模拟高原不同时间缺氧暴露对大鼠红细胞结构与功能的影响

目的:初步探讨模拟高原不同时间缺氧暴露对大鼠红细胞结构与功能的影响及机制。方法:40只雄性SD大鼠随机分成5组(每组8只):常氧组、缺氧1周组、缺氧2周组、缺氧3周组和缺氧4周组。各缺氧组大鼠置于模拟海拔5 800 m的低压舱内,连续暴露相应时间后,采集全血,测定血常规、红细胞变形指数和红细胞渗透脆性,绘制血红蛋白氧解离曲线,分析计算红细胞凋亡率,观察骨髓切片病理学变化。结果:与常氧组相比,各缺氧组红细胞计数、血红蛋白含量、红细胞平均体积、红细胞平均血红蛋白含量和磷脂酰丝氨酸外翻率均显著增加(P0.01),血红蛋白氧饱和度为50%时的氧分压显著增大(P0.05),骨髓红系增生增加,红细胞变形指数及渗透脆性显著降低(P0.01),血红蛋白氧离曲线右移。结论:在模拟高原缺氧初期,外周血中红细胞的结构与功能发生代偿性改变以利于高原习服;但是,随着缺氧时间的延长,血管内滞留过多的异常红细胞容易导致血栓形成及微循环障碍,并加重机体的组织细胞缺氧。     

高碳酸血症通过赖氨酰氧化酶依赖的胶原蛋白交联影响大鼠缺氧性肺动脉高压

目的:通过研究缺氧和/或高碳酸血症时赖氨酰氧化酶(LOX)以及细胞外基质胶原蛋白的交联变化,探讨高碳酸血症对缺氧性肺动脉高压的影响机制。方法:SD大鼠随机均分为4组,分别为常氧对照组、缺氧组、高碳酸血症组以及缺氧+高碳酸血症组。比色法测定胶原蛋白含量,荧光光谱法分析LOX酶活性,免疫组织化学和Western blot法检测肺动脉LOX蛋白含量,实时荧光定量PCR检测肺动脉LOX的mRNA水平。结果:缺氧组大鼠平均肺动脉压(m PAP)、右心室/(左心室+室间隔)重量比值[RV/(LV+S)]及血管壁面积(WA)/血管总面积(TA)均明显高于常氧对照组;高碳酸血症组与常氧对照组的m PAP、RV/(LV+S)差异无统计学显著性;缺氧+高碳酸血症组大鼠的m PAP及RV/(LV+S)显著低于单纯缺氧组。缺氧组大鼠肺组织的胶原交联程度则明显高于常氧组及高碳酸血症组;高碳酸血症组大鼠肺组织的胶原交联程度与常氧组比较无显著差异;缺氧+高碳酸血症组大鼠肺组织的胶原交联程度显著低于缺氧组。缺氧组大鼠肺动脉LOX的mRNA、蛋白表达量及其酶活性均高于常氧组(P0.01);缺氧+高碳酸血症组大鼠肺动脉LOX mRNA、蛋白表达以及酶活性均明显低于缺氧组(P0.01)。结论:缺氧能诱导肺动脉LOX高表达,通过促进胶原合成及交联,参与肺动脉高压的形成。高碳酸血症通过抑制缺氧诱导的LOX表达和胶原交联,延缓缺氧性肺动脉高压的进展。     

酸枣仁提取物对睡眠剥夺大鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨酸枣仁提取物对睡眠剥夺大鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:30只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、实验组,每组各10只。除对照组外,其余两组采用多平台水环境法建立睡眠剥夺动物模型,建模同时实验组给予酸枣仁提取物,模型组与对照组给予等量生理盐水。计算大鼠脾脏指数、胸腺指数,采用MMT法评价脾淋巴细胞活性和NK细胞活性。通过旷场实验测定大鼠行为学。测定外周血CD4~+、CD8~+ T淋巴细胞比例、CD4~+/CD8~+。采用ELISA测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-1β、IL-2、IL-6水平。结果:与模型组相比,实验组大鼠旷场实验水平和垂直得分、脾脏指数、胸腺指数、T淋巴细胞活性显著升高;CD4~+T淋巴细胞比例和CD4~+/CD8~+T淋巴细胞比值显著升高,CD8~+T淋巴细胞比例显著降低,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2和IL-6水平均显著下降(P0.05)。结论:酸枣仁提取物能够缓解睡眠剥夺引起的焦虑行为,通过调节T淋巴细胞亚群平衡,抑制血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2和IL-6炎症因子释放,改善免疫功能。     

