53例急性间质性肾炎临床病理分析

目的 分析急性间质性肾炎（acute interstitial nephr-itis,AIN）的病因、临床表现及肾脏病理改变,探讨联合糖皮质激素治疗AIN的效果及预后.方法 回顾性分析我院自2004年1月至2012年12月经肾活检确诊的53例AIN患者的病因、临床表现、肾脏病理改变及联合糖皮质激素治疗的疗效等.结果 肾活检病例7 965例,确诊为AIN的53例（占0.67%）,其中11例（占20.75%）合并基础肾小球疾病.分析53例AIN的病因,药物相关性急性间质性肾炎（DAIN）32例（占60.38%）,其中抗生素导致的AIN 14例,占DAIN的43.75%.感染导致的AIN 10例（占18.87%）.主要的临床表现包括急性肾衰竭49例（占92.45%）、镜下血尿33例（占62.26%）、贫血31例（占58.49%）、蛋白尿31例（占58.49%）、白细胞尿17例（占32.08%）、发热14例（占26.42%）,少尿14例（占26.42%）、皮疹4例（占7.55%）、关节痛3例（占5.66%）、嗜酸细胞增高2例（占3.77%）.病理表现示肾小管间质水肿伴炎症细胞浸润,肾小管损伤轻重不等,合并有基础肾小球疾病者有肾小球损伤.共有16例（占30.19%）患者行血液透析治疗,除1例患者在肾活检结果出来前死亡外,其余52例患者均予糖皮质激素治疗.治疗好转出院时32例（占60.38%）患者肾功能恢复正常,16例行血液透析治疗的患者10例肾功能好转摆脱透析,5例维持性血液透析治疗,1例死亡.结论 AIN常见的病因为药物和感染,主要临床表现为非少尿性急性肾衰竭、血尿、贫血、蛋白尿等,联合糖皮质激素治疗效果较好.     

间质性肾炎19例临床与病理分析

目的 探讨间质性肾炎的临床与病理特点。方法 回顾分析经肾活检证实的急、慢性间质性肾炎完整病历资料19例。结果 本组19例，急性患者7例；慢性患者12例，病因明确9例（47．4％），主要诱发因素是药物（66．7％）；全部病例中以蛋白尿、浮肿、肾功能不全为主要表现，仅部分患者出现肾小管功能损害的临床表现；其病理特点以肾间质的炎性浸润为主，而肾小球、肾小血管基本正常；本组6例急性肾功能不全患者在血透的基础上加用激素治疗，效果良好。结论 间质性肾炎的临床表现不典型，肾小管间质本身损害的临床表现并不突出，其病理的基本特征为：间质的炎性细胞浸润、水肿或纤维化，肾小球、肾小血管基本正常。     

急性肾功能衰竭临床与病理类型分析

目的分析总结急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)病理类型与临床关联、治疗、转归情况,探讨ARF肾活检指征,提高ARF诊治水平.方法收集1998.7～2004.8我科ARF行肾活检患者的病理、临床资料、治疗以及转归情况.结果6年间肾活检ARF共261例,占同期ARF的38.7%(261/674).男性145例,女性116例;平均年龄(41.58±16.89)岁;Scr 444.24±366.19μmol/L,BUN(21.52±12.72)mmol/L.肾小管间质病变105例,占肾活检40.2%,占同期肾小管间质病变26.4%,47.6%的肾小管间质性ARF由药物引起,占首位,其中急性肾小管坏死(ATN)55例和急性间质性肾炎(AIN)30例,各占肾活检的21.1%和11.5%.肾小球小血管病变120例,占肾活检46.0%,占同期肾小球小血管病变88.9%,主要病变为新月体肾炎(CGN)58例和狼疮肾炎(LN)45例,分别占肾小球小血管病变的48.3%和37.5%,占ARF肾活检的22.2%和17.2%.肾病综合征伴肾前性ARF 36例,占13.8%.肾活检纠正诊断40例,占15.3%,主要是CGN误诊为其他类型的肾小球肾炎,AIN误诊为ATN,肾活检前后临床与病理符合率84.7%.31.8%行血液净化治疗,总治愈率达78.5%,肾小管间质病变治愈率82.9%,肾小球小血管病变68.3%.结论ARF中肾脏病理具有重要意义.CGN和LN是肾小球小血管病变ARF的主要病理类型.肾活检有助于鉴别AIN与非典型性ATN,两者治疗截然不同.早期肾活检可提高ARF诊断率、降低误诊率,及时治疗可改善或恢复肾功能.     

