超声二维应变成像评价早期酒精性心肌病患者左心室心肌周向收缩功能

目的应用超声二维应变成像（2DSI）评价早期酒精性心肌病（ACM）患者左心室心肌周向收缩功能的价值。方法选取男性饮酒者86例[A组：31例,每日饮啤酒2~3瓶（1100~1650 ml）或白酒≥90 g（相当于纯乙醇75 ml）,每周3~5日,时间5~8年;B组：34例,饮酒量同A组,每周3~5日,时间9~20年;C组：21例,每日饮啤酒≥4瓶（2200 ml）或白酒≥150 g（相当于纯乙醇125 ml）,每周6~7日,时间10年以上,符合ACM诊断标准]。另选正常志愿者40名（D组）纳入研究。对4组进行常规超声和2DSI检查,并测定左心室舒张末期内径（LVDd）、收缩末期内径（LVDs）、舒张末期室间隔厚度（IVSTd）、舒张末期左心室后壁厚度（PWTd）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）和E/A比值。结果 A组与D组间各常规超声参数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;B组舒张功能参数E/A与D组及A组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,余各常规超声参数差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;C组各常规超声参数与D组、A组和B组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。左心室短轴心肌二维周向收缩期峰值应变各组间比较：A组与D组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;B组与D、A组比较,C组与D、A、B组比较,所有节段心肌收缩期峰值应变明显减低（P〈0.05）。结论 2DSI技术能有效评估酒精性心肌病左心室心肌周向收缩功能的改变,准确评价早期酒精性心肌病患者左心室心肌周向收缩功能。     

血液透析对肱动脉内皮功能影响的临床研究

目的：通过观察不同透析时间患者肱动脉内皮功能,评价血液透析对血管内皮的影响及其时间变化规律。方法：利用高频超声,测量血液透析患者（HD组）、尿毒症非透析患者（pre-HD组）和健康志愿者（正常组）的肱动脉收缩期、舒张期内径及反应性充血后内径,计算肱动脉的扩张系数（DC）、僵硬度（SD）和血流介导的内径扩张值（FMD）。结果：与正常组相比,HD组和pre-HD组肱动脉DC值、FMD值减小,SD值增大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;HD组透析12月患者和pre-HD组患者间各项指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;透析36月肱动脉DC值、FMD值显著小于透析12月（P〈0.01）,SD值显著大于透析12月（P〈0.01）;透析60月与透析36月相比各观察指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：血液透析可以加重尿毒症患者内皮功能损伤,且这种作用与透析时间长短有一定关系。     

尿毒症患者血浆蛋白酶体与内皮功能损伤的相关性

目的 探讨尿毒症患者血浆蛋白酶体与动脉内皮损伤的相关性。方法 选择新诊断未透析的尿毒症患者（A组，45例）和已行血液透析6~12个月的尿毒症患者（透析充分为B组，44例；透析不充分为C组，31例）为对象。正常健康人15例为健康对照组（D组）。应用多普勒超声检测左前臂桡动脉内-中膜厚度和内皮舒张功能。酶联免疫法（ELISA）检测各组血浆20S蛋白酶体、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）和转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的含量。分光光度法检测血浆20S蛋白酶体的活性。 结果 D组血浆20S蛋白酶体含量和活性均极低。与D组比较，A组、B组和C组患者血浆20S蛋白酶体含量和活性，以及TNF-α、CRP和TGF-β1的含量均显著升高。与A组比较，B组血浆20S蛋白酶体含量和活性均显著降低，而C组明显升高；TNF-α、CRP和TGF-β1也存在相似的变化。与D组比较，A组、B组和C组患者桡动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能（EDD）和非依赖性舒张功能（EID）均显著下降；切面内膜中膜面积（IMA）均显著增加；C组患者桡动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）明显增厚，腔内径明显变小。与A、B组比较，C组患者EDD进一步显著降低。与D组血清比较，A、B、C组血清刺激内皮细胞释放蛋白酶体和TNF-α均显著升高，尤以C组升高最明显。在A组和C组，血浆20S蛋白酶体含量和活性、炎性细胞因子与内皮舒张功能EDD均呈负相关；血浆20S蛋白酶体含量和活性与TNF-α、CRP和TGF-β1均呈正相关。 结论 尿毒症患者血浆20S蛋白酶体含量和活性的显著升高与动脉内皮功能损伤密切相关。     

