无创通气下应用强迫振荡技术检测呼吸阻力

目的 构建强迫振荡测量系统,在无创正压通气(NPPV)条件下检测人呼吸系统阻抗(Rrs)和电抗(Xrs),用于评估肺阻力(RL)和弹件阻力(EL).方法 基于现有的强迫振荡技术,构建包括振荡发生器和信号分析软件在内的新强迫振荡测量系统,采用呼吸系统一阶线性力学模型(R-I-E模型)验证新系统测量的准确性和可靠性.8例健康正常人为研究对象,分别经鼻罩给予不同水平的双水平气道止压(BiPAP)和持续气道正压(CPAP)通气,探讨在不同通气模式和压力水平下利用Rrs无创评价R,的可行性.结果 (1)振荡压力和振荡流量的相干函数系数值r2=0.98,强迫振荡测量可靠.5 Hz强迫振荡测定的模型阻抗与模型的粘性阻力接近,两者平均相差(1.26±0.44)cm H2O·s·L-1,一敛性范嗣在(0.36～2.14)cm H2O·s·L-1.(2)8例在不同通气模式及压力条件下测定的Rrs值大小接近,与RL平均相差(0.16±1.58)cm H2O·s·L-1.RL的预计方程式为RL=1.40+0.77Rrs,[决定系数(r2)=0.43,P<0.01].(3)强迫振荡弹性阻力EFOT(EFOT=-2πfXrs)显著大于实际值EL,(P<0.01).两者存在低水平的相关(r=0.40,P<0.01).结论 新强迫振荡系统测量准确、可靠.Rrs近似地反映了RL的大小,RL预测值可用于优化NPPV的压力支持水平,使呼吸机提供的压力支持能有效地克服肺阻力.     

不同压力及时间机械通气对大鼠血清白细胞介素8、白细胞介素10水平和肺组织形态学的影响

目的 探讨不同压力及时间机械通气对大鼠血清白细胞介素8(IL-8)、IL-10水平及肺组织形态学的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为空白对照组(C组)、低气道压力2 h组[L2组,压力为15 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),通气时间为2 h]、低气道压力4 h组(L4组,压力为15 cmH2O,通气时间为4 h)和高气道压力2 h组(H2组,压力为25 cm H2O,通气时间为2 h)、高气道压力4 h组(H4组,压力为25 cm H2O,通气时间为4 h),每组6只.连接呼吸机,设定呼吸频率为40次/min,按既定压力及时间进行机械通气,分别于机械通气2、4 h后血处死大鼠,检测血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量,并取肺组织,光镜及电镜下观察组织损伤的病理改变.结果 与C组相比,L2、L4、H2、H4组血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量均明显增加,且随通气时间的延长而升高,L4组高于L2组[IL-8:(71.5±7.6)ng/L比(38.4±6.3)ng,L,IL-10:(364.5±18.6)ng/L比(271.6±21.3)ng/L,P<0.05],H4组高于H2组[IL-8:(140.7±23.5)ng/L比(76.4±9.2)ng/L,IL-10:(472.8±22.5)ng/L比(357.6±20.4)ng/L,P<0.05];相同通气时间下,高气道压力组血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量较低气道压力组明显增多,H2组高于L2组,H4组高于L4组(P<0.05).光镜及电镜下组织学检查显示与C组比较,其余各组肺组织均出现不同程度的炎性细胞浸润、肺气肿、线粒体肿胀、内质网扩张、细胞核质间隙增宽等炎性反应改变,且随时问及气道压力的增加而加重.结论 通气压力及时间的增加能够刺激大鼠血清中炎性反应因子IL-8、IL-10水平的升高,加重肺组织的损伤.有效控制通气的压力及时间可以减轻肺组织炎性反应和损伤.     

仰俯卧位对早产儿肺炎患儿肺功能的影响

目的探讨仰俯卧位对早产儿肺炎患儿肺功能的影响.方法应用美国Bicore CP-100新生儿肺功能仪分别对30名不吸氧组(SaO2≥90%)和18名吸氧组(SaO2<90%)早产儿肺炎患儿的肺功能值进行检测.结果不吸氧组患儿俯卧位呼吸频率明显低于仰卧位(43.4±10.2 v 49.8±11.7);俯卧位潮气量明显高于仰卧位(3.11±0.92 v 2.48±0.77 ml/kg);俯卧位气道阻力明显低于仰卧位(98.6±50.1 v 117.4±41.5cm H2O/L/s,);俯卧位动态肺顺应性明显高于仰卧位(1.115±0.401 v 0.914±0.48ml/cm H2O/kg);俯卧位呼吸功明显高于仰卧位(8.0±3.8 v 5.9±2.7gm cm/kg).吸氧组患儿俯卧位呼吸频率明显低于仰卧位(52.7±10.2 v 56.1±12.4);潮气量明显高于仰卧位(2.13±0.42 v 1.79±0.66 ml/kg);俯卧位气道阻力明显低于仰卧位(290.4±107.0 v 319.1±104.1cm H2O/L/s);俯卧位动态肺顺应性明显高于仰卧位(0.562±0.192 v 0.488±0.217ml/cm H2O/kg);俯卧位呼吸功明显高于仰卧位(10.1±4.7 v 7.3±3.4gm cm/kg).结论无论吸氧与否俯卧位均可提高患儿的潮气量、动态肺顺应性和呼吸功,降低呼吸频率和气道阻力,俯卧位为早产儿肺炎患儿的适宜体位.     

