The effects of fenoldopam on coronary conduit blood flow after coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the effects of fenoldopam, 0.1 microg/kg/min, on left internal mammary artery (LIMA) and saphenous vein blood flow after coronary anastomosis. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: University teaching hospital, single institution. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one American Society of Anesthesiologists III patients undergoing elective coronary revascularization. INTERVENTIONS: A perivascular ultrasonic flow probe (Linton Instrumentation, Norfolk, UK) was placed around the LIMA and saphenous vein graft after coronary anastomosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Immediately before and at 5-minute intervals for 15 minutes after starting the infusion, blood flow was measured in the LIMA and one saphenous vein graft using a transit time ultrasonic flow probe. Heart rate, blood pressure, and central venous pressure were documented at these time points. Administration of fenoldopam, 0.1 microg/kg/min, did not alter heart rate or blood pressure. A small, nonsignificant increase in LIMA blood flow occurred during the 15-minute study period (30 +/- 12 to 35 +/- 10 mL/min) in patients who received fenoldopam. No significant changes occurred in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that fenoldopam, 0.1 microg/kg/min, did not influence coronary conduit blood flow to a clinically significant extent. The small increase in LIMA blood flow may be of greater importance in high-risk patients or in the prevention of coronary arterial spasm.     

Suture conservation technique in coronary bypass surgery

A single 7-0 polypropylene suture can be used for more than one coronary anstomosis to reduce the cost and also to avoid the purse string effect of continuous suture technique. In this technique one 7-0 polypropylene is used to complete three or four distal anstomosis and one 6-0 polypropylene is used to complete three or four proximal anastomosis.     

Long-term efficacy of coronary artery bypass surgery

Enhancement of the quality of life concomitant with prolongation of life has become an increasingly important goal in modern health care. Direct correlation of health service investment with qualitative end results of treatment is impeded by lack of scientific measuring methods. The most reliable of the available qualitative parameters are subjective contentment with the results of treatment, subjective well-being, symptoms and capacity to cope with daily living. A series of 100 coronary artery disease patients randomly allocated to surgical or medical treatment was analyzed in these respects. Surgical therapy proved superior.     

Free arterial graft in coronary artery bypass surgery

Free arterial graft of the internal mammary artery (IMA) and the gastroepiploic artery (GEA) has been utilized for coronary artery bypass grafting in 10 patients during 44 months period. There were 6 males and 4 females and age ranged 42 to 73 year old with the mean of 60.8 year old. Eight IMA and 2 GEA were used as a free graft. Sites of distal anastomosis of the free graft were 3 at anterior descending arteries, 3 at diagonal branches and 4 at circumflex arteries. Sites of proximal anastomosis of those grafts were ascending aorta in one, concomitantly utilized saphenous vein graft in 5 and in situ IMA graft in 4 patients. Mean number of grafts was 2.9 (2-5) and mean aortic cross clamp time was 56.2 minutes (16-90 minutes). There was neither operative death, nor perioperative myocardial infarction and intra-aortic balloon pumping was not required. Postoperative angiography was made in 9 patients within 3 postoperative months. Eight (89%) free arterial grafts were patent. Relief of angina was obtained in all patients. We concluded that the complete revascularization with only arterial graft can be achieved more widely by utilizing the free arterial graft with an acceptable patency.     

Off pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus conventional coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a systematic review of the literature

The recent development of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) graft surgical techniques has led to numerous observational and several randomized trials that have investigated outcomes compared with the current gold standard of conventional on-pump coronary bypass (CCAB) graft surgery. This systematic review assesses the current randomized trials that compare OPCAB and CCAB. Numerous end points were investigated, including mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, blood transfusions, wound infections, and renal failure. In addition to these important outcomes, resource utilization markers were also examined such as hospital length of stay, intensive care unit length of stay, and duration of intubation/ventilation. Finally, when level I evidence from randomized trials was unavailable, level II evidence was examined. This was done for subgroup analysis, where currently no randomized trials exist, looking at OPCAB in high-risk patients. Recommendations were made as to who should receive OPCAB and the potential benefits in this patient population.     