心衰患者尿酸对血管内皮功能的影响及别嘌呤醇的干预

目的探讨心力衰竭（心衰）患者尿酸（UA）升高对血管内皮功能的影响及别嘌呤醇干预对尿酸升高的慢性心衰内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的影响。方法将30例心衰患者随机分为别嘌呤醇组和对照组，对照组15例，用常规药物治疗2周；别嘌呤醇组15例，在常规药物治疗基础上加用别嘌呤醇。采用高分辨超声技术检测血流介导和硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉舒张功能，并测定治疗前后血浆UA和内皮素（ET-1）。结果（1）用药前，二者比较UA水平及ET-1水平，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；用药后，别嘌呤醇组UA水平及ET-1水平和对照组比较均降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。各组用药后UA水平及ET-1水平均明显降低（P〈0．01）。（2）别嘌呤醇组和对照组肱动脉内径基础值无明显差异（P〉0．05），反应性充血引起肱动脉内径变化别嘌呤醇组明显增加（P〈0．01）。含服硝酸甘油后两组肱动脉内径均明显扩张，但两组肱动脉内径变化无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论心衰患者经药物干预后，UA水平降低，ET-1水平随之下降，尤以别嘌呤醇组降低明显。别嘌呤醇治疗后UA水平明显降低，内皮依赖性血管舒张功能明显改善，别嘌呤醇是慢性心衰的一种便宜而有效的辅助药物。     

高脂血症对肱动脉内径达峰时间的影响

目的探讨高脂血症对肱动脉内径达峰时间的影响。方法选取到我院就诊、未曾治疗的40例高脂血症患者作为研究对象（高脂血症组）,另选对照组30名,应用在血管回声跟踪技术（eTRACKING）基础上实现的血流介导血管舒张（FMD）检测技术及FMD专用检测装置测量肱动脉内径达峰时间,并进行分析。结果高脂血症组肱动脉内径达峰时间为（70.70±6.99）s,对照组为（60.25±5.38）s,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论高脂血症患者动脉内膜出现异常改变之前已出现内皮功能损伤,运用这种新的FMD检测技术测量肱动脉内径达峰时间,可作为判断早期血管功能受损的新指标。     

酗酒伴丙型肝炎感染病人所患肝细胞癌的恶性程度分析

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染是肝细胞癌的致癌原因之一，流行病学的研究亦表明，习惯性的大量饮酒是发生肝癌的一个危险因素。本文回顾了有HCV由集的，有白酒习惯的肝癌患者其饮酒与肝癌的恶性程度、组织学特征及其术后无油生在牢之间的关系。病人和方法：1991～1995年间的80例男性肝癌患者，均为小肝癌（直径＜3．0cm），并同时伴有HCVDNA（＋）和HBSAg（－），均经手术切除。80人中38人为白酒者（A组：每口饮酒量＞8魄，且饮酒史＞10年），其余42人为不饮或偶而饮酒者（B组）。作者比较了两组病人的临床特征、肿瘤组织学检查结果，如…     

低蛋白质饮食联合复方α酮酸对糖尿病肾脏疾病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的 观察合并大量蛋白尿的2型糖尿病患者在不同方法干预后的血管内皮功能的变化.方法 60例2型糖尿病合并大量蛋白尿患者血糖控制达标后在低蛋白质饮食（食物中蛋白质含量0.8 g·kg-1·d-1）的基础上随机分为治疗组和对照组,分别给予复方α酮酸和缬沙坦,共治疗12周.于治疗前后空腹采血测定血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）,留取24 h尿测定白蛋白,并通过超声测定其肱动脉血管内径、基础血流、内皮依赖性血管内径变化（EDD）率及硝酸甘油介导的血管内径变化率,通过99mTc-二已三胺乙酸ECT法测定肾小球滤过率（GFR）,并进行比较.结果 治疗前两组基线资料无显著性差异,组内比较治疗后与治疗前比较FBS、HbA1c、HDL-C水平相似,hs-CRP、24 h尿白蛋白下降（P〈0.05）,GFR、EDD升高（P〈0.05）,检测指标的组间比较无显著性差异.结论 低蛋白质饮食联合复方α酮酸可改善合并大量蛋白尿的糖尿病患者的血管内皮功能,减少尿白蛋白漏出,效果与缬沙坦相似,并且复方α酮酸治疗无低血压、头昏及高钾血症等不良反应.     