急性间质性肾炎的临床病理分析

急性间质性肾炎（AIN）为一临床病理综合征，起病急。是致急性肾功能衰竭的重要原因。肾脏病理上可见肾间质水肿和炎性细胞浸润。肾小管呈不同程度退行性变。本研究对我院近10年来肾活检确诊的AIN患者病因、临床表现、肾脏病理进行分析，加深临床医生对AIN的认识．籍以提高对AIN的诊治水平。     

肾小管间质容量改变在狼疮性肾炎中的意义

对６８例狼疮性肾炎（ＬＮ）患者行肾活检检查，以定性、定量的方法观察了其小管间质损害程度、间质容量变化及肾小球病变各自对狼疮性肾炎肾功能状态的影响。结果发现：（１）伴有明显肾间质损害及肾功能异常者，肾间质容量（Ⅳ）明显增加（３４．７±１４．３％ｖｓ１４．８±４．８％△Ⅳ为２１．９±１０．９％）；（２）肾间质容量变化与肾功能改变之间呈明显相关关系；（３）不同的肾小球病变类型、肾小球病变活动性指数及有无ＩｇＧ在小管基膜上沉积对Ⅳ及肾功能均无明显影响。提示肾间质容量改变可以直接反映肾小管间质损害程度乃至肾功能的变化。在ＬＮ伴明显肾间质损害时，肾功能的变化主要与肾小管间质改变程度有关，而与同期存在的肾小球病变类型、严重程度及活动性关系不大。Ⅳ的定量分析可作为临床判断肾脏损害程度及功能状态的一项颇有价值的指标。     

临床表现为肾功能异常患者肾活检的病理分析及风险评估

目的：通过分析临床表现为肾功能异常患者肾活检的病理构成与并发症发生情况,明确肾活检在肾功能异常中的诊断价值及风险。方法：回顾性分析行肾活检的311例临床表现为肾功能异常（急性或慢性）患者和同期1717例肾功能正常患者的临床资料、超声影像与实验室检查数据,分析急性或慢性肾功能异常的肾活检病理结果以及肾活检并发症发生情况,并对影响因素进行多因素分析。结果：肾功能异常患者中急性89例、慢性222例。急性肾功能异常前3位病理类型为ANCA相关性肾炎、急性肾小管坏死和急性间质性肾炎;慢性肾功能异常前3位为IgA肾病、慢性肾小管间质损害和高血压肾损害。急、慢性肾功能异常的肾活检并发症分别为2.2%和5.8%,高于肾功能正常的发生率1.3%。但是没有肾脏切除、死亡等严重并发症。多因素分析显示肾小球滤过率与并发症发病率明显相关（P〈0.05）。结论：对肾功能异常患者谨慎肾活检,有助于明确病因和病理诊断,指导治疗。肾小球滤过率与并发症的发生密切相关。     

乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎患者肾组织Notch1受体表达与临床病理的相关性

目的 观察Notch1受体在乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（HBV-GN）患者肾组织中的表达分布特点,探讨其与肾组织病理及临床表现的相关性。 方法 以2008年至2010年经肾活检确诊的HBV-GN患者48例为研究对象。用免疫组化方法观察HBV-GN肾组织中Notch1受体的分布特征;免疫荧光双标观察Notch1受体与HBsAg的分布关系;分析其与病理类型、肾小球病变、肾小管病变及临床指标的关系。 结果 Notch1受体主要分布在肾小管上皮细胞及间质区域,呈棕红色颗粒状,肾小球内也有少量表达。HBV-GN组患者肾组织Notch1受体阳性积分显著高于血清HBsAg阳性或阴性的原发性肾小球肾炎患者及正常肾组织对照。系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）组和膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MPGN）组Notch1受体阳性积分较高,但各病理类型组间Notch1积分差异无统计学意义。Notch1受体分布与HBsAg分布一致,其强度与肾间质纤维化（r = 0.473,P = 0.001）、小管萎缩（r = 0.690,P = 0.000）、炎细胞浸润（r = 0.616,P = 0.000）等肾小管间质病变呈正相关;患者肾功能与Notch1受体阳性积分呈负相关（r = -0.393,P = 0.006)。 结论 HBV-GN患者肾组织Notch1受体的表达增强,主要分布在肾小管上皮细胞及间质,与HBsAg分布一致;其表达水平与肾间质病变和肾功能变化相关。Notch1受体表达异常可能参与了HBV-GN的肾脏病理的进展。     

新月体性肾炎的中西医结合治疗

新月体性肾炎为一病理诊断,其病情发展急骤,由蛋白尿、血尿迅速发展为无尿或少尿的急性肾衰竭,预后恶劣.有学者报道8 828例肾活检病例中,新月体性肾炎占肾活检总数的1.74%[1].其肾穿刺病理改变特征为肾小球囊内细胞增生、纤维蛋白沉积.     