降主动脉"Y"形血管桥在微创冠状动脉搭桥术中的应用

目的探讨降主动脉"Y"形血管桥在冠状动脉搭桥术的临床疗效和价值.方法对16例升主动脉增宽、钙化的冠心患者在胸腔镜下游离乳内动脉,小切口左侧开胸非体外循环下实施冠状动脉搭桥术,其中男11例,女5例.年龄51～75岁,平均(60.5±10.5)岁.均为多支冠状动脉病变.术中应用"Y"形血管桥与降主动脉端侧吻合.结果全组无死亡,术后机械辅助呼吸平均(8.7±6.5)h.ICU滞留时间平均(3.1±0.5)d.全组病例均未输血.术后随访1～17个月.所有患者心绞痛症状消失,活动量增加.结论采用降主动脉"Y"形血管桥供血可避免升主动脉壁损伤是实施冠状动脉搭桥术微创化的一种新术式,早期结果令人满意.     

微创体外循环对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者围手术期血液保护的临床研究

目的 研究微创体外循环(MECC)对心脏手术围手术期血液保护的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2009年10月接受择期单纯冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG)的120例患者的临床资料,按其辅助循环方式分为MECC组、传统体外循环(Cecc)组和非体外循环(off-pump)组,每组40例.除常规的体外循环方法外,MECC组采用Jostra MECC系统,Cecc组采用浅低温体外循环.收集患者围手术期凝血功能和血液细胞学检查结果、血液制品用量和术后24 h引流量进行统计分析.结果 EuroSCORE术前风险及预期病死率评估MECC组均高于Cecc组和off-pump组(P＜0.01).off-pump组手术时间和远端吻合口数量均低于MECC组和Cecc组(P＜0.05),MECC组和Cecc组间无差别.比较术后各组内源性凝血功能(活化部分凝血活酶时间),Cecc组在转后早期明显较正常值延长,并在转后2 h、6 h、12 h明显高于MECC组和off-pump组(P＜0.05);而外源性凝血功能(凝血酶原时间)三组间没有差别.MECC组和Cecc组患者校正后的血浆游离血红蛋白均在转中明显升高并在停机时达到高峰,转后24 h左右下降至转前水平;但Cecc组均高于MECC组(P＜0.05).Cecc组术后第1个24 h人均胸腔纵隔引流量高于MECC组和off-pump组(P＜0.05).虽然Cecc组血小板计数术中和术终平均值较低,且人均围手术期使用血液制品量较高,但三组间差异没有统计学意义.结论 MECC可以减少常规体外循环过程对血液成分破坏和对凝血功能的干扰,减少术后胸腔纵隔引流量,降低心脏手术对异体血液制品的需求.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical effect of minimal extracorporeal circulation (MECC)in blood conservation perioperatively coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Methods The data of 120 cases received simple CABG since August 2006 to October 2009 was analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were divided to three groups according to the mode of circulation support in-operation: MECC, conventional extracorporeal circulation (cECC) or off-pump, 40 cases in each group. Jostra MECC system with normal temperature was used in MECC group, and common membrane oxygenator with moderate hypo-temperature was used in cECC group. Collect the data of coagulation and the blood cytological examination perioperatively, the draining volume during the first 24 h after operation, and consumption of blood products perioperatively. Results Stardard and logistic EuroSCORE were higher in MECC group than the others (P＜0.01). The operative time and the number of distal anastomosis of off-pump group were less than MECC and cECC groups (P ＜ 0. 05 ), while no difference between MECC group and cECC group. Intrinsic coagulation (activated partial thromboplastin time) were much more prolonged early postoperatively in cECC group, and higher than in MECC group and off-pump group at 2 h, 6 h and 12 h postoperatively (P ＜0. 05), but no difference in extrinsic coagulation (prothrombin time ) among three group. Adjusted by hematocrit of the same sample, free hemoglobin level rose up during the ECC procedure and reached the maxlmum at the end of ECC in cECC group and MECC group, but the levels were more higher in cECC group than in MECC group (P < 0. 05 ). The draining volum during the first 24 h after operation of cECC group was larger than MECC group and off-pump group (P < 0. 05 ). Although the decreased platelet count perioperatively and more consumed of the blood products in cECC group, but no difference among the three groups. Conculsion MECC could reduce the ruin to blood cell and interfere to coagulation function during the conventional ECC procedure, decrease the postoperative draining volum and requirement of blood products.     