自体动静脉内瘘局部血流动力学研究

目的探讨自体动静脉内瘘局部血流动力学特点及其影响因素。方法选择维持性血液透析（maintennance hemodialysis,MHD）患者71例,横断面分析,应用彩超测量自体动静脉内瘘瘘口直径,双侧上肢桡动脉、尺动脉、肱动脉内径及血流量,分析动静脉内瘘对双侧上肢局部血流动力学的影响。结果动静脉内瘘手术后1-144个月,术侧头静脉内径（6.67±2.18）mm;术侧肱动脉内径（5.59±1.24）mm,对侧肱动脉内径（3.81±0.72）mm;术侧桡动脉吻合口近心端内径（4.12±1.13） mm,吻合口远心端（2.84±0.90）mm,对侧桡动脉内径（1.93±0.46）mm;术侧尺动脉内径（2.21±0.86）mm,对侧尺动脉内径（1.64±0.58）mm;术侧和对侧相比,有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。术侧肱动脉血流量（2164.18±1413.06）ml/min,对侧肱动脉血流量（538.90±326.90）ml/min;术侧桡动脉血流量（1172.75±718.20）ml/min,对侧桡动脉血流量（106.50±75.83）ml/min;术侧尺动脉血流量（245.95±184.09）ml/min,对侧尺动脉近心端血流量（81.34±68.80）ml/min;术侧和对侧相比,有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。结论自体动静脉内瘘建立后,术侧肢体的肱动脉、尺动脉、桡动脉内径相应增粗,血流量增大。     

超声稀释法监测血液透析患者的内瘘功能

目的对维持性血液透析患者进行内瘘血流量（Qb）及再循环率（R％）测定，了解血液透析患者的内瘘功能状态。方法在患者血液透析开始后30min及结束前1h采用超声稀释法测定内瘘功能。对内瘘血流量过低（Qb〈600ml／min）及过高（Qb〉1800ml／min）的患者进行彩色多普勒超声检查。测量内瘘头静脉内径、桡动脉内径、肱动脉内径及平均血流速度并排除血管腔有无狭窄。结果180例患者中的163例成功进行了内瘘功能测定，3例再循环率〉0，占0．02％。平均Qb（1010．3±662．6）ml／min，40例Qb〈600ml／min（24．5％，低流量组），104例Qb为600-1800ml／min（63.8％，正常流量组），19例Qb〉1800ml／min（11．7％，高流量组）。多普勒超声检查低流量组10例，高流量组7例。两组比较在头静脉内径、桡动脉内径、流速、肱动脉流速方面差异均有统计学意义。结论超声稀释法评定血管内瘘功能有较好的敏感性和特异性，是血管通路（包括自身血管和人造血管）功能监测的一种良好的手段。     

高频超声评价2型糖尿病肾病患者肾小球滤过率对颈动脉粥样硬化及血管重构的影响

目的探讨应用高频超声评价肾小球滤过率（GFR）对2型糖尿病肾病患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）及颈动脉粥样硬化血管重构的影响。方法将2型糖尿病肾病患者按照GFR分为3组：GFR≥90ml/（min.1.73m2）为A组（34例）,60ml/（min.1.73m2）≤GFR〈90ml/（min.1.73m2）为B组（39例）,GFR〈60ml/（min.1.73m2）为C组（25例）。D组为正常人（50名）。应用高频超声测量颈动脉IMT、斑块部位的血管总面积（TVA）及管腔面积（LA）,计算重构指数（RI）。结果颈总动脉干、颈总动脉分叉处、颈内动脉、颈动脉平均IMT和血管重构率均为A组、B组和C组均高于D组（P均〈0.01）,B组和C组均高于A组（P均〈0.05）,C组高于B组（P均〈0.05）。颈动脉平均IMT与GFR呈负相关（r=-0.33,P〈0.05）。血管重构类型比较：仅C、D组间负性重构差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。D组中血管重构类型以无重构为主,其余各组中血管重构类型均以正性重构为主,且各组中正性重构发生率均高于负性重构发生率。结论糖尿病肾病患者随着GFR减低,颈动脉IMT逐渐增厚,GFR可影响颈动脉血管重构。高频超声可准确、快捷地监测糖尿病肾病患者GFR对颈动脉IMT及血管重构的影响。     

A prospective study of drinking patterns in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes among men

