五厂家吲达帕胺片溶出度研究

目的建立吲达帕胺片的溶出度试验方法,对5厂家生产的吲达帕胺片的含量和溶出度进行测定。方法0.05M pH 6.8的磷酸盐缓冲液作为溶出介质,采用转篮法测定溶出度,转速为100r.m in-1,温度为(37.0±0.5)℃;用紫外分光光度法测定含量,测定波长为242nm,并对溶出参数进行了统计学处理。结果各厂家吲达帕胺片的溶出参数(T 50、Td、m)有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论不同厂家生产的吲达帕胺片的溶出度明显不一致,进行溶出度检查有助于控制质量。     

曲克芦丁溶出度测定条件的优选和体外溶出的比较

目的建立曲克芦丁片的溶出度试验方法,对5厂家生产的曲克芦丁片的含量和溶出度进行测定。方法对该片剂的溶出度测定的基本条件进行筛选,用紫外分光光度法测定含量,测定波长为349nm,并对溶出参数进行了统计学处理。结果以纯化水为溶出介质,转速为125 r·min-1,60 min取样为测定该片剂的最佳测定条件,各厂家曲克芦丁片的溶出参数(t50、td、m)差异有高度统计学意义(P<0．01)。结论5厂家生产的曲克芦丁片的溶出行为明显不一致,进行溶出度检查有助于控制质量。     

不同厂家利培酮片的体外溶出度比较

目的:比较4个厂家利培酮片的体外溶出度,为临床用药提供参考.方法:采用小杯法进行体外溶出度试验,以高效液相色谱法进行含量测定,计算累积溶出百分率.以威布尔方程拟合溶出参数,并用方差分析对组间溶出参数进行统计学处理.结果:四个厂家所生产的利培酮片体外溶出度均符合<中国药典>2010年版规定,但各厂家利培酮片的溶出参数m、T30、T50、Td、T80间差异有统计学意义 (P<0.01).结论:不同厂家利培酮片的体外溶出参数存在差异,临床用药时应加以注意.     

不同厂家卡马西平片溶出度比较

目的建立卡马西平片的溶出度试验方法，对4厂家生产的卡马西平片的含量和溶出度进行测定。方法以稀盐酸24mL加水至1000mL为溶出介质，采用桨法测定溶出度，转速为100r／min，温度为（37．0±0、5）℃；用反相高效液相色谱（RP—HPLC）法测定含量，测定波长为285nm，并对溶出参数进行了统计学处理。结果各厂家卡马西平片的溶出参数（T50，Td，m）有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论不同厂家生产的卡马西平片的溶出度明显不一致，进行溶出度检查有助于控制药品质量。     

4厂家卡维地洛片溶出度考察

目的:考察不同厂家生产的卡维地洛片的体外溶出度,为临床用药提供参考。方法:采用转篮法进行体外溶出度试验,以紫外分光光度法测定卡维地洛的含量,计算累积溶出百分率;以威布尔方程拟合溶出参数T50、Td、T80、m,再对参数进行方差分析。结果:4厂家卡维地洛片的体外溶出度均符合2005年版《中国药典》中的相关规定,但各厂家产品T50、Td、T80、m间均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:不同厂家卡维地洛片的溶出参数存在差异,临床用药时应加以注意。     

不同厂家卡马西平片溶出度考察

目的建立卡马西平片的溶出度试验方法,对3厂家生产的卡马西平片的含量和溶出度进行测定。方法以稀盐酸24mL加水至1000mL为溶出介质,采用桨法测定溶出度．转速为150r·min^-1温度为（37．0±0．5）℃;用紫外分光光度法测定含量,测定波长为285nm。并对溶出参数进行了统计学处理。结果各厂家卡马西平片的溶出参数（T50．Td,m）有极显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论不同厂家生产的卡马西平片的溶出度明显不一致,进行溶出度检查有助于控制药品质量。     

5种格列齐特片的质量考察

目的对5个厂家生产的格列齐特片进行质量评价。方法以磷酸盐缓冲液(pH值＝8.6)1 000 mL作为溶出递质，采用转篮法测定溶出度，转速为150 r·min^-1 ，温度为(37.0±0.5)℃，用紫外分光光度法测定含量，并对溶出参数进行统计学处理；同时对各厂家生产的片剂含量均匀度进行考察。 结果各厂家格列齐特片的溶出参数(t50、td、m等)均差异有极显著性(均P＜0.01)，含量均匀度也有差别。 结论5个厂家生产的格列齐特片的质量有明显差别。     

不同厂家羟乙基芦丁片体外溶出度的考察

对国内4个厂家生产的6批羟乙基芦丁片的体外释放度进行考察,为其质量控制提供参考.采用转篮法和紫外分光光度法进行释放度测定.结果不同厂家产品的溶出参数(T5o、Td、T8o)有极显著性差异(P＜0.01),溶出参数m值均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).经两两Q检验,同一厂家溶出度参数无显著性差异,不同厂家(除B1厂外)均无显著性差异.因此,必须对羟乙基芦丁片进行溶出度测定,以控制其质量.     

3个药厂地氯雷他定片的溶出度考察

目的　比较3个药厂生产的地氯雷他定片的体外溶出度。方法　采用紫外分光光度法测定地氯雷他定片的含量,用溶出度测定第三法(中国药典)测定体外溶出度,根据Weibull分布求得溶出参数(T50 ,Td,m) ,并对参数进行方差分析。结果　3个药厂产品的含量和含量均匀度均符合国家药品监督管理局颁发的规定标准,但是3个药厂产品的溶出参数有统计学差异(P <0 . 0 1或P <0 . 0 5 )。结论　由于生产工艺和制剂处方不同,各厂家产品的体外溶出度有统计学差异。     

不同厂家苯妥英钠溶出度考察

目的对国内4个厂家生产的苯妥英钠片进行了溶出度考察.方法依据中国药典2000年版二部溶出度项下有关规定进行测定和比较.结果提取参数(T50、Td、m),并对参数进行相关性研究.结论各厂家产品溶出度参数差异有极显著性(P<0.01).A、C、D厂家苯妥英钠片均符合中国药典规定,B厂不符合药典规定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.