基底动脉急性闭塞患者支架再通预后与侧支代偿之间的关系

目的探讨急性基底动脉近端或中段闭塞行Solitaire~(TM)支架再通后3个月预后与术前侧支循环代偿之间的关系。方法对天坛医院2014-01—2014-12期间33例因基底动脉近端或中段急性闭塞行SolitaireTM支架机械再通患者的资料进行回顾性分析,根据再通术前脑血管造影(DSA)所示侧支循环代偿情况进行分级(Ⅰ-Ⅳ级),将患者侧支循环代偿程度分级,术前NIHSS评分,闭塞血管再通时间,有无高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症,是否合并基础狭窄、合并溶栓、合并支架植入等与SolitaireTM支架机械再通3个月预后情况〔分为预后良好(MRS评分0~2)和预后差(MRS评分3~6分)两组〕分别进行单因素分析,并将两组间比较P0.10的因素与3个月预后情况行多因素Logistics回归分析,筛选出影响3个月预后的独立风险因素。结果与SolitaireTM支架机械再通3个月预后差的基底动脉近端或中段急性闭塞患者比较,预后良好的患者侧支循环代偿程度较好(H=13.6,P=0.001)、再通术前NIHSS评分低(t=-3.315,P=0.004);其他相关因素两组间比较差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。其中,血管代偿程度分级、术前NIHSS评分和合并高血压病(P=0.066)等三种因素P0.10,对这三种因素进行多因素Logistics回归分析显示,代偿程度分级(OR=7.536,P=0.017)和术前NIHSS评分(OR=1.150,P=0.039)是影响患者预后的独立风险因素。结论术前NIHSS评分、血管代偿程度分级是评估近端或中段急性基底动脉闭塞患者3个月预后的独立风险因素,而且术前血管代偿程度分级评价近端或中段急性基底动脉闭塞患者3个月预后的灵敏度更高。     

重度锁骨下动脉盗血综合征的侧支代偿及临床特点

目的探讨重度锁骨下动脉盗血综合征(SSS)的侧支代偿及临床特点。方法回顾性分析12例经全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实为重度SSS患者的临床资料。结果 12例SSS患者主要临床表现为发作性头晕、视物旋转、跌倒等,活动同侧上肢后症状加重;DSA示左侧锁骨下动脉重度狭窄或闭塞10例,双侧锁骨下动脉重度狭窄2例;侧支代偿途径椎动脉-椎动脉-锁骨下动脉10例,颈内动脉-后交通动脉-大脑后动脉/基底动脉8例,颈外动脉-枕动脉下支-椎动脉肌支动脉-椎动脉-锁骨下动脉9例。8例患者行锁骨下动脉支架成形术后临床症状完全消失;2例患者因锁骨下动脉闭塞及对侧椎动脉中度狭窄而接受对侧椎动脉支架成形术,术后症状减轻;随访3个月～2.5年,症状无复发。结论重度SSS临床表现主要为发作性头晕,侧支代偿途径主要为椎动脉-椎动脉-锁骨下动脉,支架成形术可纠正血流动脉动力学紊乱,缓解临床症状。     

超声造影在颅内椎-基底动脉狭窄诊断中的作用

目的 探讨经颅超声造影（contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded sonography,CE-TCCS）诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄或闭塞的临床价值。方法 对14例临床疑似椎-基底动脉狭窄或闭塞的患者分别行常规经颅彩色多普勒超声（transcranial color-coded sonography,TCCS）及CE-TCCS检查,分别比较这两种检查方法与数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）对椎-基底动脉狭窄的的符合程度。结果 临床疑似椎-基底动脉狭窄的14例患者共42支动脉（28支椎动脉和14支基底动脉）,CE-TCCS显像中诊断为狭窄或闭塞的有29支,其中28支均被DSA证实;有13支CE-TCCS诊断为正常的血管,其中12支与DSA结果一致。相对的,TCCS显像中诊断为狭窄或闭塞的有21支,其中19支被DSA证实;有21支TCCS诊断为正常的血管中只有11支与DSA结果一致。以DSA为标准,CE-TCCS诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄与DSA的吻合系数Kappa=0.889,P＜0.01;TCCS诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄与DSA的吻合系数Kappa=0.429,P＜0.05。结论 CE-TCCS检查有助于提高椎-基底动脉狭窄的血流显示。在诊断椎-基底动脉狭窄方面,与TCCS相比,CE-TCCS与DSA结果显示出更好的一致性。     

