Working together,nurses can make a difference in resuscitation outcomes: An update on the American Heart Association's 2010 guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) was formed in 1992 to provide a forum for resuscitation organizations worldwide. According to its mission, ILCOR provides a mechanism by which international science and knowledge that are relevant to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care (ECC) can be identified, reviewed, and evaluated. Every 5 years, based on a rigorous review of the published, peer‐reviewed science, ILCOR develops a consensus on resuscitation science and carries that forward into internationally agreed‐on treatment recommendations. As part of the 2010 evidence‐evaluation process, ILCOR published an updated consensus on science and treatment recommendations (CoSTR). Based on the CoSTR, the American Heart Association (AHA) developed and disseminated guidelines for ECC and CPR. Nursing has unique responsibilities in the chain of survival. This article reviews the major elements of AHA's 2010 guidelines and discusses the critical role that nurses play in the development, dissemination, and implementation of resuscitation science. By making the connection in resuscitation science, nurses can help to save more lives.     

心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压对心肺复苏成功的影响

目的:探讨心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压对心肺复苏成功的影响。方法:将42例心跳呼吸骤停患者随机分为徒手胸外心脏按压组(A组)和心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压组(B组)。二组均进行无创动脉血压、心电、经皮氧饱和度sPO2等监测。结果:B组的自主循环恢复率和24小时存活率均明显高于A组(P<0.05和P<0.01),但二组的出院存活率无显著性差异。B组的经皮氧饱和度明显高于A组(P<0.05),而自主循环恢复时间则明显短于后者(P<0.01);二组的平均动脉压无显著性差异。结论:心肺复苏仪胸外心脏按压在提高自主循环率,缩短自主循环恢复时间,改善患者生存机会等方面明显优于徒手胸外心脏按压。     

Improved haemodynamics and restoration of spontaneous circulation with constant aortic occlusion during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Continuous balloon occlusion of the descending aorta is an experimental method that may improve blood flow to the myocardium and the brain during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of this intervention on haemodynamics and the frequency of restoration of spontaneous circulation. Ventricular fibrillation was induced in 39 anaesthetised piglets, followed by an 8-min non-intervention interval. In a haemodynamic study (n = 10), closed chest CPR was performed for 7 min before the intra-aortic balloon was inflated. This intervention increased mean arterial blood pressure by 20%, reduced cardiac output by 33%, increased coronary artery blood flow by 86%, and increased common carotid artery blood flow by 62%. All these changes were statistically significant. Administration of epinephrine further increased mean arterial blood pressure and coronary artery blood flow, while cardiac output and common carotid artery blood flow decreased. In a study of short-term survival, nine out of 13 animals (69%) in the balloon group and in three out of 13 animals (23%) in the control group had spontaneous circulation restored. The difference between these two proportions was 0.46, which was statistically significant with a 95% confidence interval from 0.12 to 0.80. In conclusion, balloon occlusion of the descending aorta increased coronary and common carotid artery blood flow and the frequency of restoration of spontaneous circulation. It was also noted that epinephrine appears to augment the redistribution of blood flow caused by the aortic occlusion.     

Pancreatic injury associated with interposed abdominal compressions in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A case in which conventional CPR was augmented with interposed abdominal compressions on a child is reported. Animal studies and electrical models of this new form of CPR have demonstrated improved hemodynamics without instance of intra-abdominal injury. In this case, intraperitoneal visceral injury was noticed in the form of blood within the stomach and small intestine and parenchymal hemorrhage within the pancreas. Similar pancreatic injury has not been reported with conventional pediatric CPR, and caution may have to be exercised if this form of CPR with interposed abdominal compressions is to be used on children.     

