海马的树突和树－树连接的超微结构

用电镜方法观察了大白鼠ＣＡ１区的神经组织超微结构，发现神经毯内的树突、侧棘、轴突以及神经胶质非常复杂。树突内微管显著。侧棘有不同的形态类型，有些侧棘常有小棘伸出。棘器不仅出现在侧棘内，而且在一些树突内也可遇见。某些侧棘内可见颗粒小泡或包被小泡。神经毯内广泛存在轴－树突触（圆形小泡，Ⅱ型突触），轴－棘突触（圆形小泡，Ⅰ型突触）和树－树突触（圆形小泡，Ⅲ型突触）。此外，还首次在海马内发现非突触性的树－树紧密连接，它可能是假突触，其功能意义有待进一步研究。本文提示海马树突和突触的复杂性可能对学习和记忆有着重要的作用。     

海马的树突和树－树连接的超微结构

用电镜方法观察了大白鼠ＣＡ１区的神经组织超微结构，发现神经毯内的树突、侧棘、轴突以及神经胶质非常复杂。树突内微管显著。侧棘有不同的形态类型，有些侧棘常有小棘伸出。棘器不仅出现在侧棘内，而且在一些树突内也可遇见。某些侧棘内可见颗粒小泡或包被小泡。神经毯内广泛存在轴－树突触（圆形小泡，Ⅱ型突触），轴－棘突触（圆形小泡，Ⅰ型突触）和树－树突触（圆形小泡，Ⅲ型突触）。此外，还首次在海马内发现非突触性的树－树紧密连接，它可能是假突触，其功能意义有待进一步研究。本文提示海马树突和突触的复杂性可能对学习和记忆有着重要的作用。     

大鼠下丘脑弓状核年龄性变化的电镜观察

电镜观察大鼠下丘脑弓状核超微结构的年龄变化。结果发现:衰老大鼠弓状核的年龄变化主要发生在弓状核中的暗细胞神经元,出现粗面内质网退化变短,排列失序;高尔基氏器缩小;多聚核蛋白体和神经内分泌物质明显减少。特别引人注目的是在部分暗细胞中出现由双层膜缠绕形成的膜性涡旋体结构。此外,在神经毯出现突触结构异常。突触厚度变薄、间断不连续;神经胶质细胞突起增多,并可进一步形成包绕树突、轴突终末、甚至突触的多层膜环绕的髓鞘样结构。上述研究结果提示,下丘脑弓状核超微结构的年龄性变化是导致神经内分泌系统衰老的主要原因之一。     

猫孤束核胶状质亚核的突触构筑学研究

用透射电镜对猫的孤束核胶状质亚核(SNG)的突触型式进行了观察,除看到已报导的轴—树突触、轴—体突触、树—树突触外,还发现该核内含有轴—轴突触及突触球等结构。SNG内轴—树突触最常见,而轴—体突触、轴—轴突触和树—树突触则较少。各类突触中的突触囊泡多为圆形清亮囊泡,而扁平清亮囊泡和大颗粒囊泡较少。扁平清亮囊泡多与圆形清亮囊泡共存于同一轴—轴突触终末内。轴—轴突触均为对称型突触,有时与树突或胞体相连形成轴—轴—树突触或轴—轴—体突触。突触球多为以树突和棘为中心的中心树突型突触球。此外在SNG内还观察到嵴突触,并联突触等连接形式。SNG内突触的复杂性表明传入冲动在该核中可能经过扩散、汇聚和突触前抑制等多种复杂的整合过程调节内脏活动。     