经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的检查评价

目的探讨经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的临床使用价值。方法所有病例均行头MRI、TCD以及主动脉弓、全脑血管造影（DSA）检查,并证实为分水岭脑梗死。结果一侧颈内动脉系统狭窄或闭塞的10例患者中TCD示6例患侧ACA1血流方向逆转,4例患侧OA血流方向逆转,7例健侧ACA,血流速度高于患侧,6例患侧PCA血流速度增快;14例大脑中动脉主干或上干狭窄或闭塞的患者中TCD示6例大脑中动脉阶段性高流速,6例大脑中动脉未探及血流,2例大脑中动脉低流速伴高PI;1例一侧颈内动脉系统轻度狭窄的患者TCD无明显的变化。结论经颅多普勒能够有效地评价分水岭脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄和侧枝循环的代偿情况。     

症状性颈内动脉闭塞的临床及影像学特点

目的分析颈内动脉闭塞(internal carotid artery occlusion,ICAO)后的临床和影像学特点。方法分析85例ICAO患者的临床表现与合并其它脑血管狭窄及是否建立侧支循环的关系;比较经颅多普勒超声(tran-scranial doppler,TCD)、磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)与数字减影血管造影(digital subtrac-tive angiography,DSA)对侧支循环动脉的显示率。结果 ICAO后最常见的临床表现是肢体无力,重症患者多合并其他脑血管狭窄或闭塞,侧支循环建立不完善。后交通动脉(posterior communicating artery,PCoA)显示率MRA高于TCD(P<0.05);眼动脉(ophthalmic artery,OA)显示率TCD高于MRA(P<0.01);TCD联合MRA对侧支动脉的显示率与DSA比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 ICAO患者的临床症状转归与是否合并其它脑血管狭窄及是否建立侧支循环有密切的关系。TCD与MRA能够很好地显示ICAO后颅内脑血管血流动力学变化和侧支循环状态,可替代或减少有创性DSA的使用。     

经颅多普勒超声对短暂性脑缺血发作的诊断价值

目的：评价经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对脑底动脉狭窄或闭塞所致短暂性脑缺血性发作（TIA）的诊断价值。方法：50例TIA患者进行常规TCD检查,发现39例为颅底单支或多支动脉狭窄或闭塞（78％）,11例正常（22％）,并对其进行了DSA或MRA证实。通过颅底动脉TCD检测,确定狭窄或闭塞血管的形态和血流动力学改变,并与血管造影对比。结果：血管造影显示单支大脑中动脉狭窄17支,双侧双支血管狭窄47支及虹吸部闭塞1支,;TCD综合分析后发现单支狭窄17支,多支血管狭窄64支及闭塞1支,符合率78．7％,结论：TCD检测对于诊断TIA有重要临床意义,尤其对中－重度狭窄或闭塞的诊断准确性较高,单支节段性狭窄准确性更高。     

成人烟雾病的临床特点、分期及代偿机制分析

目的 探讨成人型烟雾病的临床特点、影像学分期及代偿机制.方法 对20例经常规数字减影血管造影（DSA）确诊的成人型烟雾病患者（〉16岁）的临床特点、影像学分期及代偿机制进行回顾性分析.结果 成人烟雾病发病年龄多在40岁左右发病,以脑出血为主,临床主要表现为突发剧烈头痛、意识障碍、失语及一侧肢体瘫痪.CT和MRI显示：脑出血12例（60%）,脑梗死3例（15%）.DSA造影示：双侧大脑中动脉闭塞10例,双侧大脑前动脉闭塞9例,单侧大脑中动脉闭塞11支,单侧大脑前动脉闭塞5支,单侧大脑前动脉狭窄9支,单侧大脑中动脉狭窄6支.在20例患者、40个（侧）大脑半球中,共有39侧大脑半球受损,根据DSA结果将烟雾病分为6期分别为：第Ⅰ期到第Ⅵ期分别为3（7.7%）、9（23.1%）、16（41.0%）、7（18.0%）、3（7.7%）、1（2.5%）侧大脑半球.颅内血管代偿：软脑膜动脉、脉络膜后动脉及胼胝体背动脉代偿增粗25根,眼动脉代偿增粗7根,脑膜中动脉代偿增粗11根.烟雾病合并动脉瘤2例.结论 成人型烟雾病的发病高峰在40岁,以脑出血多见,双侧病变为主,大多数患者在发病时处于第Ⅱ~Ⅳ期（烟雾状血管旺盛期）,大多数患者存在丰富的颅内外血管代偿.     

