STB胸腰椎后路椎弓根钉板系统的生物力学评价及临床观察

目的对STB胸腰椎后路椎弓根钉板系统进行生物力学评价及临床应用观察.方法该系统由医用钛合金材料制成,包括长条形钢板及椎弓根固定螺栓.在6例成人新鲜脊柱标本(T10～L4)上模拟正常组、损伤组、Steffee固定组和STB固定组等四个状态,在10.0N@m的纯力偶矩作用下分别产生前屈、后伸、左/右侧弯、左/右轴向旋转运动,通过脊柱三维运动测试系统比较Steffee和STB重建胸腰椎脊柱稳定性的效果.并测试STB钉板系统的轴向刚度.临床应用该系统治疗胸腰椎骨折及腰椎滑脱53例.结果Steffee、STB器械均能提高失稳脊柱的各向稳定性,尤在左/右侧弯方向上更为显著(p＜0.05),但二者无显著性差异(p＞0.05).STB的轴向刚度为106.8N/mm±24.8N/mm.临床观察表明,该系统具有良好的复位和固定性能.结论STB胸腰椎后路内固定系统具有良好的生物力学性能,适合临床应用.     

胸腰椎前路K形钢板内固定系统的生物力学评价

目的：对胸腰椎前路K形钢板内固定系统（K－plate）进行生物力学稳定性评价。方法：6例新鲜成人尸体胸腰椎（T11－L3）标本，制成前、中柱损伤模型，椎体间模拟植骨后，分别以－Zplate、K－plate固定，采用脊柱三维运动试验系统测试完整、损伤、Z-plate和K-plate等4种状态下脊柱节段的运动范围（ROM）。结果：K-plate固定后，前屈、后伸、左侧弯、右侧变运动方向上ROM与完整、损伤状态之间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；左、右轴向旋转运动方向上ROM与损伤状态之间差异有显著性（P＜0．05），但与完整状态之间差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。Z－plate、K－plate固定状态之间6个运动方向上ROM差异均无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：胸腰椎前路K形钢板内固定系统能有效恢复失稳胸腰椎的稳定性。     

腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器的生物力学评价

目的　评价一种新型腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器的生物力学性能,为其临床应用提供理论依据。 方法　采用8例新鲜猪腰椎标本的L4/5脊柱功能单元进行生物力学实验,先后制作正常脊柱组、峡部裂组、Buck螺钉固定组、Nicol钢丝捆绑组、机翼型记忆合金固定组5组实验模型。利用脊柱三维运动实验机,分别测试5组模型在前屈/后伸、左/右侧弯及左/右轴向旋转6种运动的活动范围。 结果　在前屈/后伸及左/右旋转状态下,峡部裂组稳定性最差,同其他4组有显著差异（P<0.05）。而使用机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器可明显恢复峡部裂腰椎稳定性,同正常脊柱组及其他2种内固定组无显著差异（P>0.05）。在左/右侧弯状态下5组腰椎标本均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。 结论　该新型记忆合金内固定器可维持峡部裂腰椎正常的三维运动稳定性,并且操作简单,具有很好的应用前景。     

椎弓根钉固定与椎体成形术治疗爆裂型骨折的生物力学研究

目的:评价用椎弓根钉系统固定并同时经椎弓根人工骨椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的生物力学效果,为临床术式选择提供生物力学依据.方法:采用12具国人新鲜脊柱标本(T11～L3),预损伤后压缩法模拟失去前柱支持,完全不稳的L1椎体爆裂性骨折.实验分完整状态组、椎弓根钉同定组和椎弓根钉同定并椎体成形术组.测试标本前屈,后伸,左、右侧弯及左、右轴向旋转状态下同定节段(T11～L3)的运动范围(ROM)以及极限载荷,并计算刚度,进行统计学处理,比较各组间差异.结果:椎弓根钉同定并椎体成形术与单纯椎弓根钉固定两种手术方式进行比较.在屈伸、左右侧弯时,二者运动范围之间的差异无统计学意义,而在轴向旋转时,前者[左旋:(72.42±16.33)%,右旋:(70.30±1 1.58)%]运动范围小于后者[左旋:(106.92±12.0)%,右旋:(105.02±14.31)%](p＜0.05).极限载荷和刚度之间比较,前者均大于后者(P＜0.05).结论:采用椎弓根钉固定并椎体成形术治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折,能够提高生物力学稳定性.稳定效果要优于单纯的后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内同定,同时也可以增加固定节段承受的极限载荷和刚度.     