三叉神经尾侧脊束核内突触的亚显微结构

在电镜下观察家兔和小白鼠三叉神经尾侧脊束核,于突触前膜上可见突触活性点;在突触前,后膜上有致密物质堆积,尤以突触后膜显著,偶尔在后膜下方的胞浆面见有突触下致密小体。在突触裂之间可见突触间丝。突触小泡有圆形和椭圆形、透明与颗粒小泡之分。尾侧脊束核内有大量轴突终末与树突。树突又分Ⅰ型(无突触小泡)和Ⅱ型(有少量突触小泡)。该核内的突触类型多数为轴-树突触,其次为轴-体突触和轴-轴突触,还见有树-树突触;按照突触小泡形状区分该核突触,则有 S 型、F 型、S-F 型与 F-S 型。突触丝球出现率为20%。本文讨论了突触类型、突触丝球与突触小泡的机能意义。     

大鼠脊髓后角内甲啡肽标记及非标记结构与C纤维间关系的免疫电镜研究

向大鼠蛛网膜下腔注射辣椒素导致一级传入纤维中的Ｃ纤维变性后，用免疫电镜技术在大鼠脊髓后角浅层内观察到：（１）大量含甲啡肽的轴突终末与未标记树突（或棘）形成对称性（少数为非对称性）突触；（２）含甲啡肽的轴突终未与变性终末共同会聚于同一甲啡肽阴性树突；（３）少量含甲啡肽轴突终末与变性终末间形成轴－轴突触或接触；（４）变性终末与含甲啡肽的树突形成非对称性轴－树突触；（５）甲啡肽阴性轴突终末与变性终末会聚于同一未标记树突并与变性终末间形成轴－轴突触或接触．以上结果表明，在脊髓后角内，脑啡肽除主要以突触后抑制方式调节Ｃ纤维传入外，也可通过轴－轴突触或接触对Ｃ纤维传入进行突触前抑制；非甲啡肽能神经元也能对Ｃ纤维传入进行突出后又突触前抑制．此外，Ｃ纤维在脊髓后角内可通过兴奋性轴－树突触直接影响甲啡肽能中间神经元的活性．     

蓝斑突触结构衰老性变化和可塑性

本文用图象分析技术研究了老年大鼠蓝斑核内突触结构的可塑性变化。结果显示:突触数量(N/100μm~2)、平均突触厚度和剖面积等三个参数在老年组(33个月)均较成年组(6个月)明显减少(p<0.01);而突触长度两组无显著差异(p>0.05),但频数分布图显示老年组较大和较小的突触增多。老年组完整突触(A型)减少了8.54%,退化的突触(D型)增加了15.43%。本研究结果提示衰老时的蓝斑核突触膜成分丢失和数量减少,部分突触发生代偿性增大。     

老年大鼠垂体神经叶分泌纤维的电镜观察

透射电镜观察青年组（３－６月）和老年组（１８－３０月）雄性大鼠的垂体神经叶，发现老年大鼠的神经膨大中神经分泌颗粒随增龄减少显著，而分散的微泡和空泡相对较多。退化，变性的神经膨大增多。轴－轴突触样结构缺乏。细胞间隙增宽。根据超微结构特征将神经膨大划分五型，并型神经膨大的随龄变化进行讨论。     

复方甲地孕酮微囊注射液对大鼠下丘脑弓状核超微结构的影响

用不同剂量的复方甲地孕酮微囊针剂注射大鼠，观察其下丘脑弓状核超微结构变化，结果显示：实验组有部暗细胞的粗面内质网及高尔基器囊扩大，囊内有低电子密度絮状物，神经分泌颗粒增多，部分亮细胞质内参与分泌颗合成的细胞器减少；０．４ｍｌ组次级溶酶体数量和弓状核细胞体上含颗粒囊泡的轴体突触数目均增加，该两项分别与对照组比较，差异有显著性（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）。     

猫后索核内后根初级传入终末与丘脑投射神经元之间的突触联系

用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与顺行溃变相结合的方法，研究了猫后索核内初级传入终末与丘脑投射神经元之间的突触联系形式。在电镜下可见后索核内有５种突触联系式：１．溃变轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记树突形成的轴－树突触；２．溃变轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记胞体形成的轴－体突触；３．溃变轴突终末与非标记树突形成的轴－树突触；４．轴－轴－树连续性突触；５．非溃变的含扁平小泡或多形小泡轴突终末与ＨＲＰ标记的神经元胞体形成的轴－体突触。本文     