心肺转流行心肺复苏的实验研究

观察狗心脏停搏30分钟后的心肺复苏效果,以10%氯化钾溶液静脉注射使实验狗心脏停搏、呼吸停止30分钟后,分两组进行心肺复苏实验研究.实验狗每组5只.第一组采用常规法;第二组采用心肺转流(cardiopul-monary bypass,CPB)法.实验期间,定时对心电图、动脉压、静脉压、动脉血气和瞳孔进行监测.心肺骤停后60分钟检查最终复苏效果.结果第一组仅1只狗(20%)于第15分钟后恢复自主循环,瞳孔开始缩小,其余4只狗均未获复苏;第二组于2—3分钟后全部恢复自主循环(100%),瞳孔缩小.复苏30分钟后,其平均动脉压为8—14.0kPa,明显高于第一组(0—12.0kPa)(P<0.05),其静脉压为0.09—0.12kPa,明显低于第一组(0.14—0.24kPa)(P<0.01),PaCO_2为2.06—5.73kPa,明显低于第一组7.22—11.90kPa;PaO_2为21.70一59.81kPa,明显高于第一组(5.88—14.56kPa)(P<0.01).上述实验结果表明,心搏呼吸骤停30分钟后,以心肺转流法进行复苏可有效地恢复自主循环,并可能有益于脑复苏.从少量实验动物复苏效果提示,CPB法明显优于常规法.     

人工通气在早期心肺复苏中价值的探讨

目的:评价早期心肺复苏(CPR)中A(气道)、B(呼吸)、C(循环)抢救步骤的价值。方法:收集132例心跳、呼吸骤停行CPR患者的临床资料,对43例复苏成功病例,按原发疾病进行分类统计以及实施心肺复苏所采取C、CAB及ABC的步骤,比较各组的成功率。结果:心源性疾患所引起心跳、呼吸骤停C组复苏成功率为50.0％明显高于其他各组(P<0.05)。C组与ABC组比较复苏成功率有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:C及CAB是各种原因引起的心跳、呼吸骤停患者CPR中有效的抢救步骤。     

188例院前心肺复苏临床分析

目的:分析院前心肺复苏(CPR)病例的抢救经过,总结其中的经验和教训,探讨提高院前心肺脑复苏成功率的途径。方法:回顾分析188例院前CPR病列的复苏开始时间,临床急救措施,心肺脑复苏的成功率等方面的资料。结果:188例患者中,31例心肺复苏成功,4例心肺脑复苏成功,心肺复苏成功率16.49%,心肺脑复苏成功率2.13%。CPR开始时间越早,除颤时间越早,心肺脑复苏的成功率越高。结论:良好齐全的急救设备,专业的院前急救水平,普及急救知识,加快CPR及除颤开始时间,及时给予基础和高级生命支持是提高院前心肺脑复苏成功率的重要途径。     

Family Presence During Resuscitation Efforts

Family presence during resuscitation efforts continues to be a controversial issue among healthcare providers. The purpose of this paper is to explore advantages and disadvantages to this concept from the healthcare provider and family's perspective, and address the patient's viewpoint. A personal insight and ethical considerations are included. Sources of information consist of literature reviews of the topic, and databases were utilized using the key words "family presence,""witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation," and "family presence during resuscitation efforts." The information provided will demonstrate that family presence during resuscitation efforts is a necessary and ethical standard in healthcare practices today and can help nurses feel more comfortable facilitating this process.     

未控制失血性休克早期复苏的研究进展

综述未控制失血性休克复苏补液的量、速度、时机、液体的种类和早期温度复苏以及新的复苏终点标准。     

心脏直视手术中的心脏复苏(附124例报告)

本文总结了124例心脏直视手术中心脏复苏的经验。实践表明，双手挤压法和中等剂量心脏兴奋剂更利于心脏手术中的心脏复苏；心肌出现粗颤即应尽早除颤，不宜片面追求较高的心脏自动复跳率。对复苏困难病例，依其不同情况，在常规复苏方法的基础上，可采用一些特殊复苏措施。应指出，有多种因素影响心脏直视手术中的心脏复苏，也应采用相应的综合性措施进行复苏。     

创伤性休克早期低压液体复苏的临床探讨

目的:探讨早期低压液体复苏对创伤性休克的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2003年7月～2006年10月我院急诊科160例创伤性休克患者早期采用低压和正压液体复苏的救治效果,以及两种方法对Hb、PT、PLT、Hct的影响。结果:160例创伤性休克患者中,早期低压复苏组死亡率20.73%,正压复苏组死亡率37.18%,其中以1～2h内两组间死亡率有显著差异(P<0.05),两组间的实验室指标比较有显著差异性(P<0.05)。结论:早期低压液体复苏可降低创伤性休克患者的死亡率,其中休克后1～2h内控制输液量是救治的关键。     