A case of lateral femoral circumflex artery as a free graft for coronary artery bypass surgery]

A 46-year-old man had a three-vessel coronary disease. We performed quadruple coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with the left internal thoracic artery (LITA), right gastroepiploic artery (RGEA), saphenous vein and lateral femoral circumflex artery (LFCA). Postoperative coronary angiogram showed that the LFCA bypass graft was patent and supplied sufficient blood to the anastomosed vessel. There was no stenosis at the anastomotic site. However, the LFCA graft showed a string sign. Long-term follow-up and angiographic studies is necessary to establish the use of LFCA as an arterial free graft for coronary revascularization.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者谵妄独立预测因子的现况分析

目的找出能引起谵妄的独立危险因素,为建立一套适合我国国情的冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者谵妄风险预测模型提供依据。方法通过文献检索,收集现有的冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄风险预测模型中纳入的独立预测因子并进行分析。结果收集18个模型,共44个独立预测因子。年龄、简易精神状态评分是引起冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄发生的前2位独立预测因子,分别累计出现6次和4次。第3位的独立预测因子有6个,分别为血浆皮质醇浓度、手术时间、欧洲心血管手术危险因素评分、房颤、体外循环时间、糖尿病,分别累计出现3次。结论围术期冠状动脉旁路移植术谵妄预测因子众多,谵妄的临床表现复杂,如何在现有众多预测因子中筛查出特异性强、敏感度高的独立预测因子,是建立冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄风险预测理想模型的关键。     

Comparing cost aspects of coronary artery bypass graft surgery with coronary artery stenting

Randomized trials have compared revascularization of coronary artery disease by coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). CABG is an expensive treatment. However, it manages to improve quality of life, restore general well being, and alleviate symptoms of patients. Coronary stents have improved the safety and durability of PCI. Nonetheless, stenting remains limited by a relatively high in-stent restenosis and thrombosis rate. The costs and cost-effectiveness for these different treatment modalities are relevant issues because cardiovascular disease and its management are prime targets for cost reduction initiatives. There is a debate as to which is the optimal treatment strategy as well as to the cost-effectiveness comparing CABG and PCI. This review provides an overview of cost-effectiveness of CABG compared with PCI. PCI has high costs due to the need for subsequent revascularization procedures, with absence of mortality and survival benefit compared with CABG. Despite the relative lower initial costs of PCI in the first year, PCI is not a cost-effective intervention in comparison with CABG. However, the studies undertaken to date have predominantly been short term and provide a very limited evidence base by which to assess the cost-effectiveness of modern clinical practice. It seems that in longer term, the benefits of CABG may exceed those of stenting and the difference in net cost may be in favour of CABG as the risk of repeat revascularization still increases with PCI regardless of the use of DES. However, to date no long-term data are available in cost-effectiveness between CABG and PCI. The 5-year outcome of the ongoing SYNTAX trial is essential and might therefore provide new insights into the comparison of cost-effectiveness between CABG and DES PCI.     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后的阿司匹林抵抗

目的 通过检测非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)后患者血小板聚集率以及尿11-脱氢-血栓烷B2(11-DH-TXB2)指标,动态观察术后阿司匹林抵抗(AR)的发生情况,探索术后AR的危险因素。方法 冠心病患者290例,首次行OPCAB患者145例(手术组),接受内科药物治疗患者145例(非手术组)。手术组患者于术前及术后服用阿司匹林后第1、4、10天及6个月,检测血小板聚集率以及尿11-DH-TXB2。非手术组患者于服药前及服药后第1、4、10天检测上述指标。同时记录患者各项临床资料。结果 手术组患者服用阿司匹林后第1天的AR发生46例(32％)(抵抗组),其余为非抵抗组。用药后第4天和第10天AR患者下降至19例(13％)和5例(3％)。半年随访中未发现有AR患者存在。非手术组患者,服药后第1天,血小板聚集率均下降至20％以下,平均(8.8±6.8)％,未见AR现象出现。手术组患者术后血小板计数显著高于术前(P＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现,OPCAB患者中,体重大于75 kg(OR =0.38,95％CI:0.18～0.79)和术后引流量超过500 ml(OR=3.12,95％CI:1.29～7.53)为术后出现AR的危险因素。结论 OPCAB术后早期,阿司匹林的抗血小板作用受到不同程度抑制,部分患者出现AR现象,予以更为积极有效的抗血小板治疗有重要临床意义。