三叉神经尾侧脊束核内P物质纤维终末的超微结构

目的　进一步探讨三叉神经尾侧脊束核内SP免疫反应阳性纤维在感觉传递中的可能作用。方法　SP采用免疫细胞化学方法和电子显微镜方法 ,观察大鼠三叉神经尾侧脊束核内SP阳性标记纤维的超微结构和突触联系。结果　SP轴突终末分布于树突间 ,这些轴突终末含有大量的透明小泡、少量大致密芯小泡和线粒体。经过秋水仙素处理后 ,可见到SP免疫反应阳性树突。多数SP轴突终末与非标记树突 ,以及个别SP轴突终末与SP树突形成轴 树突触。含SP的突触复合体较为多见 ,为会聚型。其中可见SP轴突终末与中心的非标记树突形成GrayⅡ型轴 树突触 ;另有非标记的轴突终末与中心SP树突形成 (扁平小泡形 )F型轴 树突触。结论　三叉神经尾侧脊束核接受多种纤维传入 ,SP纤维只是多种传入纤维中的一种。形态学证明 ,在痛调制活动中 ,三叉神经尾侧脊束核内有SP纤维构成的突触后抑制类型 (GrayⅡ )突触参与。     

Synaptic organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the adult hamster

Summary The synaptic organization of the sector of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus has been examined by electron microscopy in normal adult hamsters and in adult hamsters subjected to unilateral eye enucleation or intravitreal injection of horseradish peroxidase.Two types of neuropil are apparent. Islands of complex neuropil partially enclosed by astrocyte processes (synaptic glomeruli) are surrounded by a sea of simpler non-glomerular neuropil. The latter is dominated by small axon terminals with spherical synaptic vesicles and Gray type 1 axodendritic contacts (SR-boutons) and also contains axon terminals with flattened synaptic vesicles (F-boutons). The glomerular neuropil contains (i) exclusively postsynaptic dendrites and dendritic protrusions of presumptive projection cells; (ii) pre- and postsynaptic pleomorphic-vesiclecontaining P-boutons (interpreted as appendages of the dendrites of interneurons); (iii) large axon terminals containing spherical synaptic vesicles and large pale mitochondria (R-boutons) which were experimentally identified as retinal terminals and which are presynaptic to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons at Gray type 1 contacts; (iv) F-boutons (minority component). F-boutons and P-boutons are presynaptic to both projection cell dendrites and P-boutons and P-boutons are the intermediate elements of various serial synapses including triplet (triadic) synapses. Medium-large terminals with spherical synatpic vesicles and dark mitochondria (RLD-boutons) which were commonly invaginated by dendritic spines of projection cells in small glomerulus-like formations were also identified. The origin of RLD-boutons is unknown but SR-boutons probably derive chiefly from ipsilateral visual cortex and possibly also from superior colliculus, and non-glomerular F-boutons probably originate in the ipsilateral thalamic reticular nucleus.No differences in synaptic organization were found between the part of the nucleus which receives uncrossed retinal input and the part which receives crossed input, nor were differences seen in the size, fine structure or relationships between the terminals of identified crossed and uncrossed retinal axons.     

Effects of age on axon terminals forming axosomatic and axodendritic inhibitory synapses in prefrontal cortex

