醋酸泼尼松龙纳米乳的制备

目的制备醋酸泼尼松龙纳米乳,并观察其稳定性。方法聚乙二醇,醋酸泼尼松龙和卵磷脂的氯仿溶液在氮气流下减压成膜,加入经水化超声处理的大豆油,进一步处理后使其微乳化。结果粒径50~100nm,包封率≥90%。结论该工艺制备了粒径小于100nm的醋酸泼泥松龙纳米乳,有较好的稳定性。     

醋酸泼尼松固体脂质纳米粒的制备

目的研究醋酸泼尼松固体脂质纳米粒的处方和制备工艺,并对其质量进行评价。方法采用乳化-溶剂挥发法制备醋酸泼尼松固体脂质纳米粒,以包封率为指标用正交设计法优选处方,用透射电镜和激光粒径测定仪测定纳米粒的形态和粒径,用低速离心法测定药物的包封率。结果制得的醋酸泼尼松固体脂质纳米粒形态规整,几呈球形,以光强计算的平均粒径为125.0±68.1nm,包封率为87.14±1.89%。结论本研究所得的处方和工艺可制备性能优良的醋酸泼尼松固体脂质纳米粒。     

米托蒽醌类脂质纳米球包封率和包封产率的测定

目的:比较透析法和凝胶拄色谱法测定米托蒽醌类脂质纳米球的包封率和包封产率的结果,阐明包封率和包封产率的准确含义.方法:以透析法和葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法,分离、收集,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定药物的吸光度,分别测定游离药物和载药类脂质纳米球两部分的含药量.结果:分别测定游离的和类脂质纳米球内的药物量,求得包封率和包封产率.结论:透析法和葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法分别测得类脂质纳米球未包封药物量与包封药物量,求得包封率和包封产率是可行的,进一步明确了包封率和包封产率的含义.     

薄膜分散-超声法工艺参数对烟酸姜黄素酯纳米粒粒径及包封率的影响

摘 要 目的：探索薄膜分散 超声法制备烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒的工艺参数对其粒径及包封率的影响,以期获得制备粒径小、包封率高的工艺参数。方法: 采用HPLC法测定烟酸姜黄素酯的含量,以烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒粒径及包封率为评价指标,通过正交设计试验法、95%可信区间重叠法统计分析,优选薄膜分散 超声法制备烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒粒径小、包封率高的工艺参数。结果:烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒的最佳工艺参数为：水浴温度40℃,茄型瓶旋转速度80 r·min^-1。制得的固体脂质纳米粒平均粒径为107.8 nm,聚合物分散性指数（PDI）为0.583,包封率为68.91%。结论:茄型瓶旋转速度对薄膜分散 超声法制备烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒的粒径影响较大,而水浴温度对其包封率影响较大,两者兼顾考虑,在优选的工艺条件下,可获得平均粒径较小、包封率较高的烟酸姜黄素酯固体脂质纳米粒。     

醋酸地塞米松脂质纳米粒的优化处方及制备工艺

目的:制备一种具有较高载药量,避免药物突释,达到缓释的新型醋酸地塞米松脂质纳米粒.方法:利用薄膜-超声法,使用卵磷脂和大豆油作为载体材料,制备醋酸地塞米松脂质纳米粒.以纳米粒的粒径、Zeta电位、载药量和包封率作为考察指标,对有机溶剂的种类、投药量、载体材料投料比、表面活性剂种类、表面活性剂用量和超声时间进行筛选,并进行体外释放研究.结果:最终确定最优处方及制备工艺为醋酸地塞米松15 mg,大豆油100 mg,卵磷脂100mg,二氯甲烷20 mL,4%的聚山梨酯80和4%的泊洛沙姆188各10 mL,超声时间5 min.结论:该处方制备的纳米粒不仅可提高醋酸地塞米松的载药量和包封率,且可避免药物的突释现象,为其纳米新剂型的制备提供了新方法.     