不同类型原发性肾小球肾炎的高血压发病率

为了解我国原发性肾小球肾炎的高血压发生率及其分布特点，本文对我院１９８３年１月至１９９１年１月的肾活检患者进行流行病学临床与病理分析。结果１８２４例高血压发生率为１４．６％，按总人口计ＩｇＡ肾病在所有高血压病例中占第一位，肾炎的高血压发生率与年龄、临床表现、肾功能状态、病理类型、肾小球硬化程度之间均存在密切联系。     

IgA肾病合并新月体肾炎三例报告及文献复习

IgA肾病的临床谱很广，几乎涵盖了肾小球肾炎的各种表现，但同时合并急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）和新月体肾炎者并不多。我们报道了我院近期诊治的3例患者，探讨其临床特点和治疗。一、对象和方法1．病例资料：1979年至1999年5月在我院肾和住院，肾活检确诊为lgA肾病患者250例，其中3例诊断为lgA肾病合并新月体肾炎及ARF。2．观察指标：（）常规检查：尿常规、24小时尿蛋白定量、尿渗透浓度、肾功能、血浆白蛋白、蛋白电泳、血脂、血Ig、补体、ANA、抗一DSDNA、ENA、RF、抗肾抗体。ANCA等。（2）病理学检查：肾活检标本石蜡切片按常…     

Clinicopathologic study of glomerulonephritis showing double-contour lesions

Background To elucidate the pathologic significance of double-contour lesions of glomerular capillary walls, we determined how the clinical course of patients with diffuse and global double-contour lesions differs from that of patients with segmentally located double-contour lesions. Methods In 26 out of 308 cases of idiopathic glomerulonephritis double contour lesions and serum complement 3 (C3) deposition along capillary walls were histologically examined. Results Most patients with diffuse (affecting more than 80% of all glomeruli) and global (affecting more than 75% of each glomerulus) double-contour lesions exhibited a persistent profound proteinuria and a deterioration of renal function (assessed via serum creatinine measurements) during a mean observation period of 66 months, even when a transient remission was observed. The amelioration of hypocomplementemia correlated significantly with an improvement in proteinuria (P<0.05). A follow-up biopsy of patients revealed some cases in which there was: (1) no amelioration of the glomerular lesion despite improvements in renal function, proteinuria and hypocomplementemia; (2) an amelioration of the glomerular lesion paralleling an increasing stability in renal function and a reduction in proteinuria; or (3) deterioration of the glomerular lesion paralleling a decrease in renal function, an increase in proteinuria, and persistent hypocomplementemia. Conclusions These findings indicate that the clinical characteristics of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis differ from those of other types of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with segmentally-located double-contour lesions. A spot, unrepeated biopsy in cases of atypical mild mesangiocapillary lesions provides insufficient information to reach a diagnosis of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis.     

Significance of tubulointerstitial lesions in biopsy specimens of glomerulonephritic patients

To evaluate the significance of tubulointerstitial lesions in the cortical area of renal biopsy specimens, clinicopathological studies were performed on 101 cases of IgA nephropathy, 31 cases of IgA-negative (non-IgA) proliferative glomerulonephritis and 75 cases of idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. The degree of tubulointerstitial lesions was assessed semiquantitatively by light microscopic observation and was correlated with the several histopathological and clinical parameters at biopsy, as well as with status at final follow-up (average follow-up period: 72 months). In these three types of glomerulonephritis, the degree of tubulointerstitial lesions in the cortical area was clearly correlated with the severity of glomerular injury, the prevalence of segmental sclerosis, global sclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, decreased renal function (GFR less than 70 ml/min) and hypertension (greater than 150/90 mm Hg) at the time of biopsy. The prevalence of stable renal function at final follow-up was statistically higher in the cases without tubulointerstitial lesions or with those whose lesions included less than 20% of the cortical area. From the above data, it was concluded that a semiquantitative evaluation of tubulointerstitial lesions in the cortex would reflect the severity of glomerular injury and also contribute to the assessment of prognosis in such primary glomerulonephritic patients.     

