拉莫三嗪对电刺激大鼠运动皮层惊厥模型干预的病理生理学研究

目的探讨拉莫三嗪对电刺激大鼠运动皮层惊厥模型干预的脑保护作用。方法建立电刺激大鼠运动皮层惊厥模型,将25只模型动物随机分为5组,拉莫三嗪高剂量组(37.5mg·kg-1·d-1)、拉莫三嗪中剂量组(25mg·kg-1·d-1)、拉莫三嗪低剂量组(12.5mg·kg-1·d-1)、阳性对照组(生理盐水5mg·kg-1·d-1)和阴性对照组(不给刺激仅给生理盐水5mg·kg-1·d-1)。除阴性对照组外,其他各组大鼠每天刺激2次并纪录惊厥阈值;实验各组每周记录一次大鼠在刺激前和刺激后的脑电图;6周末(42~43d)处死大鼠取脑组织行组织形态学检查。结果给电刺激后的各个实验组其惊厥阈值都呈现下降趋势,但拉莫三嗪药物组的惊厥阈值下降延迟,并且在实验末期相对稳定在一个较高水平,其脑电图的棘(尖)波指数也明显减少,组织学检查可见大鼠海马CA3区的神经元细胞损伤较轻。结论在持续6周的实验中,拉莫三嗪对电刺激大鼠运动皮层惊厥模型有脑保护作用,并呈剂量依赖。     

去甲泽拉木醛的免疫抑制作用

目的 :观察去甲泽拉木醛 (T 96)体外免疫抑制及抑制大鼠移植肾排斥的作用强度。方法 :( 1)体外培养BALB/C小鼠脾细胞 ,加有丝分裂原ConA刺激 ,并分别加不同浓度的T 96,用MTT法测定脾细胞的母细胞化情况。 ( 2 )行原位大鼠肾移植并分组 ,分别给予不同剂量的T 96,观察肾移植大鼠的生存期。结果 :T 960 .5mg·L- 1能显著抑制小鼠脾细胞的母细胞化作用 ,与对照组比较P <0 .0 1。T 9610mg·kg- 1·d- 1,2 0mg·kg- 1·d- 1分别延长肾移植大鼠生存期至 ( 14.8±s 1.0 )d和 ( 18.0± 1.5 )d ,与对照组 ( 6.9± 0 .6)d比较差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。T 9610mg·kg- 1·d- 1与泼尼松 10mg·kg- 1·d- 1联合应用延长肾移植大鼠生存期至 ( 32± 6)d。结论 :T 96有强烈抑制小鼠脾细胞母细胞化的作用 ,且有抑制大鼠移植肾的排斥作用 ,抑制作用随剂量加大而增强 ,与泼尼松联合应用 ,更能延长肾移植大鼠的存活时间。     

褪黑素对多柔比星所致肾病的保护作用

本研究旨在观察褪黑素 ( MT)对大鼠“阿霉素肾病”的保护作用 .将所有受试动物分为 5组 ,即正常组 ,MT( d0 - d7,5mg·kg-1·d-1,ig)组 ,多柔比星模型组 ( d 1 ,Dox,5mg· kg-1,iv)组和MT( d 0 - d 7,0 .5,5mg· kg-1· d-1) + Dox( d 1 ,5mg· kg-1,iv)组 .检测大鼠 d7,d1 4,d2 1和 d2 8时尿蛋白 ,尿丙二醛排泄量和 d 2 8时血浆生化指标 .结果显示 ,Dox组大鼠呈典型的肾病综合征 ,MT+ Dox组大鼠尿蛋白减少 ,血浆蛋白明显回升 ,血脂降低 ;同时 ,Dox组动物尿丙二醛显著增加 ,MT+ Dox组丙二醛降低 .这些结果表明 ,MT可减轻“阿霉素肾病”大鼠肾损害 .     