姜黄素载药纳米微球的制备、表征及性质

目的 观察可生物降解、组织相容性高的纳米材料所制备的姜黄素纳米微球的各项特征及体外释药.方法 采用纳米沉淀法制备负载姜黄素的纳米微球,通过电子显微镜观察纳米微球的形貌、动态光散射(DLS)测量粒径分布、高效液相色谱(HPIC)检测其包封率和载药量、体外释放.结果 制备的纳米粒子呈大小均一的球形,平均粒径为(128.8±1.5)nm,包封率为(80.6±3.8)%,载药量为(7.9±1.0)%.体外释放实验显示,载药微球具有良好的缓释特性.结论 该制备工艺简单可行,包封率较高,制得的纳米粒分散均匀,可显著提高姜黄素在水相中的浓度.     

丙氨瑞林微球制备工艺优化和体外释放研究

目的:制备包封率高、可持续释药35 d的丙氨瑞林微球.方法:以生物可降解聚合物聚乳酸-聚羟基乙酸(PLGA)为载体,采用W/O/W复乳溶剂挥发法制备缓释丙氨瑞林微球,以包封率为观察指标,用正交设计L9(34)对微球制备工艺进行优化.在pH=7.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中考察微球的体外释放.结果:经优化工艺制备的丙氨瑞林微球包封率为(93.2±1.6)％,90％的微球粒径分布范围为55～65 μm.在选择的释放条件下,至35 d时,药物累积释放92.3％,突释为9.7％.结论:该制备工艺简单、稳定.优化条件下制备的丙氨瑞林微球包封率高、粒径适宜、突释少.     

注射用葫芦素B聚乳酸-羟基乙酸纳米球的制备

目的制备葫芦素B聚乳酸羟基乙酸纳米球。方法采用溶剂挥发法制备葫芦素B聚乳酸羟基乙酸纳米球;以包封率、载药量及粒径为指标,考察处方因素及工艺条件对纳米球质量的影响;采用正交设计法L9(34)对处方进行优化;采用冰箱及室温留样观察法考察制剂稳定性。结果纳米球包封率为85.61%,平均粒径为126 nm;纳米球混悬液在冰箱中4℃保存1个月能基本保持稳定,长期放置则不稳定;纳米球冻干品,室温放置3个月,pH值、粒度分布、包封率和载药量均无明显变化。结论溶剂挥发法制得的葫芦素B聚乳酸羟基乙酸纳米球包封率较高,制备工艺简单。     

口服槲皮素纳米结构脂质载体的制备及体外评价

目的 筛选口服槲皮素纳米结构脂质载体的处方和制备工艺,并对其进行体外评价.方法 采用溶解度考察和正交优化设计法结合,优选出较优的处方,并通过伪三元相图验证,评价其粒子形态、多分散性、包封率.通过测定不同稀释倍数、不同缓冲液对粒径的影响及药物的体外溶出行为,对槲皮素纳米结构脂质载体进行体外评价.结果 最佳处方组成为硬脂酸-Labrafac lipophile WL1349-Cremophor EL-Transcutol P(3:5:5:2),所得纳米结构脂质载体为圆整的类球形粒子,平均粒径为69 nm,包封率为89.0%,PDI=0.251.同槲皮素混悬液比较,槲皮素纳米结构脂质载体的体外溶出明显提高.结论 口服纳米结构脂质载体释药系统制备工艺简便,粒子性状符合要求,可提高难溶性药物的体外溶出.     

正交试验优选羧甲基壳聚糖-醋甲唑胺纳米微球的制备方案

目的：制备羧甲基壳聚糖载药纳米微球,醋甲唑胺为模型药物,测量药物的包封率和纳米微球形态.方法：采用乳化交联法,在微乳液的基础上制备载药纳米微球,对可能影响药物包封率的处方因素进行优化设计,筛选出最优配方.结果：羧甲基壳聚糖溶液的浓度对包封率有显著性影响,三聚磷酸钠溶液浓度和醋甲唑胺药量对包封率未见影响.优化方案的载药纳米微球包封率为49.36％,其电镜下为较规整的球型纳米微球,平均粒径386.0 nm.结论：采用乳化交联法,可形成较高包封率的羧甲基壳聚糖-醋甲唑胺纳米微球.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.