SUV max to node size (SUV n/SADn) were significantly higher in true positive cases. Using a threshold of 0.3 for SUV node/tumor and 3 for SUV node/size yielded sensitivities of 91% and 71% and specificities of 71% and 69% respectively for the detection of mediastinal disease. Using both ratios in combination resulted in a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 88%. Concurrent benign lung disease was observed significantly more frequently in false-positive cases.

Conclusion

SUVn/SUVpt and SUVn/SADn may be complimentary to conventional visual interpretation and SUV max measurement in the assessment of mediastinal disease in patients with NSCLC.     

18F-FDG PET/CT对腹膜良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值

目的 分析腹膜病变的18F-FDG PET/CT的代谢和形态特点,探讨18F-FDG PET/CT在腹膜良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 回顾性分析经18F-FDG PET/CT检查腹膜有病变的病人70例,男22例,女48例,平均年龄(58.20±13.18)岁。根据病理结果将病人分为恶性组(61例)和良性组(9例)。记录腹膜病变最大标准化摄取值(SUV_max),FDG代谢分布特征、大网膜挛缩、病灶大小及边界,测量腹水CT值、SUV_max及腹腔积液SUVmax/肝脏SUV_max的比值(即T/NT值)。2组间非正态分布的计量资料采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行比较,采用连续校正卡方检验或Fisher确切概率检验对计数资料进行差异性分析。结果 与良性组相比,恶性组大网膜更易出现挛缩,呈不规则状及条状改变(P<0.05),且大网膜及肠系膜FDG代谢摄取多呈局限性改变(均P<0.05);肿块样病变(>3 cm)只在恶性组中出现,大网膜、小网膜、肠系膜、盆腔腹膜的病灶中大结节(>5 mm)病变占比更...     

血管免疫母细胞T细胞淋巴瘤^18MF-FDGPET/CT的影像表现及其在临床分期中的价值

目的分析血管免疫母细胞T细胞淋巴瘤（angioimmunoblasticT-celllymphoma,AITL）^18F-FDGPET/CT的影像学表现及分布规律,探讨其在临床分期中的价值。方法回顾性分析22例AITL患者的^18F-FDGPET/CT显像结果,评价其在临床分期中的价值。结果（1）AITL结内侵犯的^18F-FDGPET/CT影像学表现：①全身弥漫性分布：左右对称性分布9例（40．9％）,左右不对称性分布2例（9．1％）;②多部位散在分布：与淋巴链走行有关4例（18．2％）,与淋巴链走行无关5例（22．7％）;③单部位局限性分布2例（9．1％）;（2）AITL结外侵犯的^18F-FDGPET／CT影像学表现：鼻咽部侵犯最常见有10例,其余依次为口咽8例,脾脏8例,骨骼及骨髓5例,胃肠道4例,肺、胸膜及皮肤各2例,乳腺及颅内侵犯各1例;（3）在AITL分期中的价值：PET/CT显像改变了4例（18．2％,4/22）患者的分期,均为分期上调。结论血管免疫母细胞T细胞淋巴瘤呈”F-FDG高摄取;其在病灶检测及分期方面,^18F-FDGPET/CT显像有优势。     

PET/CT with intravenous contrast can be used for PET attenuation correction in cancer patients

Purpose If the CT scan of a combined PET/CT study is performed as a full diagnostic quality CT scan including intravenous (IV) contrast agent, the quality of the joint PET/CT procedure is improved and a separate diagnostic CT scan can be avoided. CT with IV contrast can be used for PET attenuation correction, but this may result in a bias in the attenuation factors. The clinical significance of this bias has not been established. Our aim was to perform a prospective clinical study where each patient had CT performed with and without IV contrast agent to establish whether PET/CT with IV contrast can be used for PET attenuation without reducing the clinical value of the PET scan.Methods A uniform phantom study was used to document that the PET acquisition itself is not significantly influenced by the presence of IV contrast medium. Then, 19 patients referred to PET/CT with IV contrast underwent CT scans without, and then with contrast agent, followed by an ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose whole-body PET scan. The CT examinations were performed with identical parameters on a GE Discovery LS scanner. The PET data were reconstructed with attenuation correction based on the two CT data sets. A global comparison of standard uptake value (SUV) was performed, and SUVs in tumour, in non-tumour tissue and in the subclavian vein were calculated. Clinical evaluation of the number and location of lesions on all PET/CT scans was performed twice, blinded and in a different random order, by two independent nuclear medicine specialists.Results In all patients, the measured global SUV of PET images based on CT with IV contrast agent was higher than the global activity using non-contrast correction. The overall increase in the mean SUV (for two different conversion tables tested) was 4.5±2.3% and 1.6±0.5%, respectively. In 11/19 patients, focal uptake was identified corresponding to malignant tumours. Eight out of 11 tumours showed an increased SUV_max (2.9±3.1%) on the PET images reconstructed using IV contrast. The clinical evaluation performed by the two specialists comparing contrast and non-contrast CT attenuated PET images showed weighted kappa values of 0.92 (doctor A) and 0.82 (doctor B). No contrast-introduced artefacts were found.Conclusion This study demonstrates that CT scans with IV contrast agent can be used for attenuation correction of the PET data in combined modality PET/CT scanning, without changing the clinical diagnostic interpretation.     

肺癌脊椎骨转移（18）F-FDG PET/CT与MRI的对比分析

目的：比较分析18 F-FDG PET/CT与MRI在肺癌脊椎骨转移诊断方面的敏感性、特异性。方法：28例肺癌PET/CT疑脊椎转移患者行MRI检查,比较两种方法对脊椎转移的显示征象。统计学方法采用配对四格表资料2检验,P〈0.05被认为差异有显著性。结果：经病理或随访确诊脊椎骨转移22例。以受累椎体病灶个数为统计单位,脊椎范围内共700个椎体,153个为真阳性,574个为真阴性。PET/CT诊断正确143个病灶,假阴性10个,假阳性24个,其敏感性93.4%,特异性95.6%。MRI诊断正确145个病灶,假阴性8个,无假阳性,其敏感性94.7%,特异性100%。结论：在显示脊椎骨转移方面,MRI较PET/CT具有更高的敏感性、特异性。     

治疗前胃癌患者18F-FDG PET/CT显像特征分析

目的 探讨治疗前胃癌患者¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像特征,并分析影响胃癌原发灶最大标准摄取值(maximum standardized uptake value, SUVmax)的相关因素。方法 选取并分析2017年1月～2019年12月经病理学证实的70例胃癌患者临床资料,所有患者均于治疗前在本院行PET/CT全身显像,显像结果采用半定量分析及视觉分析。不同病理分型、性别、年龄、是否淋巴结转移、是否脏器转移组间原发灶SUVmax值比较采用t检验;不同原发灶部位组间SUVmax值比较采用方差分析;原发灶最大厚度值与原发灶SUVmax值相关性采用Pearson相关分析。结果 70例患者中66例原发灶¹⁸氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖(¹⁸F-2-fluro-D-deoxy-glucose,¹⁸F-FDG)显像阳性,灵敏度94.3%,SUVmax9.6±4.9;PET显像灵敏度肠型胃癌高于非肠型胃癌[3 3/3 3 (1 0 0%) vs2 7/3 1 (8 7.1%)]、非粘液腺癌高于粘液腺癌[5 4/5 5...