亚低温对心肺复苏后患者神经功能预后的影响

目的:探讨亚低温技术在心肺复苏后对患者神经功能预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院2001-03-2008-05急诊抢救室收治的30例心肺复苏患者的临床资料,根据是否采用亚低温技术,患者随机分为两组:常温组与亚低温组,每组各15例。对复苏后患者的平均脑部温度、血氧饱和度(SaO2)、血酸碱值(pH)、平均动脉压(MAP)、意识障碍评分(GCS)等指标进行分析,3个月后对两组病人神经功能预后进行评定。结果:常温组与亚低温组患者复苏时平均脑部温度分为(36.7±1.3)℃和(33.5±1.1)℃(P<0.05),血氧饱和度(SaO2)、血酸碱值(pH)、平均动脉压(MAP)、意识障碍评分(GCS)等基本相近(P>0.05);3个月后两组神经功能转归良好率分别为40%和73%(P<0.05),其中亚低温6h内实施者优于6h后实施者;神经功能缺损评分(nerve functional in-sufficent,NFI)分别18.7±4.3和14.9±3.7(P<0.05),修改后的Barthel指数(modified Barthel index,MBI)分别为69.5±3.6和74.4±4.5(P<0.05)。结论:亚低温技术在心肺复苏后患者的脑复苏中具有显著的神经功能保护作用,可改善心肺复苏后患者的神经功能状况,实施降温越早,对脑复苏越有利。     

Cardiac, thoracic, and abdominal pump mechanisms in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: studies in an electrical model of the circulation

To investigate alternative mechanisms generating artificial circulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), an electrical model of the circulation was developed. Heart and blood vessels were modeled as resistive-capacitive networks; pressures in the chest, abdomen, and vascular compartments as voltages; blood flow as electric current; blood inertia as inductance; and the cardiac and venous valves as diodes. External pressurization of thoracic and abdominal vessels, as would occur in CPR, was simulated by application of half-sinusoidal voltage pulses. Three modes of creating artificial circulation were studied: cardiac pump (CP), in which the atria and ventricles of the model were pressurized simultaneously; thoracic pump (TP), in which all intrathoracic elements of the model were pressurized simultaneously; and abdominal pump (AP), in which the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava of the model were pressurized simultaneously. Flow was greatest with the CP, less with the TP, and least with the AP mechanism. However, the AP could be practically combined with either the CP or TP by interposition of abdominal compressions between chest compressions (IAC-CPR). Our model predicts that this combined method can substantially improve artificial circulation, especially when cardiac compression does not occur and chest compression invokes only the thoracic pump mechanism.     

Emergency medical service providers' experience with family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation

OBJECTIVE: To describe emergency medical service providers' experiences with family member presence during resuscitation, and to determine whether those experiences are similar within urban and suburban settings. METHODS: We conducted a personally distributed survey of a convenience sample of urban and suburban emergency medical service (EMS) providers presenting to two Midwestern Emergency Departments. Providers were questioned as to their experiences with resuscitating patients in the presence of family members. RESULTS: There were 128 respondents to the survey (59 urban and 69 suburban), of which 70.1% were EMT-Paramedics. No provider who was approached refused participation. Nearly all (122) had performed CPR in the presence of family members, with most (77%) performing greater than 20. Subjects averaged 12.3 years of experience. The majority of urban and suburban providers felt it was inappropriate for family to witness resuscitations (75.9% versus 60.3%, respectively; p=0.068). Many providers reported feeling uncomfortable with family presence (31.5% urban versus 44.8% suburban; p=0.136), and few preferred that family witness the resuscitation (13.2% urban versus 15.4 suburban; p=0.738). A minority of providers believed that family were better prepared to accept the death of the patient (37.0% urban versus 37.6% suburban; p=0.939). Approximately half felt comfortable providing emotional support (66.0% urban versus 53.7% suburban; p=0.173). Many felt that family caused a negative impact during resuscitation (53.7% urban and 36.8% suburban; p=0.061). Urban providers more often reported feeling threatened by family members during resuscitation (66.7% versus 39.7%; p=0.003), and felt that family often interfered with their ability to perform resuscitations (35.6% versus 16.4%, p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: EMS providers have substantial experience with family witnessed resuscitations, are uncomfortable about their presence, and often must provide support for families. While urban providers tended to report more negative experiences and perceptions, there were minimal differences between the two groups.