Changes in lymphocyte subsets after radiotherapy

Radiation therapy seems to induce depletion of lymphocytes, which are very important cells for immunity response. The lymphocyte phenotype was studied in 41 non-pretreated patients with normal immunological parameters who received postoperative radiation therapy for breast, mediastinal or pelvic cancer with at least 50 Gy/25 fractions. The functional immunological assessment was analyzed by Multiskin test (Merieux) too. The lymphocyte phenotype was determined on whole-blood lysate employing an Ortho double-fluorescence cytofluorimeter. All patients, after radiation treatment, exhibited decrement in absolute and percent lymphocyte subpopulations; the Multiskin test demonstrated simultaneous change in skin-test response. The results are highly significant (p 2-tailed area less than 0.0001) for absolute cells count and skin-delayed response test, but percent variations are not significant when verified by t-test.     

Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations after prolonged exercise

In order to assess the changes in the cellular immune system, 27 healthy male subjects were selected who participate in leisure-time sports and in whom measurements of the lymphocyte subsets in venous blood were carried out before and after a standardized endurance exercise test (EI, 60 minutes in length, intensity: 63% of maximum performance). The percentages of the following parameters were measured: total T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and O-lymphocytes as well as T4-lymphocytes (helper T-lymphocytes, CD4+) and T8-lymphocytes (cytotoxic/suppressor T-lymphocytes, CD8+). In a subgroup consisting of 8 subjects, the parameters indicated above were measured again 24 hours following E. In order to check the reproducibility of the findings, the endurance exercise test was repeated 21/2 weeks later (EII).     

淋巴细胞亚群及T淋巴细胞亚群在过敏性哮喘及肺炎中的意义

目的 研究过敏性哮喘、肺炎患儿外周血淋巴细胞亚群及T淋巴细胞亚群改变情况,了解两种疾病患儿的免疫状况,为临床诊治提供参考.方法 收集过敏性哮喘及肺炎患儿各15例,同期选择15例健康儿童为对照,应用多色免疫荧光标记方法,检测患儿的淋巴细胞亚群,包括T细胞(CD3+)、T辅助/诱导细胞(CD4+)、T抑制/毒性细胞(CD8+)、自然杀伤细胞( CD16+ 56+)及B细胞(CD19+);应用细胞内免疫荧光标记方法,检测CD4+ IFN -y +Th1(简称Th1)、CD4+ IL -4+Th2(简称Th2)、CD4+IL- 17 +Th17(简称Th17).结果 过敏性哮喘患儿Th2、Th17与对照组比较均升高,CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD16+ 56+百分率明显则低于对照组及肺炎组,而CD19+及CD4+/CD8+均较对照组偏高(P＜0.05).肺炎组与对照组比较,仅CD4+有明显降低.结论 过敏性哮喘与肺炎患儿存在着不同的免疫学改变,过敏性哮喘改变较肺炎更明显;检测淋巴细胞亚群及Th1、Th2和Th17,对小儿过敏性哮喘与肺炎的诊断及治疗均有参考意义.     

Subjective exercise experiences during and after high and low intensity exercise in active and inactive adult females. Some preliminary findings

AIM: To investigate the relationship between subjective exercise experiences and exercise intensity in active and inactive females. METHODS: Participants consisted of 8 inactive and 8 active female volunteers who completed the Subjective Exercise Experience Scale pre-exercise, 10 min during and 5 min after low and high intensity exercise. RESULTS: A series of 2x2x3 (Group x Condition x Time) between-participants repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant Condition x Time interaction for Psychological Well-being scores (p<0.01). During exercise participants reported significantly higher Psychological Well-being scores in the low intensity compared to high intensity exercise condition. In the high intensity exercise condition participants reported higher Psychological Well-being scores per exercise than before or during exercise. Time main effects were also recorded for Psychological Well-being (p<0.05) and Psychological Distress scores (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings indicate that exercise may positively influence psychological states irrespective of participants' activity status.     

