海阳市2004年托幼机构消毒卫生状况

为了解海阳市托幼机构卫生状况,加强消毒管理,于2004年我们对海阳市辖区25所私营,公立托幼机构消毒效果进行了抽样调查和监测。1对象与方法共检测托幼机构15所,其中5所为私立幼儿园,10所为公立幼儿园。对用现行消毒方法进行消毒的活动室、寝室,教师手,幼儿手、桌面,玩具、餐具、水杯、毛巾,按《消毒技术规范》进行采样和细菌学检查。空气采用平板沉降法(细菌菌落总数≤2 500 cfu/m3为合格);手及物体表面用浸有无菌稀释液的棉拭子采样(餐具、水杯菌落总数≤5 cfu/cm2,其他≤8 cfu/cm2为合格);手及物体表面大肠菌群采用TTC纸片法菌落总数≤5…     

瑞安市15所医院消毒质量监测结果分析

为了解我市医疗单位消毒质量 ,控制医源性感染。我站于 1998年、 1999年对我市 15所医院进行了消毒质量检测 ,结果报告如下 :1　对象与方法1.1　对象　 15所医院的手术室、供应室、产房、监护室等重点科室的空气、医护人员手、物体表面、消毒液 (戊二醛、新洁尔灭 )及灭菌器械的微生物污染情况 ,紫外线强度和灭菌器械 HBs Ag检测。1.2　方法　空气、消毒液、医务人员手指按《医院消毒卫生标准》 (GB15 982— 1995 )检测和评价。手术室、产房空气菌落总数≤ 5 0 0 cfu/m3, 、 类环境的物体表面和医务人员手的菌落总数少于或等于 5 cfu/cm2 …     

长幼机构消毒效果监测

为了保障孩子们的身体健康 ,对本县乡镇、个体幼儿园进行消毒效果监测 ,找出影响幼儿健康的关键因素及预防措施。1　材料与方法1.1　样品来源　 12家乡镇幼儿园、 8家个体幼儿园各类检材共 40 7份。1.2　检测项目　空气中的细菌总数、溶血性链球菌、物体表面细菌总数、大肠菌群及手细菌总数。1.3　评价标准　根据卫生部消毒技术规范 ,浙江省托幼机构预防性消毒监测方案进行。空气细菌总数≤ 5 0 0 cfu/ cm3 ;物体表面细菌总数≤ 10 cfu/ ;手细菌总数≤ 10 cfu/ cm2 。不得检出大肠菌群、溶血性链球菌为合格。2　结果2 .1　空气监测　共检测…     

产房医院感染的分析

产房是临产孕妇阴式产分娩的地方 ,洗婴室是每日清洗新生儿的地方 ,其空气环境、医疗仪器及医护人员手外表的消毒彻底与否 ,直接关系到产妇与新生儿的身体健康 ,关系到院内感染的能否发生。我院产房从 1997年～ 2 0 0 0年进行了 184次空气微生物学监测 ,共有 5次空气监测细菌菌落总数大于 2 0 0 cfu/ m3,其中 1997年超标 3次 ,1998年、1999年、2 0 0 0年各超标 1次 ;物体表面进行了 4 8次微生物学监测 ,共有 4次菌落数大于 5 cfu/ cm2 ,其中 1997年超标 2次 ,1998年、 1999年各超标 1次 ;医护人员手进行了 4 8次微生物学监测 ,共有 2次菌落…     

托幼机构消毒质量调查实验报告

为了解锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特市托幼机构卫生消毒质量,更好地保障幼儿的身体健康,我们对锡林浩特市托幼机构的空气、玩具、教师的手、餐具进行卫生学检测,现将结果报道如下。1材料与方法1.1采样对象锡林浩特市各托幼机构的空气、玩具、教师的手、餐具等。1.2检验方法依据托幼机构消毒技术规范。1.3判定标准[1]空气细菌菌落总数≤1000cfu/m3;玩具表面细菌菌落总数≤10cfu/cm2;教师手细菌菌落总数≤10cfu/cm2;餐具大肠菌群不得检出;致病菌不得检出[2]。     