Long-term outcome of adult patients with minimal urinary abnormalities and normal renal function.

AIM: To define the long-term outcome of patients with minimal urinary abnormalities (defined by the presence of microscopic hematuria with no or less than 1 gm/day proteinuria), and normal renal function (defined by a serum creatinine < 1.3 mg/dl), we retrospectively studied patients who fulfilled the above criteria and had a kidney biopsy done before the year of 1992 (i.e. at least followed up for 5 years), with a definite pathological diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 41 cases among 719 cases of primary glomerulonephritis (5.7%) were enrolled into the study. There were 19 males and 22 females with a mean age of 35.4+/-14.7 years at biopsy. The duration of renal disease was 116.0+/-60.5 months and the duration of follow-up post biopsy was 100.2+/-38.1 months. The pathological diagnosis was: IgA nephropathy (21 cases), focal glomerulosclerosis (9 cases), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (8 cases), membranous glomerulonephritis (2 cases) and acute glomerulonephritis (1 case). RESULTS: At the end of follow-up, 8 cases (19.5%) had a certain degree of renal insufficiency including 2 (4.9%) in end-stage renal disease. The other cases were either in complete remission (6 cases) or stable condition (27 cases) with persistent microscopic hematuria and normal renal function. The long-term outcome was not correlated with any of the following parameters: age, sex, disease duration, serum creatinine at presentation, daily protein loss at presentation, degree of glomerular change and degree of interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration. However, a poor long-term outcome was correlated with tubular atrophy (p < 0.05) and interstitial fibrosis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that a minimal urinary abnormality with normal renal function at presentation does not necessarily imply a favorable long-term outcome in certain patients. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis but not glomerular change correlates with a worse prognosis. This further emphasizes the importance of renal biopsy in such cases.     

Pathological analysis of renal diseases with mild proteinuria

Proteinuria is an important predictor of renal outcome in a variety of renal diseases. Proteinuria exceeding 0.5 g/day is often considered to be a major indication of renal biopsy. In this study, we analyzed the clinical and histopathological data of 58 patients with mild proteinuria of less than or equal to 0.5 g/day. The histopathological diagnosis included 45 cases(77.6%) of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, 4 cases(6.9%) of lupus nephritis, one case of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and only 6 cases(10.3%) of minor glomerular abnormality. The percent sclerotic glomeruli exceeded 10% in 17 cases(29.3%) and reached 71.4% in 2 cases. There were no significant differences in histopathological parameters(percent sclerotic glomeruli, tubulointerstitial change, arterio-arterio sclerotic change) between the groups with or without microhematuria. There was a positive correlation between age and percent sclerotic glomeruli. Percent sclerotic glomeruli in our cases were higher than in the healthy population reported by Kaplan et al. and the influence of glomerulonephropathy was obvious. During the follow-up period(mean 19.7 months), one patient progressed to chronic renal failure and 2 patients had increased urinary protein excretion, but the others did not. These results suggest the importance of clarifying the prognosis by renal biopsy even in cases with mild proteinuria.     

Clinicopathological correlation of young onset chronic glomerulonephritis

In a retrospective analytical study involving 98 children with primary glomerulonephritis who were seen by us at our hospital during a 2-year period from 1984 through 1985 and who had renal biopsy performed previously, attempts were made to correlate pathological findings with both clinical findings and prognosis. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Of 87 patients with asymptomatic chronic glomerulonephritis, glomerular findings were those of minimal change lesion, mesangial proliferative nephritis, MPGN, membranous nephropathy and FGS or sclerosing nephritis in 29.9%, 51.7%, 13.8%, 1.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Among the other 11 patients in whom the diagnosis was made after manifesting the nephritic symptoms, minimal change was noted less frequently and MPGN was detected more frequently than in the aforementioned asymptomatic group. IgA nephropathy was estimated to account for 44.2% of cases of asymptomatic chronic nephritis. 2) Mild mesangial proliferation was observed relatively frequently and severe mesangial proliferation or MPGN rather infrequently in hematuria cases without proteinuria while in those with severe proteinuria minimal change lesion was uncommon and severe mesangial proliferative changes, MPGN or FGS were relatively frequent. 3) In 22 patients with IgA nephropathy and 11 with non-IgA nephritis the severity of glomerular changes was related to the intensity of proteinuria at the time of renal biopsy. 4) A 3 to 5 years' follow-up study of patients with mesangial proliferative nephritis inclusive of IgA nephropathy disclosed that 26-28% of patients became free from urinary abnormalities, 27-37% had persistent hematuria without proteinuria and 24-32% still had proteinuria of 2 plus or above. Patients with milder glomerular changes had a definitely better prognosis than those with severe glomerular lesions.     