体外生物力学评价上胸椎前路钛板内固定装置的三维运动稳定性

背景：国内外少见颈前路带锁钢板重建上胸椎的体外生物力学报道。 目的：从生物力学角度评价自行研制的上胸椎前路钛板内固定装置。 方法：15具成人尸体上胸椎标本分成3组,即上胸椎前路钛板内固定组(B),颈前路钛板预弯内固定组(C),颈前路钛板未预弯内固定组(D)。对完整标本进行三维活动度测量,分别安装好各组内固定再次进行标本在前屈、后伸和侧弯及旋转状态下的三维运动稳定性测量,并与完整状态(A)进行对比。 结果与结论：在完整状态下B、C、D 3组标本的三维运动稳定性差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。前屈稳定性排列：B>D>C>完整,B、A之间差异有显著性意义(P=0.012);后伸稳定性排列：B>C>A>D,B与A,C,D之间差异有显著性意义(P=0.001,0.021,0.01);旋转状态下的稳定性排列：B>C>A>D,各组差异无显著性意义;侧弯稳定性排列：A>B>C>D,A和C,D之间差异有显著性(P=0.005,0.002)。提示上胸椎前路钛板装置具有较好的三维稳定性,如果采用颈前路钛板内固定建议塑型。     

后路椎间融合对不同程度小关节切除腰椎稳定性的影响

目的:探讨后路椎问融合对不同程度小关节切除腰椎稳定性的影响.方法:采用6具无脊柱疾患的尸体脊柱标本(L1～S5),利用最大载荷为10Nm的力偶对其中L4～5节段的完整状态、腰椎不稳状态、双侧小关节切除1/3、1/2、全切除+Cage固定或全切除+Cage+TSRH等6种状态进行前屈、后伸,左、右侧弯和左、右轴向旋转运动试验,而后进行统计学处理.结果:对于L4～5节段,双侧小关节切除1/3、1/2或全切除后,加后路椎间融合器后前屈、左右侧弯运动范围较完整均显著降低,分别为4.50±2.43、2.61±0.82、3.21±1.41,4.70±1.47、3.43±0.75、4.13±0.81,5.98±2.67、3.89±0.70、4.53±1.33(P＜0.01);另外,加用TSRH内固定组后该节段的前屈、后伸、左右侧弯及右轴向旋转运动范围分别下降至1.49±0.58,1.60±0.98,1.21±0.34,1.29±0.41,1.60±0.87,1.53±0.98(P＜0.01).结论:单纯后路椎间融合器可增加不同程度小关节切除节段的稳定性,且小关节切除越少,脊柱稳定性越好.对于小关节切除太多者,可加用椎弓根内同定增加其稳定性.     

双侧峡部裂对腰椎稳定性影响的实验研究

目的：研究双侧峡部裂对腰椎三维稳定性的影响。方法：实验材料为８具成人新鲜腰椎标本,切断Ｌ２双侧峡部,通过脊柱三维运动试验机,对标本施加前屈／后伸、侧弯和轴向旋转等６种力偶矩（１０Ｎ．ｍ）,由脊柱三维运动分析系统得到腰椎节段的运动范围。结果：双侧峡部断裂后,腰椎前屈／后伸及左／右旋转运动范围分别增加２６．６％、５５．９％、１００．９％、１１５．８％,较正常标本有显著性增大,而左／右侧弯变化不大。结论：峡部对腰椎三维稳定具有重要的力学作用,双侧峡部裂导致腰椎不稳。     