TCD诊断大脑中动脉闭塞的一种特殊表现(附13例病例分析)

TCD诊断大脑中动脉闭塞的表现多为大脑中动脉无血流信号或血流明显减慢,同侧大脑前动脉及大脑后动脉代偿性血流加快,结合临床表现诊断大脑中动脉闭塞的敏感性和特异性均可达到100Z%.我们发现有一种大脑中动脉闭塞或变异的特殊TCD表现,极容易被忽视而造成漏诊.现将所见病历资料进行整理,报告如下.     

烟雾病12例临床特点分析

烟雾病,即牟雅牟雅病(Moyamoya disease,MMD),是一组原因不明的慢性脑血管闭塞性疾病,常见为双侧颈内动脉末端和/或大脑前动脉和/或大脑中动脉近端狭窄或闭塞,所出现的代偿性丰富的侧支循环,在脑底部形成密集、增生的毛细血管网,在脑血管造影片上形似颅底升起的袅袅青烟[1].1960年铃木医生用Moyamoya(日语烟雾的意思)命名此病.现将自1999年以来收治的12例患者报道如下.     

锁骨下动脉、头臂干严重狭窄或闭塞的血流动力学改变及窃血方式

目的探讨锁骨下动脉（SubA）或头臂干（BCAT）严重狭窄或闭塞患者的血流动力学改变及窃血方式。方法对65例经数字减影血管造影或颈动脉彩色多普勒超声证实的SubA起始段或BCAT严重狭窄或闭塞患者行经颅多普勒超声（TCD）和颈动脉连续波多普勒超声（CWD）检测。结果46例狭窄患者中25例检出SubA或BCAT局限性严重狭窄血流。19例闭塞患者未探及到病侧SubA或BCAT血流信号。30例病变远端的SubA、尺动脉和桡动脉血流波形异常，呈低流速低搏动改变；7例病侧桡动脉未探及到血流信号；28例病变远端动脉的高阻力波形仍存在，但与对侧同名动脉比较血流速度和搏动指数减低。所有患者均检出椎动脉-椎动脉窃血，30例有基底动脉-椎动脉窃血，14例有枕动脉-椎动脉窃血，5例BCAT病变患者有前循环窃血。结论TCD和CWD有助于了解SubA或BCAT严重狭窄或闭塞患者的血流动力学改变和窃血方式，为临床确定诊断、寻找椎-基底动脉供血不足的原因和更深入研究缺血性脑血管病的发病机理提供重要的客观依据。     

Long term survival after basilar artery occlusion. 4 cases

Four cases of basilar artery occlusion with a follow-up from 7 to 12 years are reported. The first patient, a 60 year old woman, had a proximal occlusion which was revealed by an acute brain stem ischemia. The second case was a 63 year old man with an aortic aneurysm who had a single episode of vertebro-basilar insufficiency. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a lower basilar artery occlusion. The third patient, a 60 year-old woman, had been operated from right carotid artery and left vertebral artery stenosis; 8 years later, without clinical manifestations, a left carotid artery stenosis and an occlusion of the lower part of the basilar artery were discovered. The evolution was eventless after a left carotid endarterectomy. The last case was a 60 year old man who had a lower basilar artery occlusion associated with a left internal carotid occlusion. There was a full recovery after a hemiplegic stroke. From our personal cases and the review of the literature, long term survival after basilar artery occlusion may occur in occlusions restricted to the lower or middle part of the basilar artery and with a good collateral supply from carotid and cerebellar arteries.     

Internal borderzone infarction following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion

In 36 patients suffering acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, we studied the angiographic findings within 6 hours of the ictus and the chronic CT results at 3 months. Seven patients suffering distal pial MCA branch occlusion developed a pattern of internal borderzone infarction on follow-up CT. Carotid artery or carotid siphon stenosis or occlusion was absent in all seven. Proximal MCA branch occlusions, prior to the origin of the lenticulostriate arteries, were associated with extensive cortical and deep infarction in the entire MCA territory in 14 patients. There was proximal carotid artery or siphon stenosis or occlusion in 12 of these 14 patients. The remaining 15 patients showed a mixture of proximal and distal MCA occlusions and patchy ischemic damage in the MCA territory. There were no cases of superficial cortical watershed infarction. These data show that internal borderzone infarctions may result from intracranial MCA branch occlusions alone and need not be associated with hemodynamic alterations due to large vessel extracranial disease.     