人参茎叶皂苷和胆碱协同改善Alzheimer病学习记忆的作用

目的　观察人参茎叶皂苷和胆碱合用对Alzheimer病(AD)学习记忆的影响。方法　喹啉酸损毁老年大鼠双侧迈尼特基底核制备AD动物模型 ,一次性训练被动回避跳台实验和水迷宫空间分辨能力测试手段观察学习记忆变化。结果　人参茎叶皂苷 (4 0 0mg·kg-1·d-1)和胆碱 (2 0 0mg·kg-1·d-1)合用 ,AD大鼠在跳台中出现的错误反应次数 (ig13d)和学会迷宫所需的训练次数 (ig 16d)显著减少 ,且均比单用效应明显 ,合用后Q >1,其作用与 1,2 ,3,4 四氢吖啶(THA ,10mg·kg-1·d-1,ig)无明显差异。结论　人参茎叶皂苷和胆碱合用有协同改善AD学习记忆障碍的作用。     

维生素A和维生素E对梭曼染毒大鼠自由基损伤的预防作用

目的　探讨梭曼染毒自由基损伤及维生素A(VA)和维生素E(VE)对该损伤的保护作用。方法　实验设对照组 ,梭曼染毒模型组及VA 和VE 实验组。在梭曼染毒前 ,对照组和梭曼染毒模型组ig处理过的菜子油 (1mL·kg- 1·d- 1) ,VA 及VE 实验组分别按VA2mg·kg- 1和VE2 .5mg·kg- 1的剂量ig ,共 9d。d 10除对照组外 ,其余大鼠均用梭曼腹部sc(6 3μg·kg- 1) ,中毒 2h后宰杀取血和肝脏组织 ,观察大鼠血清和肝组织中相关指标的变化。结果　结果显示 ,染毒模型组AChE严重下降 ,血清和肝组织中MDA含量明显升高 ,血清和肝组织中SOD活性下降 ,全血和肝组织中GSH Px活性呈显著下降趋势。VA 和VE 实验组血清MDA含量下降 ,在血清和肝组织中SOD及全血和肝组织中GSH Px活性均上升。结论　梭曼染毒引起AChE活性严重下降 ,同时伴有严重的自由基损伤 ,染毒前大鼠用VA 和VEig处理 ,能够保护AChE活性 ,同时作为抗氧化剂的VA和VE 能保护梭曼染毒所致的自由基损伤     

长苞凹舌兰提取物对亚急性衰老小鼠学习记忆和凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

目的研究长苞凹舌兰提取物(CE)能否改善衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力,及其与神经元凋亡的关系。方法ipD-半乳糖120mg·kg-1·d-1和亚硝酸钠90mg·kg-1·d-1连续60d建立衰老模型,从d47开始igCE2.5,5,10mg·kg-1·d-1,连续14d。跳台实验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力;免疫组化染色测定海马内Bcl-2,半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(cas-pase-3)和Bax凋亡相关蛋白的阳性细胞数,并用图像分析系统进行灰度扫描。结果CE明显改善衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力,跳台实验的潜伏期明显延长,错误次数显著减少。衰老小鼠脑中Bcl-2阳性神经元减少,caspase-3和Bax阳性神经元增多。CE可抑制这些凋亡相关蛋白的阳性细胞数改变,从而可能阻断凋亡级联反应的发生。结论CE可增强衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力,其机制可能与抑制神经元凋亡有关。     