椎间盘不对称切除对小关节压力及腰椎稳定性的影响

目的探讨腰椎间盘不对称切除对小关节压力及腰椎稳定性的影响。方法采用7具人体脊柱标本(L2~3),制备完整椎间盘组、1/4椎间盘切除组、1/2椎间盘切除组,对标本施加7.5 N·m的屈伸、侧弯和轴向旋转方向的纯力偶矩,记录腰椎运动范围(range of motion,ROM)和小关节压力。结果后伸方向,1/4椎间盘切除状态下非切除侧小关节压力显著性增大;侧弯方向,1/2椎间盘切除状态下的两侧小关节压力均有显著性增大;轴向旋转方向,1/2椎间盘切除状态下仅切除侧小关节压力显著性增大。1/4椎间盘切除、1/2椎间盘切除状态下的ROM均大于完整椎间盘,但前屈方向各组间ROM无差别,各组间侧弯和轴向旋转的ROM在左、右侧无差别。结论腰椎间盘不对称切除导致腰椎除前屈方向外稳定性下降和小关节压力不对称性增大,提示腰椎间盘不对称退变引起腰椎不稳和小关节压力增大可产生腰痛。     

后纵韧带生物力学测试评价胸腰段脊柱前路减压后的稳定性

背景：到目前为止,对于后纵韧带在胸腰段脊柱前路减压术式中所发挥的生物力学稳定作用的研究未见文献报道。 目的：通过生物力学测试,评价胸腰段脊柱后纵韧带在椎管前方减压自体髂骨植骨+Kaneda内固定过程中的作用。 方法：采用7具新鲜小牛胸腰段脊柱(T₁₁~L₃)标本,采用前后对照方法,按操作过程标记为：正常组→后纵韧带完整组(椎管前方减压植骨内固定,保留后纵韧带组)→后纵韧带切除组,应用实验应力方法测试各组的生物力学特性。模拟临床手术行L₁椎体切除椎管前方减压自体髂骨植骨+Kaneda内固定,在脊柱WE-10A万能材料实验机上进行非破坏性生物力学测试,并计算应变、刚度、轴向压缩强度、扭转强刚度等数据,通过F检验分析数据。 结果与结论：胸腰椎椎管前方减压植骨+Kaneda内固定,局部切除后纵韧带使胸腰椎的稳定性在旋转、轴压、前屈、后伸、侧弯各运动状态下降,其中以前屈时最为明显,差异具有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。提示在胸腰段脊柱椎管前方减压过程中,局部切除后纵韧带将使术后脊柱稳定性在前屈状态时下降,不利于提高脊柱的融合率。因此应尽可能保留正常的后纵韧带。     

螺钉F角对后路单节段固定稳定性的影响

目的　比较4组不同椎弓根螺钉置入方式对后路单节段固定生物力学稳定性的差异。方法　将24具新鲜小牛胸腰椎标本(T11~L3)分为4组,用椎体楔行切除法在L1椎体上制作严重压缩性骨折模型,用4组不同进钉角度行后路单节段椎弓根钉内固定,对固定后的标本施加频率为1.0Hz的前屈／后伸、左／右侧屈和左／右旋转疲劳载荷各3000次,经脊柱三维运动测量系统测量正常、损伤、固定和疲劳后4种状态下固定节段(T13~L1)前屈／后伸、左／右侧屈和左／右旋转运动范围,将其标准化为稳定指数后比较四组内固定方式在4种状态下6个载荷方向上稳定性的差异。结果　4组固定均能显著提高骨折模型在6个载荷方向上的稳定性(P<0.01),而且显著强于正常标本组(P<0.01),但四组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);疲劳试验后4组标本在6个载荷方向上的稳定性均小于各自疲劳试验前,但两者间无显著性差异(P>0.05),且4组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论　只要保证螺钉在椎弓根及椎体内且伤椎螺钉避开骨折区域,螺钉的F角大小不会影响单节段固定的即刻稳定性及疲劳后稳定性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.