Much of the cognitive decline shown by aging primates can be attributed to dysfunction of prefrontal cortex and, as shown previously, about 30% of asymmetric (excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory) axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age [Peters A, Sethares C, Luebke JI (2008) Neuroscience 152:970–981]. Whether there is a similar loss of inhibitory axosomatic synapses from this cortex has not been determined, but a study in primate motor cortex suggests that axosomatic synapses are not lost with age [Tigges J, Herndon JG, Peters A (1992) Anat Rec 232:305–315]. The present study is focused upon whether the remaining axon terminals forming inhibitory synapses in old monkeys hypertrophy to compensate for any age-related loss. Analysis of electron micrographs show that in layer 2/3 of area 46 in both young and old monkeys, axon terminals forming axosomatic synapses are significantly larger and contain more mitochondria than those forming axodendritic synapses and both axodendritic and axosomatic terminals become larger with age. However, while mitochondria in axodendritic terminals do not change in either size or amount with age, the mitochondria in axosomatic terminals become larger. Similarly, in terminals forming axodendritic synapses, the mean numbers of synaptic vesicle profiles is the same in young and old monkeys, whereas in terminals forming axosomatic synapses there is an increase in the numbers of synaptic vesicles with age. We also show that among these age-related changes, only the numbers of synaptic vesicles in axosomatic synapses are significantly correlated with the cognitive impairment indices displayed by the same monkeys. In summary, the data provide original evidence that axosomatic axon terminals increase in size and in their content of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, based on our and previously published results, we speculate that these changes are linked to age-related cognitive decline.     

猫三叉神经尾侧脊束核—丘脑—皮质通路在丘脑水平的突触联系

本文采用HRP逆行追踪与顺行溃变结合法对猫三叉神经尾侧脊束核-丘脑-皮质通路在丘脑腹后内侧核内的突触联系型式进行了研究。在电镜下发现,丘脑腹后内侧核內有五种突触联系形式:(1)溃变轴突终末与HRP标记树突形成轴-树突触;(2)溃变轴突终末与HRP标记的胞体形成轴-体突触,上述两类突触型式为该通路在丘脑水平的直接突触联系方式,此外尚有(3)溃变轴突终末与非HRP标记的树突形成的轴-树突触;(4)HRP标记树突与非溃变轴突终末形成轴一树突触;(5)HRP标记树突与非HRP标记的含有突触小泡的突触前树突形成的树-树突触。本文首次报道了三叉丘系纤维与丘脑皮质投射神经元间的直接突触联系方式为轴-树和轴-体突触。同时也发现了以树突为中心的突触复合体,它是该通路在丘脑水平的一个显著特点。     

Spatial distribution of pre- and postsynaptic sites of axon terminals in the dorsal horn of the frog spinal cord

Axon terminals which could be interpreted as dorsal root boutons, were photographed from a series of 98 ultrathin sections with a Jeol 100B electron microscope. A total of 13 boutons were recovered for computer reconstruction. Two of them were terminal boutons, eight en passant boutons and three boutons were only partially recovered. All boutons contained multiple synaptic sites (maximum 33 and minimum seven) at which axodendritic and axoaxonic synapses were established. Axodendritic synapses were of the asymmetric type and they were directed toward adjacent dendrites. In axoaxonic synapses, which were of the symmetric type, the boutons were invariably on the postsynaptic side. Among the presynaptic profiles axons with spherical and pleomorphic vesicles and dendrites with flattened vesicles could be discerned. On average, each 2.67-microns2 bouton surface area contained one presynaptic site at which an axodendritic synapse was established, and each 7-microns2 surface area contained one postsynaptic site for an axoaxonic (or dendroaxonic) contact. A tendency of grouping of synaptic sites was observed. Distance measurements between the closest neighbours of all synaptic sites were made in four combinations in boutons with the original and with a random distribution of synaptic sites. The arithmetic mean of distances measured between the presynaptic and the closest postsynaptic sites was almost twice as big as that measured in the reverse direction. The difference between these values became greatly reduced in the case of random distribution. The arithmetic mean of distances between the closest neighbours of presynaptic sites was about the same as that between the closest neighbours of postsynaptic sites. This latter value was considerably increased with randomly distributed synaptic sites. The results suggest a non-random distribution of synaptic sites on the surface of boutons. The analysis of cluster formation of synaptic sites performed with a numerical taxonomy technique revealed that the majority of the 153 synaptic sites were comprised in 27 clusters containing both pre- and postsynaptic sites within the 1-micron similarity level. All postsynaptic sites were within 1 micron of one or more presynaptic sites. On the basis of the assumption that the postsynaptic sites are occupied by inhibitory axoaxonic synapses, it is suggested that the transmitter release from the presynaptic sites can be individually controlled in this structural arrangement. A probable mechanism of this function may be the passive invasion of the bouton by the impulse propagating actively along the dorsal root fibre.     