Using data from a 12-year prospective study, we determined the importance of the pattern of alcohol consumption as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in a cohort of 46,892 U.S. male health professionals who completed biennial postal questionnaires. Overall, 1,571 new cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Compared with zero alcohol consumption, consumption of 15-29 g/day of alcohol was associated with a 36% lower risk of diabetes (RR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.53-0.77). This inverse association between moderate consumption and diabetes remained if light drinkers rather than abstainers were used as the reference group (RR = 0.60, CI 0.50-0.73). There were few heavy drinkers, but the inverse association persisted to those drinking >/=50 g/day of alcohol (RR = 0.60, CI 0.43-0.84). Frequency of consumption was inversely associated with diabetes. Consumption of alcohol on at least 5 days/week provided the greatest protection, even when less than one drink per drinking day was consumed (RR = 0.48, CI 0.27-0.86). Compared with infrequent drinkers, for each additional day per week that alcohol was consumed, risk was reduced by 7% (95% CI 3-10%) after controlling for average daily consumption. There were similar and independent inverse associations for beer, liquor, and white wine. Our findings suggested that frequent alcohol consumption conveys the greatest protection against type 2 diabetes, even if the level of consumption per drinking day is low. Beverage choice did not alter risk.     

Comparison of hemodynamic changes associated with two different polytetraflouroethylene arteriovenous fistulae in hemodialysis patients

The aim of this prospective study was to identify hemodynamic factors associated with two different types of polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) AV grafts. The study was conducted on 46 hemodialysis patients over a 3-year period. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two study groups: Group 1 patients (n = 24) underwent a brachiocephalic loop PTFE fistula; Group 2 patients (n = 22), a brachioaxillary PTFE fistula. Preoperatively, we recorded each individual's subclavian catheter history, hemodialysis frequency, and serum levels of parathormone (PTH), calcium (Ca)-phosphorus (P) product, homocysteine, protein C, and protein S. Doppler ultrasonography was used to evaluate vascular hemodynamic changes in the proximal and distal portions of the AV fistula at 48 hours and 1 week postoperatively. Group 1 showed a significantly greater number of ipsilateral subclavian catheter interventions prior to AV graft surgery than Group 2 (14 versus 7, respectively; P = .05; chi-square). The mean peak systolic velocity in the brachial artery in Group 1 was significantly higher than that in Group 2 at 1-week postoperatively (P = .04, paired t-test). The mean radial artery diameter in Group 1 was greater than that of Group 2 at 1 week postoperatively (P = .05, Student t-test). At 48 hours postoperatively the observed change in cephalic vein diameter in Group 1 was significantly greater than the change in axillary vein diameter in Group 2 (P = .08, paired t-test). Preoperatively, the mean serum protein C and protein S levels in Group 1 were higher than those in Group 2 (P = .03 and P = .04, respectively; Mann-Whitney U test). The total numbers of dialysis sessions per week in each group were significantly different (P = .001, chi-square). Six Group 1 patients exhibited graft thrombosis at 48 hours after AV graft surgery. None of the patients in Group 2 exhibited thrombosis at 48 hours or 1 week postoperatively. The results indicate that patients with brachiocephalic PTFE AV grafts show more significant changes in the cephalic vein and brachial artery than patients with brachioaxillary PTFE AV grafts. The findings also suggest that more ipsilateral subclavian catheter interventions and a higher weekly frequency of hemodialysis prior to AV graft surgery are risk factors for early thrombosis of PTFE AV grafts.     

前列腺穿刺活检术中不同麻醉方法有效性和安全性比较

目的 比较3种麻醉方法 在经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检过程中的有效性和安全性.方法 2006年7月至2008年10月,120名因前列腺特异抗原和(或)直肠指检异常接受前列腺12针穿刺活检的患者随机分为4组,每组30例.A组为对照组,未接受任何麻醉;B组在超声引导下于左、右两侧精囊与前列腺交接处分别注射1%利多卡因5ml行前列腺神经阻滞术(PNB);C组在PNB之前5 min直肠内涂抹复方利多卡因凝胶;D组在PNB之前于前列腺两侧叶内分别注射1%利多卡因2 ml.穿刺结束后对患者进行疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),并随访7 d了解并发症情况.结果 超声探头进入直肠时C组患者的VAS为(2.7±1.1)分,低于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他3组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).穿刺过程中D组患者的VAS为(3.9±1.3)分低于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他3组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).各组患者并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PNB及直肠内利多卡因凝胶局部麻醉不能明显减轻前列腺穿刺过程中的痛苦,PNB联合前列腺内局部麻醉是安全有效的.     

