遗传过敏性皮炎患者血清IL—4水平与IgE的关系

采用酶联免疫技术检测２１例遗传过敏性皮炎患者血清白细胞介素４（ＩＬ－４）及ＩｇＥ水平。实验结果发现，ＡＤ患者血清ＩＬ－４水平比正常人显著增高，并且与ＩｇＥ密切相关。说明ＡＤ的发病与ＩＬ－４产一失调，从而导致Ｂ细胞合成ＩｇＥ增加有关。人ＩＬ－４酶联免疫检测具有敏感、特异、简便、快速及结果可靠等特点。     

IFN—γ和IL—4对IgE生成的调节作用探讨

本文通过对鸡蛋过敏患者血清及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）培养上清的ＩｇＥ水平测定，探讨了γ－干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）、白细胞介素４（ＩＬ－４）参与ＩｇＥ生成的调节机制。结果表明：ＩＦＮ－γ可抑制ＩｇＥ的生成，而ＩＬ－４则相反。ＰＢＭＣｓ培养上清中ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４与ＩｇＥ浓度之间呈显著相关。     

IFN－γ和IL－4对IgE生成的调节作用探讨

本文通过对鸡蛋过敏患者血清及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）培养上清的ＩｇＥ水平测定，探讨了γ－干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）、白细胞介素４（ＩＬ－４）参与ＩｇＥ生成的调节机制。结果表明：ＩＦＮ－γ可抑制ＩｇＥ的生成，而ＩＬ－４则相反。ＰＢＭＣｓ培养上清中ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４与ＩｇＥ浓度之间呈显著相关。     

哮喘患者免疫治疗对细胞因子的影响

比较变应性哮喘用粉尘螨浸出液抗原免疫治疗６～１２月与未用免疫治疗患者外周血淋巴细胞ＩＬ－４分细胞阳性率和ＩＦＮγ活性的变化，结果显示：免疫治疗患者ＩＬ－４分泌细胞阳性率显著低于未免疫治疗患者，而ＩＦＮγ活性则相反，同时免疫治疗患者也较未免疫治疗患者的Ｔｓ细胞活性显著增高，血清ＩｇＥ水平两者均高于正常对照组，表明ＩＬ－４ＩＦＮγ参与哮喘发病的免疫机理。     

毛细支气管炎患者细胞因子异常与发病机理研究

毛细支气管炎患者细胞因子异常与发病机理研究符州李成荣杨锡强王莉佳张远维为了解毛细支气管炎（毛支）发病机理与机体免疫功能的关系，探讨环境与遗传因素对发病的影响，对２４例不同病毒感染的毛支患儿取血清及外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）培养，用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定...     

肾病综合征患者PBMC上清IL－4和IFN－γ及血清IgE水平

本文报道，对４２例原发性单纯型肾病综合征（ＩＮＳ）患者及相应年龄组健康儿童进行ＩＬ－４、ＩＦＮ－γ及血清ＩｇＥ水平测定，结果表明，极期患者ＩＬ－４和ＩｇＥ水平均显著高于正常对照组，且两者呈正相关，而ＩＦＮ－γ水平显著低于正常对照组；缓解期患者ＩＬ－４、ＩＦＮ－γ及ＩｇＥ均接近于正常水平。提示ＩＬ－４及ＩＦＮ－γ为ＩｇＥ异常变化的两个重要细胞因子，对ＩｇＥ的合成，ＩＬ－４及ＩＦＮ－γ起着正负反馈的调节作用。     

可溶性IL－2R在选择性IgA缺乏症发病机理中的意义

白细胞介素２（ＩＬ－２）及其受体（ＩＬ－２Ｒ）系统在机体免疫调节中发挥着重要作用。本研究首先以间接免疫荧光技术检测了选择性ＩｇＡ缺乏症（ＳＩｇＡＤ）患儿活化淋巴细胞膜表面白细胞介素２受体（ｍＩＬ－２Ｒα）的表达情况及其Ｔ细胞亚类水平，继而采用双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测了ＳＩｇＡＤ患儿血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒα）的含量。结果表明：ＳＩｇＡＤ患儿组的Ｔａｃ阳性细胞百分率（ｍＩＬ－２Ｒα）明显高于正常对照组，其ＣＤ４＋细胞百分率明显低于正常对照组、ＣＤ８＋细胞百分率明显高于正常对照组。而其血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒα含量亦明显高于正常对照组。研究显示：ＳＩｇＡＤ患儿ｍＩＬ－２Ｒα的表达虽高于正常对照组，但因其Ｔ细胞亚类的显著异常既有体内存在着明显的细胞免疫功能的损害，导致ＩＬ－２的生成不足，使高水平的ＳＩＬ－２Ｒα大量脱落成为ＳＩＬ－２Ｒα，而ＳＩＬ－２Ｒα又可与ＳＩＬ－２Ｒα竞争结合ＩＬ－２，从而使机体细胞免疫功能的损害进一步加剧。     

蜂毒的免疫调节机制研究

目的：探讨蜂毒对免疫系统的调节作用。方法：对健康志愿者蜂毒螯剂,分别于螯刺前后检测血浆及单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）经ＰＨＡ诱导产生的ＩＬ－２／ＩＬ－４,以及ＩｇＧ、、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、Ｃ３,反映机体细胞免疫及体液免疫功能变化。结果：蜂毒后机体血浆及诱导ＰＢＭＣ产生的ＩＬ－２含量明显增高,血浆ＩＬ－４含量明显降低,诱生ＰＢＭＣ产生的ＩＬ－４无明显变化,同时血浆中的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、Ｃ３的量在蜂疗前后     

外周血T细胞亚群及细胞因子对外源性哮喘IgE生成…

对３０例哮喘患者及３０例健康成年人的外周血，采用单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）间接免疫荧光法测定Ｔ细胞亚群；ＥＬＩＳＡ双抗体夹心法测定ＩｇＥ、ＩＬ－４；ＦＩ２细胞株，生物学方法测定ＩＬ－２；ＩＬ－６依赖细胞株７ＴＤ１，掺入法测定ＩＬ－６；用抗人ＣＤ２３的ＭｃＡｂ测定ＣＤ２３。为研究Ｔ细胞、细胞因子对哮喘ＩｇＥ生成调节机理及细胞因子在哮喘发病过程中的作用。结果显示：发作期ＩｇＥ、ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－４、ＣＤ２３     

γ－干扰素和白细胞介素－4在支气管哮喘发病中作用的研究

阐明ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４在支气管哮喘发病中的作用。选择了急性发作期和缓解期病人及正常人各２０例作为研究对象。实验结果表明，急性发作期病人的ＩＬ－４分泌细胞明显高于缓解期和正常对照组，病人血清总ＩｇＥ也高于正常对照组，但在两组病人之间无明显差异。ＰＨＡ－诱导的ＩＦＮ－γ活性在病人和正常对照组之间也无明显的差异。值得注意的是，在急性发作期病人，ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４之间，ＩＦＮ－γ和血清总ＩｇＥ水平之间存在着负相关。进一步表明由于病人体内ＩＦＮ－γ和ＩＬ－４之间的不平衡是引起哮喘发作和血清ＩｇＥ升高的重要原因。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.