新生儿重症监护室中空气细菌菌落数影响因素分析

目的　了解重症新生儿监护病房 (NICU )内医护人员活动人数和空气洁净器的使用对空气细菌菌落数的影响。　方法　采用空气自然沉降法计数不同条件下空气细菌菌落数 ,并研究其影响因素及它们之间的关联程度。　结果　 2次观察 17组室内空气细菌菌落数 ,最高值为 (14 4 7± 38) cfu/ m3,最低值为 (2 0 5± 14 ) cfu/ m3,均值为 (5 0 0± 2 2 ) cfu/ m3,中位数为 346 cfu/ m3。病室内细菌菌落数在人数≥ 9人时为 (6 72± 2 6 ) cfu/ m3,人数 <9人时为 (346± 19) cfu/ m3,差异有显著性 (U=10 .2 ,P<0 .0 1) ;洁净器的关开状态菌落数均值分别为 (5 5 .2± 2 3) cfu/ m3,(4 2 5±2 1) cfu/ m3,差异有显著性 (U=4 .0 5 ,P<0 .0 1)。　结论　病室内空气细菌菌落数受室内活动人员数的影响很明显 ,洁净器的使用与室内空气细菌菌落数之间的关系有待进一步研究。     

某血站感染控制消毒质量管理与监测结果分析

目的监测血站采供血环境的卫生消毒质量及效果,以便为科学管理提供依据。方法在消毒前后对室内空气、物体表面及工作人员和献血员手进行抽样检测。结果用多功能循环风空气消毒机作用30min后在正常工作状态下可保持室内空气自然菌总数在200cfu/m3以下,用含有效氯500mg/L的消毒溶液擦拭地面和物体表面,使物体表面自然菌总数下降率为95%以上,菌数保持在5cfu/cm2以下。工作人员及献血员手的皮肤用含2500mg/L有效碘的碘伏液擦拭2遍消毒,可使皮肤上自然菌总数下降率达到95%以上,维持细菌数在5cfu/cm2以下。结论血站采供血环境及工作人员手指采用正确的常规消毒方法,认真落实各项消毒管理制度并加强监测和管理,可以确保卫生消毒质量达到合格要求。     

北流市区幼儿园消毒效果监测

为了解我市城区托幼机构消毒效果 ,我们于1999～ 2 0 0 0年对北流城区 12所幼儿园进行了预防性消毒效果监测 ,现将结果报告如下。1　材料与方法　　采样和检验方法均按 1991年卫生部《消毒技术规范》进行。对幼儿活动室和卧室空气细菌污染监测 ,以细菌总数≤ 50 0 cfu/ m3 为合格。对保育员和幼儿的手 ,以及玩具、桌子、毛巾等物体表面监测 ,以细菌总数≤ 10 cfu/ cm2 为合格。对餐饮具监测以细菌总数≤ 5cfu/ cm2 ,并且 50 cm2 未检出大肠杆菌为合格。2　结果　　我市城区幼儿园预防性消毒合格率不高 ,其中室内空气合格率为 53 .6% ,幼儿手…     

托幼机构消毒效果管理前后的比较

1　材料和方法参照《中华人民共和国国家标准》 GB15 982 - 1995和GB19981- 1995规定的监测方法与判断标准。物体表面用 5× 5无菌规格板和棉试涂抹采样 ,保育员手直接用棉拭涂抹采样 ,室内空气用直径 9cm普通营业琼脂平板沉降 5 m in采样 ,监测细菌总数。紫外线灯幅照强度值≥ 70 uw/ m2 。空气>2 5 0 0 cfu/ m3 物体表面和保育员的手≤ 10 cfu/ cm2 为合格。2　监测结果加强管理前共采样 15 7份 ,合格 80份 ,合格率为5 0 .96 % (80 / 15 7) ,加强管理后共采样 118份 ,合格 112份合格率为 94.92 % (112 /118)。经统计学分析 ,两者差异有…     

口腔科治疗室污染状况调查

目的 了解口腔科治疗室在治疗过程中距治疗点不同距离的空气及物体表面污染状况,预防控制医院感染.方法 在距治疗点≤0.5、1、2、5 m处布点,比较各点间污染状况差异.结果 监测空气112份,合格16份,合格率仪为14.29％,监测物体表面120份,细菌总数全部超标,6份HBsAg阳性,阳性率为5.00％,7份检出致病菌,检出率为5.83％;距治疗点不同距离的空气和物体表面污染状况有较大差异,据采样地点≤0.5m处空气及物体表面菌落数分别为12564.30CFU/m3、3659.90 CFU/cm2污染倍数为26.90、29.99倍;据采样地点5 m处空气及物体表面菌落数分别为467.00CFU/m3、122.20 CFU/cm2污染倍数为1.00、1.00倍.结论 污染状况随距治疗点距离的增加而降低,建议加强动态空气消毒和双向防护.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.