不同接触甲醛人群外周血淋巴细胞亚群的探讨

通过ＡＰＡＡＰ桥联酶标技术检测接触不同浓度甲醛人群外周血淋巴细胞亚群（Ｂ细胞、ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８）。对照组、学生组和工人组、服务员组接触甲醛的浓度分别为：０．０１１ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．５０８ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．７４ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．１０７ｍｇ／ｍ３。结果发现；学生与工人组中除工人组的ＣＤ４外的其它亚群与对照组相比其差异均有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）．Ｂ细胞和ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８比值升高．ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８下降；男性ＣＤ３下降明显高于女性．服务员组和对照组的各亚群差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：甲醛可以对人免疫细胞产生多种毒性，短期接触者和男性尤为明显。     

石油沥青对作业工人健康的影响

目的研究石油沥青对作业工人健康的影响。方法以沥青供应站接触石油沥青者为接触组，以既不接触石油沥青又不接触其他毒物者为对照组，进行环境监测和两组人群的遗传学效应、免疫功能、肺功能的检测。结果工作场所苯并（ａ）芘和苯溶物平均浓度接触组分别是０．２７μｇ／ｍ３和０．１５ｍｇ／ｍ３，对照组分别是０．００３５μｇ／ｍ３和０．０５４ｍｇ／ｍ３；接触组生活环境则分别为０．００８８μｇ／ｍ３和０．０２６ｍｇ／ｍ３。接触组外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）率和微核率（ＬＭＮ）明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；淋巴细胞数和Ｔ、Ｂ细胞数，ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ含量以及接触组男性的ＦＥＶ１．０、ＦＥＶ１．０％、ＭＭＦＲ、ＰＥＦＲ、Ｖ７５、Ｖ５０、Ｖ２５均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论石油沥青可引起接触者ＤＮＡ、染色体和大、小气道的损伤以及细胞免疫、体液免疫水平降低。     

硝基氯苯对人体健康的慢性影响调查

对１４２名长期接触硝基氯苯作业工人连续３年体检资料分析结果表明：神衰症候群、上呼吸道粘膜刺激及消化系统症状和体征检出率、ＭＨｂ定量等均高于对照组且与空气中浓度有关。均值为０．９６ｍｇ／ｍ３时，上述指标均高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；均值为０．５１ｍｇ／ｍ３，空气浓度均未超过ＭＡＣ时与对照组比较，以及接触组间比较，部分指标存在差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）。提出ＭＨｂ定量可作为接触硝基氯苯的生物监测指标，建议进一步研究其生物接触限值。     

锰对接触工人肝功能的影响

对５５名锰粉加工工人和５６名对照工人的某些肝功能指标进行了测定。结果表明,作业环境空气中锰尘ＭｎＯ２浓度几何均值为１．９６ｍｇ／ｍ＾３（０．１７～２２．２４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３）,样品超标率８８．７％,接触组头晕头痛、睡眠障碍、容易疲劳和记忆不良的主诉率比对照组高（Ｐ〈０．０５～０．０１）,血清谷丙转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）活性和麝香草酚浊度（ＴＴＴ）了明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示锰毒性早期不仅蚴及工人的神经系统     

三硝基甲苯作业工人和HBsAg阳性者血清铜蓝蛋白和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的变化

对河南省某化工厂职业接触ＴＮＴ作业工人现场劳动卫生学调查和健康监护结果表明，车间空气中ＴＮＴ浓度绝大多数超过ＭＡＣ（１ｍｇ／ｍ３），作业工人皮肤污染严重。ＴＮＴ接触组与对照组血清ＧＰＴ活性升高和ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性检出率两组间无显著性差异，表明这两组人群肝功能属于正常范围。同时发现，ＴＮＴ接触组和ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组血清铜蓝蛋白和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均极显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０２，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性组这两项指标极显著低于ＴＮＴ接触组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０２）。表明ＴＮＴ和ＨＢＶ诱发的肝损伤机理可能部分归因与活性氧生成有关。     