不同性别原发性IgA肾病随增龄的临床病理特点

目的：了解不同性别原发性IgA肾病（IgAN）患者随增龄的临床病理特点。方法：回顾性分析我科2003年1月～2006年12月经肾活栓确诊的757例原发性IgAN患者的临床病理资料，根据年龄分成四组：A组（青年组，≤24岁，n=172例）、B组（中青年组，25岁～39岁，n=318）、C组（中年组，40岁～54岁，n=189）及D组（中老年组，≥55岁，n=78），分别比较不同性别组随增龄及同一年龄段男性与女性的临床病理特点。结果：A、B、C组男性多于女性，而D组女性多于男性。男、女性原发性IgAN中肾功能中度受损（eGFR〈60 ml／min）、高血压、高甘油三酯血症的比例均与年龄有关（P〈0．05）。A组最低，男性中B、C、D组均显著高于A组（P〈0．007），而女性中仅D组显著高于A组（P〈0．007），B、C组与A组无差异。另外，B、C组中男性肾功能中度受损、高血压及高甘油三酯血症的比例均显著高于女性（P〈0．05），而A、D组均无此趋势。B、C组男性的肾小管间质病变、肾内血管病变及血管壁透明样变性程度均重于同年龄段的女性（P〈0．05），而A、D组均无此趋势。女性患者肾功能中度受损的独立相关因素有年龄、高尿酸血症、肾小管间质损害、蛋白尿〉1g／d、肾内动脉病变5个参数。男性的独立相关因素为年龄、高尿酸血症、肾小管间质损害、全球硬化这4个参数。结论：中青年及中年女性IgAN患者的临床表现、慢性化病理改变显著轻于同年龄段男性，而55岁以上及24岁以下女性多个临床病理预后指标与同年龄段男性基本一致。     

Efficacy of tamsulosin in medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral calculi

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential role of tamsulosin in the medical treatment of distal ureteral stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety patients with symptomatic distal ureteral calculi were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups: Group A (n=45) received diclofenac 100 mg on demand for 4 weeks plus levofloxacin 250 mg daily for the first week and were well hydrated; and Group B (n=45) received the same therapy plus tamsulosin 0.4 mg/daily for 4 weeks. Abdominal ultrasound scans and KUB X-rays were performed weekly. Stone expulsion rates, time to expulsion, pain episodes and analgesic usage were determined. Intervention by means of shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) or ureteroscopy was evaluated. RESULTS: The stone expulsion rate was 51.1% for Group A, compared to 88.9% for Group B (p=0.001). The average time to expulsion was 12.53+/-2.12 days for Group A and 7.32+/-0.78 days for Group B (p=0.04). The number of pain episodes was significantly lower in Group B and mean use of analgesics was lower for Group B (0.14+/-0.5 vials) than Group A (2.78+/-2.7 vials). Twenty-two patients in Group A failed to pass their stones after 4 weeks but only five in Group B. Of the patients who were not stone-free, 19 were treated with SWL and eight underwent ureteroscopy. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals the efficacy of tamsulosin for the treatment of distal ureteral stones. Tamsulosin should be added to the standard medical approach for treating these stones.     

鲑鱼降钙素联合低频脉冲电磁场治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的临床观察

目的 通过对鲑鱼降钙素联合低频脉冲电磁场(pulsed electromagnetic fields,PEMFs)治疗绝经后骨质疏松症患者疗效的观察及分析,为绝经后骨质疏松症寻找到安全可靠,更具有良好疗效的治疗方案。方法 选择90个病例,随机分为3组：A组为试验组：联合应用鲑鱼降钙素及低频电磁场组(30人);B组为对照组1：单纯应用低频电磁场组(30人);C组为对照组2：单纯应用鲑鱼降钙素组(30人),每组同时每日给予一定剂量的钙剂及维生素D;A、C组肌注鲑鱼降钙素（CT）50 U,1次/d,连续1w,然后隔天1次,连续1w,最后每周2次至疗程结束;A 、B组均采用天津市同业科技发展有限公司生产的TY-PEMF-B型OP治疗仪实施低频电磁场治疗,频率8~16Hz,每次治疗40 min,共治疗30 次; 治疗前及治疗后第2、4、8周分别测定患者视觉模拟痛疼评分(VAS),并对3组患者进行治疗前及治疗后3、6个月腰椎及股骨颈BMD的测量。结果 鲑降钙素联合骨质疏松治疗仪与单纯使用降钙素治疗或骨质疏松治疗仪治疗相比骨密度显著提高,试验组与对照组对比P<0.05。结论 鲑降钙素联合骨质疏松治疗仪治疗绝经后妇女骨质疏松症疗是一种安全、疗效更好的方法。     