Insonation Method and Diagnostic Flow Signatures for Transcranial Power Motion (M-Mode) Doppler

Background and purpose. Power motion mode Doppler (PMD) simultaneously displays flow signal intensity and direction over several centimeters of intracranial space. Insonation protocol for PMD and spectral transcranial Doppler (TCD) with typical PMD flow signatures is described in serial patients with acute stroke symptoms examined via conventional windows with a PMD/ TCD unit. Results. Thirty‐five patients were studied within 12 hours after stroke onset (age 64 ±15 years; 8 received intravenous and 3 intra‐arterial thrombolysis). One patient had no temporal window, and 3 patients had suboptimal windows. In 90% of patients, PMD showed more than 1 ipsilateral temporal windows. In 63% of patients (n= 22), PMD simultaneously displayed the entire M1 (65–45 mm) and proximal M2 (45–30 mm) flows, leading to spectral TCD examination of the proximal M2 middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 28 of 35 patients (80%). All patients had sufficient foraminal (depth display = 60–110 mm) and orbital (depth display = 30–80 mm) windows. PMD displayed the entire basilar artery stem (75–100+ mm) in 69% (n= 24) of patients, and the distal basilar flow was detected in all patients by both PMD and TCD. TCD results were normal (12), proximal intracranial stenosis (5), large vessel occlusion (17), and cerebral circulatory arrest (1). Compared to spectral TCD, PMD signatures of similar diagnostic significance were low resistance (vessel identification and recanalization), high resistance (ophthalmic artery identification and distal obstruction), collateral (communicating arteries and leptomeningeal flow), reverberating (circulatory arrest), and branch embolization. Conclusions. PMD is a window‐finding tool and a guide for spectral TCD gate placement. PMD facilitates flow detection in the M2 branches and the distal basilar artery. PMD can demonstrate recanalization of the entire MCA main stem and proximal branches, increase the yield of embolus detection and procedure monitoring, and facilitate abnormal flow pattern recognition.     

Clinical features of proven basilar artery occlusion

Our study describes the early symptoms and signs of 85 patients with either basilar artery occlusion or bilateral distal vertebral artery occlusion documented by selective angiography. The most common prodromal symptoms were vertigo, nausea, and headache, which occurred during the 2 weeks before the stroke. Angiographic findings of 49 patients were classified into proximal, middle, and distal basilar artery occlusions. Twenty-two of these patients had additional vertebral artery lesions. A fourth group was composed of 36 patients with bilateral distal vertebral artery occlusion without opacification of the basilar artery through a vertebral artery injection. Onset was sudden in 20 patients; sudden, but preceded by prodromal symptoms in 11 patients; and progressive in 54 patients. Patients with progressive strokes often had bilateral vertebral artery occlusions. Most patients with acute onset had occlusion of the middle and distal basilar artery. An embolic origin of basilar artery occlusion from an arteriosclerotic vertebral artery lesion was assumed to be an important mechanism. An embolus reaching the basilar artery may not necessarily reach the top of the artery, but may also become lodged more proximally.     

Dissection of the Extracranial Vertebral Artery: Clinical Findings and Early Noninvasive Diagnosis in 24 Patients

Dissection of cervical arteries causes ischemic stroke in young adults. This reports the clinical, ultrasonographic, and neuroradiological findings in 24 patients with 28 vertebral artery dissections in the neck (4 occurring bilaterally). In 20 patients (83%), the dissection was temporally related to trauma. No patients had an underlying vascular disease, for example, atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. In all, the major initial manifestation was pain in the occipital or neck region. The next most common symptoms were vertigo and nausea (in 17 patients). Clinical manifestations were vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack (TIA) (5 patients: in 2 patients vestibulocerebellar TIA, in 1 patient visual TIA, in 1 patient motor TIA, and in 1 patient brain stem TIA with perioral paresthesia), cerebellar infarction (10 patients, in 4 patients bilateral), brainstem infarction (5 patients), posterior cerebral artery territory infarction (1 patient), and multiple vertebrobasilar ischemic lesions (3 patients). Typical angiographic findings were irregular narrowing of the vessel lumen or a tapering stenosis with distal occlusion. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a thickened vessel wall with hematoma signal at the site of the dissection. Duplex color-flow imaging was valuable for the early diagnosis of extracranial vertebral artery dissection and for follow-up examinations. The distal V1- and the proximal V2-segment (at the level of C6 vertebra) was the most frequent localization of dissections (in 43%). The outcome was favorable except for 2 patients with basilar artery occlusion. Embolism to the basilar artery may be avoided by early administration of anticoagulants.     