Renal survival rate of IgA nephropathy

In an attempt to identify prognostic indicators in IgA nephropathy, we evaluated the relationship between clinical and histological findings and changes in renal function in 81 patients with IgA nephropathy whose creatinine clearance was more than 80 ml/min at the time of renal biopsy. The incidence of patients whose creatinine clearance decreased to less than 60 ml/min during the follow-up period was calculated with the life table method to designate the renal survival rate. This rate was compared according to the clinical and histological findings at the time of renal biopsy. In conclusion, a statistically significant decrease in the renal survival rate was observed in patients with proteinuria of more than 1.0 g/day, hypertension, severe diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with focal crescents and glomerular deposition of IgM and/or fibrinogen-related antigen.     

透射电镜检查在冷球蛋白血症肾损害诊断中的作用

目的 探讨透射电镜检查在冷球蛋白血症肾损害诊断中的作用。方法 我院近6年来接受的肾活检病例中,透射电镜观察发现肾组织内有类似冷球蛋白沉积形成的特殊有形结构的病例共16例,对其临床、病理特征及超微结构改变进行分析。结果 4例血冷球蛋白检测阳性,诊断为冷球蛋白血症肾损害;其余12例未进行血冷球蛋白的检测,诊断为可疑的冷球蛋白血症肾损害。临床上表现为蛋白尿及镜下血尿,部分病例有肾病综合征、高血压及轻至中度肾功能不全。病理改变以膜增生性肾小球肾炎为主要病理类型,伴有毛细血管内细胞增生及单核细胞浸润,可见肾小球内皮细胞下及毛细血管腔内的嗜复红蛋白沉积形成白金耳或微血栓样结构。透射电镜检查可见肾小球内皮细胞下及毛细血管腔内的沉积物形成特殊的有形结构,表现为微管状、纤维样、晶格样或颗粒样等结构。大部分病例是通过电镜检查首先观察到肾组织内的特殊结构后才提示冷球蛋白血症肾损害的存在。结论 透射电镜检查发现肾组织内特殊结构的沉积物是诊断冷球蛋白血症肾损害的重要依据。     

Renal biopsy in SLE irrespective of clinical findings: long-term follow-up

We analyzed data from 56 patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in whom renal biopsies were done systematically. The data taken into account for the study were: the histologic glomerular lesions at diagnosis, serum creatinine value, degree of proteinuria and qualitative urine sediment analysis at the time of biopsy, patient age at diagnosis and the evolution of renal function until the time the study was made. Therapy was prescribed according to the glomerular histologic lesion. The mean follow-up period from the time of the first biopsy was 8.2 years. At the time of the study, only 3 patients (5.3%) were on dialysis, while the rest of the patients (94.7%) had a satisfactory renal function. Our results indicate that systematic renal biopsy in SLE patients can furnish valuable data concerning the renal status whether there are clinical signs of renal involvement or not. Treatment based on the histologic images alone may considerably improve renal survival in SLE.     

Long-term prognosis of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I. Significance of clinical and morphological parameters: an investigation of 220 cases

We carried out a retrospective investigation in 220 patients to assess the influence of various parameters on the long-term course of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I. 50 patients (23%) died during the follow-up period of 59 months on average, in another 57 (26%) end-stage renal failure developed. 54 patients (24%) suffered from chronic renal failure, stable renal function (creatinine below 1.3 mg/dl) was preserved in 59 patients (27%). 5 years after biopsy 49% of the patients had already died or needed regular dialysis treatment; after 10 years this proportion increased to 64%. Morphological findings: The outcome was--with the exception of focal crescent formations--not determined by the severity of glomerular changes; the survival rate, however, decreased significantly, if tubulointerstitial lesions were present as defined by acute renal failure, interstitial fibrosis or a combination of both. Clinical parameters: A progressive deterioration of renal function and an increasing number of renal deaths was noticed, when elevated serum creatinine levels at the time of biopsy and high blood pressure values during the follow-up period were observed. 26 patients died from hypertension, 18 of whom before reaching end-stage renal failure. Nephrotic syndrome and the degree of proteinuria as well as antiphlogistic and immunosuppressive treatment did not influence the prognosis of MPGN type I.