家兔脊髓腰骶部中间外侧核区的超微结构——神经纤维网和突触

本实验用家兔7只,取腰髓2～4和骶髓2～4节中间外侧核区,做超薄切片,电镜观察。此区的神经纤维网内含树突、轴突、轴突终末、终端树突、突触和突触球。胶质细胞的突起穿行其间。树突散在,形态和大小多变。轴突则常成束分布。突触连接以轴树和轴体突轴为多见,偶见轴轴突触。多数突触单独存在,部分形成以树突或轴突为中心的突触球。突触内的突触小泡有清亮的圆形、椭圆形、扁平形和不规则形,还有相当多见的大致密核心小泡和少数有衣小泡。依终末囊内突触小泡的形态和突触前后膜的对称与不对称,所见突触可分为三类:1.圆形小泡不对称型;2.扁平小泡对称型;3.其它中间类型。     

降钙素基因相关肽、甘丙肽免疫反应在大鼠臂旁外侧核分布的超微结构特征分析

应用免疫电镜包埋前染色技术对降钙素基因相关肽、甘丙肽免疫反应在大鼠臂旁外侧核分布的超微结构特征进行了研究。在臂旁外侧核腹外侧区中,常见降钙素基因相关肽阳性轴突终末与阴性树突及树突棘形成轴-树或轴-棘突触,大多为非对称型,少数为对称型;也可见阳性树突或阳性胞体与阴性轴突终末形成的轴-树或轴-体突触。阳性轴突终末含清亮小泡和致密核心小泡。臂旁外侧孩腹外侧部中甘丙肽阳性结构大多为阳性轴突终末,部分为阳性树突及阳性胞体。阳性树突常呈丛状分布于血管附近,阳性轴突常与阴性树突,阳性树突常与阴性轴突形成轴-树突触,大多为非对称型。臂旁外侧核腹外侧亚核的甘丙肽阳性结构分布基本与前者相似,但轴-树突触大多为对称型,而且一些阳性轴突与血管基膜紧贴。     

Synaptic organization of the nucleus raphe dorsalis of the cat

Summary This electron microscopic study describes the different types of synaptic terminals found in the nucleus raphe dorsalis of the adult cat. Serial section analysis was used extensively to confirm the nature of the synaptic contact established by the various classes of terminals.Five different classes of terminals are identified according to the shape and packing density of the synaptic vesicles and type of contact they establish. The most common class (RDI-type) contains densely packed, round, agranular synaptic vesicles and establishes asymmetrical synaptic contacts. A second class (RDII-type) also contains spherical synaptic vesicles, but establishes symmetrical synaptic contacts with dendrites of all sizes. Most of the terminals in these two classes contain a few dense-cored synaptic vesicles, but a small sub-group contains many dense-cored vesicles. A third, less frequent, class (RSI-type) contains sparsely packed spherical synaptic vesicles and the majority of these terminals have asymmetrical contacts. A fourth terminal class contains pleomorphic synaptic vesicles (P-type), contacts dendrites of all sizes, and usually establishes symmetrical synaptic contacts. Finally, boutons thought to be the vesicle-filled excrescences of dendrites (postsynaptic dendrites) are found and in some cases the dendritic origin of these profiles was confirmed by serial sectioning. Such boutons containing pleomorphic vesicles are presynaptic to other such dendrites as well as conventional dendrites, and are postsynapticto the other terminal types described.Somata within the nucleus exhibit somatic spines but receive few synaptic contacts. Most axo-somatic terminals contain either round or pleomorphic vesicles and have postsynaptic thickenings intermediate to the symmetric and asymmetric types.