Accuracy and Criteria for Localizing Arterial Occlusion With Transcranial Doppler

The authors determined transcranial Doppler (TCD) accuracy for the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA), distal ICA, proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA), distal MCA, anterior cerebral artery (ACA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), terminal vertebral artery (tVA), and basilar artery (BA) occlusion in cerebral ischemia patients. Detailed diagnostic criteria were prospectively applied for TCD interpretation independent of angiographic findings. Of 320 consecutive patients referred to the neurosonology service with symptoms of cerebral ischemia, 190 (59%) patients also underwent angiography (MRA or DSA). 48 of those 190 patients had angiographic occlusion and 12 of those 48 patients had involvement of multiple vessels. Median time from TCD until angiography was performed was 1 hour (41 patients had angiography before TCD). TCD showed 40 true positive, 8 false negative, 8 false positive, and 134 true negative studies with sensitivity 83.0%, specificity 94.4%, positive predictive value 83.0%, negative predictive value 94.4%, and accuracy 91.6% to determine all sites of occlusion. Sensitivity for each individual occlusion site was: proximal ICA 94%, distaiiCA 81%, MCA 93%, tVA 56%, BA 60%. Specificity ranged from 96% to 98%. TCD is sensitive and specific in determining the site of the arterial occlusion using detailed diagnostic criteria, including proximal ICA and distal MCA lesions. TCD has the highest accuracy for ICA and MCA occlusions. If the results of TCD are normal, there is at least a 94% chance that angiographic studies will be negative. Key words: ultrasound, transcranial Doppler sonography, stroke, occlusion, angiography.     

Balloon Angioplasty of lntracranial Arteries for Stroke Prevention

Stroke from surgically inaccessible intracranial atherostenosis remains a formidable clinical challenge. While antithrombotic or antiplatelet therapy may prevent distal embolism, there is no effective program for plaque stabilization preventing progression of atherosclerotic stenosis. In patients with isolated circulations (single vertebral with absent posterior communicating arteries, single carotid with contralateral internal carotid artery occlusion, or single carotid with an absent anterior communicating artery), occlusion of the stenotic vessel may produce a low flow–mediated stroke. Fifteen patients with atherosclerotic intracranial stenoses were treated by balloon angioplasty after medical therapy with warfarin failed. Treated territories included the distal internal carotid, proximal middle cerebral, distal vertebral, and basilar arteries. Dilation was successful in all vessels, with residual stenoses averaging less than 30%. Two complications included one paramedian pontine stroke and a single vessel rupture that proved fatal. There was no recurrence of transient ischemic attacks and no restenosis at the angioplasty site over a follow–up period of more than 24 months. In this small series, balloon angioplasty of intracranial vessels provided a therapeutic option for secondary stroke prevention in highly selected patients. Further studies will be necessary to establish the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment in larger series.     

Comparison of methods eliciting cerebral ischaemic pressor response in the cat

Three methods of intercepting the blood supply to the brain were tested by means of X-ray angiography and by monitoring the pressor response following cerebral ischaemia. The methods were: (1) occlusion of carotid and basilar artery; (2) occlusion of carotids and vertebral arteries in the cervical canal of the third vertebra; (3) occlusion of carotid and subclavian arteries. The X-ray angiographs showed that in most cases we could close the accessory sources of the cerebral circulation and drastically reduce the blood supply to the brain of the cat. With all three methods the cerebral ischaemia evoked strong blood pressor elevation, which was weaker however when the carotid and basilar artery were clamped, in comparison with the other two methods. This may be explained by the existence of small arteries supplying the lower brain stem and originating intracranially from the vertebral artery near to the junction of the vertebral and anterior spinal artery.     

Basilar artery occlusion in rats

The basilar artery is one of the three major sources of blood supply to the circle of Willis. To investigate the effects of basilar artery occlusion, we surgically exposed and coagulated the basilar artery in 25 rats. Basilar artery occlusion at any single point between the foramen magnum and the circle of Willis in 11 rats did not produce histologically detectable infarcts in the brain at 12-24 hours. Two-point occlusions of the basilar artery in 12 rats produced variable infarcts between the occlusion sites but no ischemic lesions elsewhere. After either single- or double-point occlusions, the proximal basilar artery refilled within 2-3 minutes. When the basilar artery was occluded above and below the origins of the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries, the artery segments between the occlusion points initially collapsed but refilled within 2-3 minutes in two rats. Basilar artery occlusions invariably suppressed cortical somatosensory evoked potentials by greater than 50%. Regardless of whether a brain stem infarct developed, somatosensory evoked potential amplitudes recovered to greater than baseline levels by 4 hours in seven of 17 rats and returned to baseline levels by 24 hours in every rat tested. We conclude that the occluded basilar artery receives extensive retrograde collateral blood flow and that somatosensory evoked potentials are exquisitely sensitive to basilar artery occlusion but are insensitive to whether brain stem infarcts develop.