不同压力及时间机械通气对大鼠血清白细胞介素8、白细胞介素10水平和肺组织形态学的影响

目的 探讨不同压力及时间机械通气对大鼠血清白细胞介素8（IL-8）、IL-10水平及肺组织形态学的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为空白对照组（C组）、低气道压力2 h组[L2组,压力为15 cm H2O（1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa）,通气时间为2 h]、低气道压力4 h组（L4组,压力为15 cmH2O,通气时间为4 h）和高气道压力2 h组（H2组,压力为25 cm H2O,通气时间为2 h）、高气道压力4 h组（H4组,压力为25 cm H2O,通气时间为4 h）,每组6只.连接呼吸机,设定呼吸频率为40次/min,按既定压力及时间进行机械通气,分别于机械通气2、4 h后血处死大鼠,检测血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量,并取肺组织,光镜及电镜下观察组织损伤的病理改变.结果 与C组相比,L2、L4、H2、H4组血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量均明显增加,且随通气时间的延长而升高,L4组高于L2组[IL-8：（71.5±7.6）ng/L比（38.4±6.3）ng,L,IL-10：（364.5±18.6）ng/L比（271.6±21.3）ng/L,P〈0.05],H4组高于H2组[IL-8：（140.7±23.5）ng/L比（76.4±9.2）ng/L,IL-10：（472.8±22.5）ng/L比（357.6±20.4）ng/L,P〈0.05];相同通气时间下,高气道压力组血清中IL-8、IL-10的含量较低气道压力组明显增多,H2组高于L2组,H4组高于L4组（P〈0.05）.光镜及电镜下组织学检查显示与C组比较,其余各组肺组织均出现不同程度的炎性细胞浸润、肺气肿、线粒体肿胀、内质网扩张、细胞核质间隙增宽等炎性反应改变,且随时问及气道压力的增加而加重.结论 通气压力及时间的增加能够刺激大鼠血清中炎性反应因子IL-8、IL-10水平的升高,加重肺组织的损伤.有效控制通气的压力及时间可以减轻肺组织炎性反应和损伤.     

无创正压通气对夜间慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸力学和睡眠紊乱的影响

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NIPPV)对夜间慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者呼吸力学和睡眠紊乱的影响.方法 选择南方医科大学珠江医院呼吸内科自2010年10月至2011年10月收治的COPD急性加重期住院患者16例,常规肺通气功能测定,经过NIPPV治疗病情稳定后,分别在患者自主呼吸和NIPPV时睡眠状态下进行呼吸力学和多导睡眠图的监测,连续采集并计算各项呼吸和睡眠参数.结果 COPD患者睡眠状态下,NIPPV与自主呼吸相比较,呼吸频率(RR)差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);潮气量(VΥ)由(0.35±0.10)L升高到(0.45±0.12)L、每分钟通气量(VE)由(6.17±1.15) L/min升高到(7.97±2.34) L/min、平均吸气流量(VΥ/Ti)由(0.24±0.09) L/s升高到(0.39±0.11) L/s、动态肺顺应性(CLdyn)由(43.46±12.75) ml/cm H2O(1cm H2O=98 Pa)升高到(60.23±17.31) ml/cm H2O、指脉氧饱和度(SpO2)由(83.55±5.07)％升高到(95.67±5.38)％,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05～P＜0.001);吸气时间占呼吸周期比值(Ti/Ttot)由0.43±0.11降低到0.33±0.08、气道阻力(Raw)由(25.64±6.02) cm H2O/L-1·s-1降低到(20.34±3.67) cm H2O/L-1·s-1、压力-时间乘积(PTP)由(423.12±89.06) cm H2O· s-1·min-1降低到(170.44±41.53) cm H2O· s-1· min-1、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)由(63.74±8.45) mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)降低到(45.32±5.74) mm Hg,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05～ P＜0.001).睡眠效率(SEF％)由(74.23±12.78)％升高到(84.41±15.11)％、快速动眼睡眠时间占总睡眠时间百分比(REM/TST％)由(12.16±7.38)％升高到(19.35±9.41)％、慢波睡眠占总睡眠时间百分比(SWS/TST％)由(5.38±3.35)％升高到(13.68±7.25)％、夜间基础指脉氧饱和度(SpO2％base)由(84.77±4.97)％升高到(96.46±4.32)％、夜间最低指脉氧饱和度(SpO2％lowest)由(75.03±6.32)％升高到(85.78±4.84)％,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);睡眠潜伏期(SLT)由(63.32±25.26) min降低到(30.57±8.02) min、微觉醒指数由(38.24± 17.57)次/h降低到(25.66±15.78)次/h、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)由(3.63±0.76)次/h降低到(2.51±0.67)次/h、呼吸紊乱最长时间(BDLon)由(40.02±8.83)s降低到(21.37±5.66)s、指脉氧饱和度低于90％时间占总睡眠时间百分比(SpO2％＜90％/TST％)由(29.36±9.74)％降低到(17.72±5.27)％,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 NIPPV可显著改善睡眠状态下COPD患者的呼吸力学异常,降低了气道阻力和呼吸做功,改善了COPD患者夜间低氧和低通气状态,一定程度上改变了COPD患者的异常睡眠结构,纠正了睡眠紊乱,睡眠质量显著提高.     