丙酮氰醇对人体健康影响的研究

目的：进一步了解接触平均浓度为１．０７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３丙酮氰醇（Ａｃｅｔｏｎｅ Ｃｙａｎｏｈｙｄｒｉｎ，ＡＣ）的职业人群健康状况调查。方法：通过职业性健康体检及尿硫氰酸盐（ＳＣＮ）等的指标的实验室检查对４６名ＡＣ作业人员组和４６名不接触毒害人员组进行配对研究。结果：（１）ＡＣ作业人群可有类神经症表现，且头昏、记忆力减退、食俗减退、恶心、腹胀痛等植物神经功能紊乱症状出现率较对照组高（Ｐ〈０．０５），但无     

低浓度锰暴露对工人心血管功能的影响

为明确低水平锰暴露是否损害工人心血管功能,对３６名锰作业工人和３６名对照工人的心率、心电图和血压进行了调查。结果表明,作业环境空气中ＭｎＯ２几何平均浓度为０．０７ｍｇ／ｍ＾３（０．０２～０．２９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,样品超标率１１．１％）;接触组及其女工亚组心率明显加快,Ｐ－Ｒ间期明显缩短（Ｐ〈０．０５）。与５年前的体检资料相比较（自身对照）,接触组ＱＲＳ波明显变宽,Ｔ波明显增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）。提示低水     

锰作业工人心电图,血压变化的调查研究

研究了锰对工人心血管功能的影响。作业场所空气中ＭｎＯ＿２浓度几何均值为０．１３ｍｇ／ｍ￣３（０．１０～０．９７ｍｇ／ｍ￣３）。接触组心电图异常和舒张压偏低检出率与对照组相比无显著性差异，但其舒张压均值显著比对照组低（Ｐ＜０．０１）；舒张压偏低检出率在不同接锰工龄和年龄组间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）；接锰女工舒张压偏低检出率显著比男工高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明锰对血管作用明显，且以女工更为敏感。     

甲醛接触人群细胞遗传学效应及个体差异

对不同甲醛接触人群外周血淋巴细胞姊妹染色单体交换（ＳＣＥ）及微核形成率的观察结果表明对照组、学生组、服务员及工人组接触甲醛浓度（ＴＷＡ）分别为０．０１１ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．５０８ｍｇ／ｍ３、０．０１７ｍｇ／ｍ３、和０．７４７ｍｇ／ｍ３，与对照组相比，工人组的ＳＣＥｓ和ＭＮ都有显著性增高，而其他两组的差异则无显著性；工人组的ＳＣＥｓ与ＭＮ之间未见有相关性，解剖实验课学生接触甲醛前后，组内的ＳＣＥｓ和ＭＮ波动范围更在，ＳＣＥｓ和ＭＮ的变化表现出明显的个体差异。提示接触较为高浓度的甲醛可诱发人群淋巴细胞实变。并受到接触剂量与遗传体质的影响。     

高原地区车间空气中CO卫生标准的研究

在海拔２２６１、３４１７和４７５０米高原进行小鼠急性ＣＯ染毒试验的ＬＣ５０分别为４３６５、３８４６和２８１８ｍｇ／ｍ３，毒性分别比平原（ＬＣ５０为７１４７ｍｇ／ｍ３）增加０．６４、０．８６和１．５４倍。２２６１米与４７５０米两对照组血中ＨｂＣＯ差异不明显，ＰＯ２和ＳａＯ２差异明显（Ｐ＜０．０５）；同一海拔不同染毒浓度组间ＨｂＣＯ、ＰＯ２和ＳａＯ２差异明显（Ｐ＜０．０５），不同海拔同一浓度组间差异不明显。海拔２３００米作业现场ＣＯ浓度２６．８ｍｇ／ｍ３的接触工人与对照组比较，自觉症状阳性率、神经行为功能改变、班后呼出气中ＣＯ浓度及其ＨｂＣＯ含量、班前ＴＧ和ＴＣ、班后ＰＯ２和ＳａＯ２均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），接触组班前与班后呼出气中ＣＯ浓度和ＨｂＣＯ含量亦有显著差异。动物试验和人群流调结果均提示在高原地区车间ＣＯ卫生标准应适当降低，建议以２０ｍｇ／ｍ３为宜。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.