慢性缺氧和炎性细胞因子刺激对大鼠颈动脉体中白介素1受体Ⅰ型表达的影响

目的:观察慢性低压性缺氧和重组鼠白介素1β(rmIL-1β)刺激对大鼠颈动脉体中白细胞介素1受体Ⅰ型(IL-1RⅠ)表达的影响。方法:雄性SD大鼠分为4组,T1组缺氧伴rmIL-1β刺激;T2组单纯缺氧;T3组仅rmIL-1β刺激;T4组既不缺氧也无rmIL-1β刺激。对颈动脉体行免疫组化染色,并做半定量分析。结果:T2和T3组颈动脉体IL-1RⅠ表达比T4组显著上调;T1组比T2和T3组也显著升高。双因素方差分析表明,缺氧和rmIL-1β刺激间无交互作用。结论:慢性缺氧和IL-1β刺激均可致颈动脉体IL-1RⅠ上调;慢性缺氧伴IL-1β刺激比单纯缺氧或IL-1β刺激可引起IL-1RⅠ更显著的增加,但二者无协同或拮抗作用。     

归芪合剂联合缬沙坦对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能的保护作用

目的：研究归芪合剂联合缬沙坦对2型糖尿病（T2DM）大鼠肾脏功能的保护作用。方法：建立T2DM大鼠模型,给予归芪合剂联合缬沙坦灌胃治疗12周,测定大鼠空腹血糖（FBG）、血脂（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）的水平;测定胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、肾脏肥大指数（KW／BW）和肾皮质钠钾-ATP酶活性。结果：①与正常对照组比较,T2DM模型组大鼠FBG、TG、TC、MDA和KW／BW显著升高,SOD、IsI和肾皮质钠钾-ATP酶活性显著降低;②与T2DM模型组比较,治疗组大鼠FBG、TG、TC、MDA和KW／BW显著降低,SOD、ISI和肾皮质钠钾-ATP酶活性显著升高。结论：归芪合剂联合缬沙坦对T2DM大鼠肾脏功能具有明显保护作用,其机制可能与降低糖尿病大鼠血糖血脂,提高机体抗氧化应急能力和改善肾脏局部血循环有关。     

微小RNA-7敲减对小鼠脾脏中T淋巴细胞体外功能的影响

观察微小RNA-7(microRNA-7,miR-7)敲减(Knock down,KD)对小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞体外功能的影响并探讨其意义。常规分离野生型(wild type,WT)小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞,经CD3和CD28抗体刺激后,Real-time PCR检测不同时间点(0h;24h;48h)细胞中miR-7的表达变化;进一步用Con A、CD3和CD28抗体刺激miR-7KD小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞,CCK8检测细胞增殖率;Real-time PCR检测miR-7KD小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞IL-12、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α、IFN-γ和IL-10表达的变化;FACS检测CD4+T和CD8+T细胞的数量变化及CD4+T细胞膜分子CD44、CD62L和IL-4、IFN-γ的表达变化。结果显示,WT小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞活化后,miR-7的表达水平显著上调(P0.05);与WT小鼠相比,在Con A、CD3和CD28抗体作用下miR-7KD小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖明显增加(P0.05);miR-7KD小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞IL-12、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ水平均明显上调(P0.05),而IL-10表达显著下调(P0.05);FACS检测结果显示CD4+T细胞比例明显上调(P0.05),而CD8+T细胞的比例变化不显著(P0.05);CD4+T细胞膜分子CD62L水平显著下降,CD69及IL-4、IFN-γ的表达水平均显著上调(P0.05)。结果表明,miR-7敲减以后可显著影响小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞的功能,本实验为后续深入探讨其在T淋巴细胞功能调控中的作用提供实验依据。     

慢性缺氧和炎性细胞因子刺激对大鼠颈动脉体中IL-1β表达的影响

采用免疫组织化学染色和图像分析方法观察慢性低压性缺氧和腹腔注射重组鼠IL-1β(rmIL-1β)对颈动脉体中IL-1β表达的影响。雄性SD大鼠20只,随机分为4组:T1组缺氧并腹腔注射rmIL-1β;T2组单纯缺氧;T3组仅腹腔注射rmIL-1β;T4组不缺氧也未腹腔注射rmIL-1β。T1组和T2组采用慢性低压性缺氧模型,大鼠在低压氧舱内连续缺氧2周,每天9h(PB=375Torr)。T3组和T4组也每天放入低压氧舱内9h,但不给予低压缺氧。T1组和T3组在第13d放入低压氧舱前,给予腹腔注射rmIL-1β1000ng/kg,T2组和T4组给予腹腔注射相同体积的生理盐水。第14d四组动物分别在低压缺氧舱中缺氧或常氧处理6h后,注射与前一天相同量的rmIL-1β或生理盐水,然后继续低氧或对照处理3h。处理完毕后麻醉处死动物。结果显示:与未给予缺氧和rmIL-1β刺激的T4组相比,T2组(单纯缺氧组)或T3组(单纯注射rmIL-1β)颈动脉体中IL-1β表达均上调(P<0.05);双因素方差分析的结果表明,缺氧和腹腔注射rmIL-1β之间无交互作用(P>0.05)。以上结果提示:慢性缺氧和炎性细胞因子刺激均可导致颈动脉体内IL-1β的上调,IL-1β可能与颈动脉体的功能调节有关。     