通光散对慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型大鼠气道阻力和气道炎症的影响

目的 建立慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)大鼠模型,观察通光散对COPD模型大鼠气道阻力和气道炎症的影响.方法 60只雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组和通光散组,每组15只.模型组、阳性对照组和通光散组采用熏烟和气管给予内毒素脂多糖的复合方法建立COPD大鼠模型.第15天开始各组大鼠给予每周5次药物干预,通光散组给予通光散汤3 ml灌胃;阳性对照组给予羧甲司坦150 mg/kg灌胃;正常对照组和模型组给予生理盐水3ml灌胃.第90天实验结束,进行大鼠有创气道阻力测定和肺组织病理检测.结果 正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组和通光散组大鼠有创气道阻力分别为(0.227±0.027) cm H2O· ml-1·s-1、(0.425±0.117)cm H2O·ml-1·s-1、(0.263±0.043) cm H2O· m l-1·s-1、(0.269±0.050)cm H2O·ml-1· s-1(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa).模型组大鼠气道阻力高于其他3组(均P＜0.05),而其余3组之间差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).病理检测显示,模型组大鼠肺组织有严重的支气管组织和肺泡组织病理改变,而通光散组和阳性对照组的病变程度均较轻.结论 通光散可以降低COPD模型大鼠的气道阻力,抑制气道炎性反应.     

全麻气管插管后七氟醚和异氟醚吸入对吸烟患者呼吸力学的影响

目的 比较观察全麻气管插管后七氟醚和异氟醚吸入对吸烟和非吸烟患者气道阻力、肺顺应性和气道峰压的影响.方法 选择既往有和无吸烟史择期手术的普通外科患者80例[美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,既往有或无吸烟史患者各40例],随机分为4组(n=20):有吸烟史患者吸入七氟醚全麻组(SS组)和吸入异氟醚全麻组(SI组),无吸烟史患者吸入七氟醚全麻组(NS组)和吸入异氟醚全麻组(NI组).使用多功能麻醉气体监护仪监测患者吸入麻醉剂浓度达到肺泡最低有效浓度(1MAC)后4、8、12、16min的气道峰压、肺顺应性,同时用无创心功能测定仪监测气道阻力,记录各组患者在吸入麻醉剂期间各项指标的变化情况.结果 与吸入前相比,所有接受全麻气管插管的患者在使用七氟醚和异氟醚吸入维持4、8、12、16 min后均出现气道阻力和气道峰压的明显下降(均P＜0.05),其中SS组和NS组8min后下降趋于稳定[气道阻力:SS组(10.38±1.12)cmH2O·L-1·s-1,NS组(9.65±1.04)cm H2O·L-1·s-1;气道峰压:SS组(13.52±1.01)cm H2O,NS组(12.86±0.94)cm H2O,1 cm H2O=0.098kPa],SI组和NI组则于12 min后下降趋于稳定[气道阻力:SI组(10.30±0.98)cm H2O·L-1·s-1,NI组(11.00±0.73)cm H2O·L-1·s-1;气道峰压:SI组(13.47±0.88)cm H2O,NI组(12.85±0.65)cm H2O],同时间点的非吸烟组下降幅度高于吸烟组(均P＜0.05).4组患者在使用七氟醚和异氟醚吸入维持后其肺顺应性较吸入前均无明显变化(均P＞0.05),同时间点的非吸烟组与吸烟组相比肺顺应性差异也没有统计学意义(均P＞0.05).结论 全麻气管插管后七氟醚和异氟醚吸入使患者的气道阻力和气道峰压出现明显下降,吸烟者比非吸烟者下降程度低.     