Effects of ethanol consumption on the morphology of the rat seminiferous epithelium

The effects of ethanol consumption on the morphology of the seminiferous epithelium, with particular emphasis on Sertoli cell ultrastructure, were examined during and following pubertal development. Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on chronically high levels of ethanol for 7 weeks beginning at 29 days of age. Animals in Group 1 were fed a liquid diet containing ethanol (36% ethanol-derived calories) ad libitum. Group 2 animals were paired with animals in Group 1 and fed a liquid control diet in the amount consumed by their ethanol partners (g/kg body wt/day). Animals in Group 3 were fed Purina rodent chow ad libitum. Blood samples were collected at 60 days for determination of plasma testosterone levels. On day 79, each epididymis, the adrenals and the right testis were removed from anesthetized animals and weighed; the left testis was removed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Blood alcohol levels were consistently high throughout the feeding period, averaging 272.6 +/- 9.7 mg/100 ml at 1900 hours (1 hour after lights off) and 178.8 +/- 20.8 mg/100 ml at 1330 hours. Testosterone levels were lower in ethanol-consuming animals than in pair-fed or control subjects. Testis weight was also somewhat reduced in ethanol-consuming animals; however, when adjusted for body weight, relative testis weights were found to be increased in ethanol and pair-fed animals. Epididymal weights were reduced in both ethanol and pair-fed animals. Relative adrenal weights were increased by ethanol. The most dramatic effect of ethanol consumption was on the morphology of the seminiferous tubules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

右美托咪定与肾上腺素作为局部麻醉药佐剂对臂丛神经阻滞效果的对比

目的 对比常用剂量的右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)和肾上腺素作为罗哌卡因的佐剂对锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞影响的差异. 方法 选择Colle's骨折患者60例,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,其中男性40例,女性20例;年龄44～68岁,体重50～75kg.采用随机数字表法分为3组(每组20例):生理盐水对照组(C组)、Dex组(D组)和肾上腺素组(E组).各组均在超声引导下行锁骨上臂丛神经阻滞.C组使用1 ml生理盐水,D组将0.75 μg/kg Dex稀释至1 ml,E组将盐酸肾上腺素100 μg稀释至1 ml.上述溶液分别加入10 ml 1％盐酸罗哌卡因和10 ml生理盐水配制的局部麻醉药物中.比较感觉及运动阻滞的起效时间、持续时间、开始静脉镇痛的时间,入室时(T0)及给药后10 min(T1)、20min(T2)、30 min(T3)、40 min (T4)、50 min(T5)、60 min(T6)的HR、MAP、SpO2、BIS以及麻醉并发症的情况. 结果 D组感觉、运动阻滞的起效时间比C、E组短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而C、E两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).D、E两组感觉、运动阻滞的持续时间、静脉镇痛的开始时间均比C组晚,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).MAP的组间比较,D组在T4～T5时段低于C组,在T3～T5时段低于E组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).E组在T3时刻高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).HR的组间比较,D组在T3～T6时段低于C,E两组,E组在T3～T5时段显著高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).BIS值的组间比较,D组在T2～T6时段显著低于C、E组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 与100 μg肾上腺素相比,0.75 μg/kg Dex具有类似的增强臂丛神经阻滞的作用,还具有镇静及降低心血管应激的作用,适用于肾上腺素禁忌证者.     

三种定位方法行臂丛神经阻滞的效果比较

目的探讨三种定位方法行臂丛神经阻滞的效果。方法选择择期上肢手术患者120例,随机均分成三组:超声引导组(A组)、神经刺激器组(B组)、传统方法组(C组),局麻药为2%盐酸氯普鲁卡因30ml。记录肌皮神经、桡神经、正中神经、尺神经阻滞的起效时间,并评价其阻滞完善率;评定麻醉效果(优、良、差),记录并发症。结果 A组神经阻滞起效时间较短,而C组起效时间较长,A组和B组明显短于C组,且A组短于B组(P<0.01)。A组神经阻滞完善率均接近100%,明显高于B组和C组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。麻醉效果优等率A组为95%,B组为75%,C组为47.5%,A组明显高于B、C组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。A、B组各有1例,C组有3例并发症,但三组均未出现严重并发症。结论超声引导下臂丛神经阻滞较神经刺激器辅助和传统方法下的阻滞效果良好,起效时间更短,提高了麻醉安全性和有效性。