羟丁酸钠减轻新生大鼠缺血缺氧后脑损伤

目的:观察羟丁酸钠对新生大鼠缺血缺氧后脑损伤的影响。方法:60只新生7dSD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型对照组、羟丁酸钠3个剂量组采用Rice法制作缺血缺氧性脑损害模型。模型对照组缺血缺氧后即刻腹腔注射生理盐水;羟丁酸钠3个剂量组分别注射用生理盐水稀释的羟丁酸钠50,100和200mg·kg-1·次-1,均每日3次,共7d缺血缺氧21d后每组各取6只大鼠作左侧大脑半球重量、含水量测定;另取6只大鼠观察左侧海马CA1区锥体神经元存活数量。结果:(1)模型对照组大鼠左大脑半球重量低于假手术组、羟丁酸钠50mg·kg-1组,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。(2)各组左侧大脑半球含水量无显著差异(P>0.05)(3)高倍镜下CA1区海马锥体神经元存活数目,模型对照组为每个高倍视野(26±s7)明显低于假手术组(114±27),P<0.01;羟丁酸钠50mg·kg-1100mg·kg-1和200mg·kg-1组每个视野分别为(61±12),(79±24),(58±18),明显高于模型对照组,P<0.01。结论:羟丁酸钠具有改善缺血缺氧后脑损伤作用。     

淫羊藿总黄酮与雌激素合用对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的影响

目的　研究淫羊藿总黄酮 (EF)与己烯雌酚 (DES)合用对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的影响。方法　大鼠双侧卵巢去除术后预防用药 90d ,用骨组织形态计量学等方法 ,测定大鼠胫骨近端松质骨静态参数和动态参数 ,并观察血清生化指标和子宫内膜厚度。结果　DES 2 2 5 μg·kg-1·d-1可对抗去卵巢大鼠体重增加、血清总胆固醇增加、骨转换增高和骨丢失 ,但是使子宫内膜厚度增加。单用EF 30 0mg·kg-1·d-1对骨丢失没有对抗作用 ,DES 2 2 5 μg·kg-1·d-1和EF30 0mg·kg-1·d-1联合用药效应超过DES单独应用 ,而且不刺激子宫内膜增加。结论　EF与DES联合用药对去卵巢大鼠骨丢失的骨量增加有协同作用 ,而且没有刺激子宫的副作用。     

西布曲明对谷氨酸钠诱导的肥胖动物模型的影响

目的　评价西布曲明 (Sibutramine ,Meridia ,MR)对肥胖动物的减肥作用。方法　取刚出生d 1的大鼠 ,♀♂兼用 ,皮下注射谷氨酸钠 (MSG) 3mg·g-1·d-1,连续 5d ;以诱导动物产生肥胖。在造型后 2 1d ,将肥胖动物按体重随机均分为 5组 ,分别灌胃MR 2 0、4 0和 8 0mg·kg-1·d-1;安菲拉酮 6 0mg·kg-1·d-1,模型组和对照组则均给 0 5 %CMC10ml·kg-1·d-1,连续 2 8d。在实验结束时 ,取样检测各指标。结果　研究显示 ,MR可使MSG诱导的肥胖大鼠体重增加减慢 ,使其脂肪垫重量及其Lees指数减少 ,脂肪细胞直径变小 ,脂肪细胞数 (一个视野内 )增加 ,使MSG大鼠血清甘油三酯降低 ,使其在禁食状态下降低的血糖及胰岛素水平恢复正常。MR对MSG的作用主要是降低其TG水平 ,而对TC无明显作用。结论　试验结果显示MR具有调节和改善脂质代谢及明显的减肥作用     

复方银杏滴丸对急性血瘀模型大鼠的保护作用

复方银杏滴丸 (CO GBE)主要成分为银杏叶提取物和人参皂苷等 ,用于防治脑功能衰退和血管性痴呆。本实验研究采用急性血瘀大鼠模型 ,探讨了CO GBE活血化瘀 ,防治血管性痴呆的作用。1　材料与方法1.1　动物与分组　SD大鼠 ,♀ ,体重 (2 90± 10 ) g ,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、天保宁 2 4mg·kg-1组、CO GBE 10mg·kg-1组、CO GBE 2 0mg·kg-1组、CO GBE 4 0mg·kg-1组。连续灌胃给药 5d ,容积为 5ml·kg-1·d-1。正常对照组和模型组给予等量 0 5 %CMC。1.2　药品与试剂　CO GBE ,棕黑色滴丸 ,天津金士力药物研究开发有限公…     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.