双水平气道正压无创通气全身麻醉期间患者胃内压及咽后部pH值的变化

目的 通过对双水平正压无创通气全身麻醉患者行连续胃内压监测,探讨该通气模式引起胃内容物反流的可能机制.方法 选择行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术的成年患者60例随机分为2组:双水平气道正压(BiPAP)面罩通气组(Ⅰ组)和气管内捕管气道正压通气(IPPV)组(Ⅱ组),每组30例.麻醉前将测压管送达胃内,观察麻醉前、麻醉后30 min、气腹后30 min、拔管或撤离通气后30 min的循环、血气指标、胃内压及咽部pH值.结果 麻醉通气期间2组MAP、HR尚平稳,拔管后30min Ⅱ组PaO_2低于麻醉前水平[(78±14.1)mm Hg 比(85±10.4)mm Hg,P<0.05,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa],而Ⅰ组前后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).Ⅰ组麻醉后30min胃内压比麻醉前明显下降[(7.2±2.6)cm H_2O比(8.0±3.2)cm H_2O,P<0.05,1 cm H_2O=0.098 kPa],而Ⅱ组升高[(9.6±2.3)cm H_2O比(7.8±4.5)cm H_2O,P<0.05].气腹后30 min 2组胃内压骤升,Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组更高[(23±5.3)cm H_2O比(20±4.1)cm H_2O,P<0.05),Ⅱ组拔管后30 min仍较麻醉前高[(11.8±4.6)cm H_2O比(7.8±4.5)cm H_2O,P<0.05],且比Ⅰ组术后胃内压[(8.3±4.1)cm H_2O]明显增高(P<0.05).麻醉前和拔管后,2组咽部pH值差异无统计学意义(p>0.05).结论 双水平气道正压面罩通气能安全有效地维持全身麻醉时进行的机械通气,对围麻醉期的生理干扰较少.在腹腔镜胆囊切除术时胃内压变化剧烈,双水平气道正压面罩通气的胃内压升高幅度较小,导致胃食管反流的风险较低.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气呼吸力学容积依赖性系数与内源性呼气末正压的相关性分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者机械通气时呼吸力学非线性分析时呼吸系统弹性和阻力的容积依赖性系数(Evd/Rvd)与内源性呼气末正压(PEEPi)的相关性.方法 2004年1月-2005年1月本院英东重症监护医学中心收治的25例COPD机械通气患者,分别以呼吸力学的线性和非线性模型分析其压力(P)、流量(V')和容量(V)数据,比较二者的拟合效率指标决定系数(R2)和根均方差(RMSD);以呼气末阻断法测定PEEPi,分析弹性容积依赖性系数(Evd)、阻力容积依赖性系数(Rvd)以及Evd×Rvd与PEEPi的相关性.结果 非线性分析所得的RMSD值(1.47±0.81)cm H2O小于线性分析所得(2.36±1.18)cm H2O;非线性分析所得的R2值(0.97±0.02)大于线性分析(0.89±0.08),差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);Evd、Rvd以及Evd×Rvd与PEEPi的相关系数分别为0.90、0.82和0.95(P均＜0.01).结论 呼吸力学的非线性模型比线性模型更加适合COPD患者机械通气时呼吸力学分析.Evd和Rvd,特别是Evd×Rvd与PEEPi之间具有良好的相关性,或可用于COPD患者机械通气时PEEPi的无创性持续监测.     

提高无创通气压力支持水平在治疗COPD并急性呼吸衰竭的应用

目的比较不同的无创通气压力支持水平对COPD急性加重并呼吸衰竭患者血气分析的影响,探讨能否减少较严重气道阻塞患者建立有创人工气道的可能性及其时机.方法对42例COPD合并急性呼吸衰竭,PaCO2≥70mmHg,并出现神志改变的患者,进行面(鼻)罩压力支持通气治疗.结果①应用较高的压力支持水平(IPAP 25.6±2.4cmH2O)可使71.4% (30例,成功组)患者通气明显改善.PaCO2下降(p<0.05),PaO2升高(p<0.05);②12例(失败组)无创通气12～24小时后症状及血气分析无改善改有创通气.两组在高压力水平通气时均需改用面罩. 结论提高无创通气的压力支持水平,使71.4%患者血气分析改善,避免了建立人工气道.在较高支持压力水平(≥15-18cmH2O)通气时,建议用面罩通气,适时进行有创人工通气.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.