红景天苷对平原移居高原大鼠心脏损伤的保护作用研究

目的研究红景天苷对平原移居高原大鼠心脏的保护作用及其可能机制。方法将50只Wistar大鼠随机分为平原对照组、高原缺氧组、高原供氧组、红景天苷高剂量组和红景天苷低剂量组(100、50 mg·kg~(-1)·d-1),每组10只。红景天苷给药组用1 ml食用油混溶后灌胃,其余组用1 ml食用油灌胃,每天1次,持续给药30 d。末次给药后,记录大鼠的一般情况;测定大鼠体质量、心率、血压、心脏指数、胸腺指数、脾指数、肝脏指数,肝脏ADP(二磷酸腺苷)、ATP(三磷酸腺苷),脾脏CD4、CD3,血清cTn-Ⅰ(心肌肌钙蛋白-Ⅰ)、CK(肌酸激酶)、CK-MB(肌酸激酶同工酶)、Mb(肌红蛋白)、心肌炎标记分子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10),心脏组织TGF-β1、NF-κB p65和TNF-α水平以及全血RBC(红细胞计数)、HBG(血红蛋白)的水平,并做心脏HE染色。结果与平原对照组相比,高原缺氧组大鼠心率、收缩压、舒张压显著增高(P0.05);体质量、心脏指数、胸腺指数、肝指数、脾指数以及CD3、ADP和ATP水平均显著降低(P0.05),血清cTn-Ⅰ、CK、IL-1β、iNOS、IL-6水平和全血RBC、HBG水平均显著升高(P0.05),而IL-10水平显著降低;心肌组织TGF-β1、NF-κB p65和TNF-α的表达水平均显著上调(P0.01)。高、低剂量组的红景天苷均能不同程度改善上述缺氧表现。心脏HE染色结果显示,与高原缺氧组大鼠心肌比较,红景天苷高、低剂量组大鼠和供氧组大鼠心肌缺氧病变改善明显。结论红景天苷对平原移居高原大鼠心脏具有保护作用,其可能机制与抑制TGF-β1/NF-κB p65/TNF-α炎症通路有关。     

腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂对氧反常大鼠心脏的保护作用

本文观察到腺苷脱氨酶抑制剂EHNA对离体灌流大鼠心脏氧反常性损伤有明显的作用,此外还发现在缺氧期(无氧灌流30分钟)EHNA也表现出明显的保护作用,心脏收缩幅度的降低和静息张力的升高均显著低于对照组。表明在缺氧期也可能有自由基的产生。     

化学阻断交感神经对脾脏形态学的影响及其抗氧化机制的研究

目的研究使用六羟多巴胺(6-OHDA)化学性阻断交感神经对小鼠脾脏形态原的影响及其抗氧化机制。方法应用组织学、免疫组织化学、MTT等方法研究了化学性阻断交感神经对小鼠脾脏组织结构、脾淋巴细胞体内和体外增殖以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果 6-OHDA组的脾脏平均重量下降,动脉周围淋巴鞘面积和脾小体直径均分别低于对照组12.62%和20.21%。脾小体和边缘区以及动脉周围淋鞘细胞的PCNA的阳性率分别比对照组降低了82.23%、30.37%和33.16%,但在红髓内差异不显著。用ConA诱发体外T淋巴细胞增殖,实验组的刺激指数均低于对照组,尤其在6、15μg/ml时差异极显著;用LPS诱导脾脏B细胞增殖的结果可见实验组的刺激指数在15μg/ml和25μg/ml分别低于对照组9.39%和12.31%。6-OHDA组SOD、GSH-Px和T-AOC均低于对照组,而MDA含量高于对照组49.94%。结论阻断交感神经造成脾脏组织的氧化损伤,表现为脾脏重量下降,动脉周围淋巴鞘的面积和脾小体直径减少以及脾淋巴细胞增殖水平降低。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.