大鼠急性脊髓损伤后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的改变

目的 探讨大鼠急性脊髓损伤后外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的改变. 方法 健康SD大鼠40只,分为正常对照组、手术对照组、100 g·cm组及200 g·cm组,每组10只.采用改良Allen法建立大鼠脊髓损伤模型.于伤后12 h、36 h、5 d、9 d采集眼部血,采用流式细胞仪检测大鼠脊髓损伤后不同时间外周血T淋巴细胞表型CD4及CD8的表达水平. 结果 大鼠脊髓损伤后外周血T淋巴细胞表达的CD4值降低,伤后36 h降至最低为(30.40±4.76)%(100 g·cm组)及(26.54±9.34)%(200 g·cm组),均低于正常对照组(P＜0.01);而CD8的表达变化不明显;伤后36 h,100 g·cm组CD4/CD8比值为1.81±0.55,200 g·cm组为1.29±0.50,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 大鼠急性脊髓损伤后细胞免疫反应低下,损伤程度越重,CD4值及CD4/CD8比值降低就越明显.CD4/CD8比值可作为早期判断脊髓受损严重程度及预后的一个预测指标.     

Feeling state responses to acute exercise of high and low intensity

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of exercise intensity on feeling states following two acute bouts of exercise (i.e., 50% and 80% of age-predicted maximal heart rate reserve: HRR) in highly fit and unfit females. It was hypothesized that highly fit females would have increased positive well-being and/or reduced psychological distress post-exercise (high intensity) compared to unfit females while both groups would experience similar feeling states following moderate intensity exercise. Twelve highly fit and 12 unfit females completed 3 conditions: attention control and fitness test, and two acute bouts of exercise (30 minutes on a bicycle ergometer) at 50% and 80% age-predicted HRR. Pre- and post-exercise feeling states were measured via the Subjective Experiences Exercise Scale (McAuley & Courneya, 1994). Analyses indicated a time x condition x fitness interaction F(2,21)=6.07, p<.01 (eta2 =.37) for psychological distress. Follow-up univariate analyses revealed no change in the 50% or control conditions, however, psychological distress significantly increased for the unfit participants F(1,11)=4.68,p<.05 (eta2 =.29) while there was no change for the highly fit participants F(1,11)=2.14,p>.05 (eta2 =.16) in the 80% intensity condition. No fitness differences emerged with respect to positive well-being or fatigue. Therefore, the present study's results substantiate the need to consider fitness level in dose-response studies, particularly ones which examine negative feeling states.     

Sympathoadrenergic mechanisms in reduced hemodynamic stress responses after exercise

PURPOSE: This study examines the acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on 1) hemodynamic and sympathetic activity during behavioral stress and 2) beta-adrenergic receptor responsivity in a biracial sample of 24 sedentary adults. METHODS: Before and after exercise, blood pressure (BP), impedance-derived cardiovascular measures, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) were assessed during mental arithmetic and active speech tasks, and beta-adrenergic receptor responsivity was assessed using a standard isoproterenol challenge procedure. RESULTS: After exercise, BP, NE, and EPI responses to stress were reduced (0.0001 < P < 0.08), preejection period (PEP) was elongated (P < 0.0001), and beta(1)- and beta(2)-receptor responsivity (P < 0.02) was enhanced. Approximately 65% of the prepost exercise mean arterial pressure response difference could be accounted for by changes in sympathetic factors, with change in NE and PEP being the single best predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced BP responses to stress after acute exercise are strongly linked to a decrease in sympathetic drive, as evidenced by reduced NE responses and elongation of the PEP. Coincident with this overall dampening of the hemodynamic response to stress, increases in cardiac and vascular beta-adrenergic receptor responsivity occur. These findings may have important implications for future translational studies that seek to articulate the mechanisms through which regular aerobic exercise reduces the risks of hypertensive and coronary heart disease.     

Gender differences in viral infection after repeated exercise stress

Fatiguing exercise can increase susceptibility to respiratory infection after intranasal inoculation with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) in male mice. Although gender differences in susceptibility to certain pathogens do exist, it is unknown whether female mice will respond differently than males in response to strenuous exercise and HSV-1 infection. PURPOSE: To test the effects of gender on susceptibility to HSV-1 respiratory infection after repeated exhaustive exercise. METHODS: Male (N = 86) and female (N = 89) CD-1 mice (approximately 60 d old) were randomly assigned to exercise (Ex) or control (C) groups. Exercise consisted of 3 d of treadmill running at 36 m x min(-1) at 8% grade until volitional fatigue (135 +/- 5min). Fifteen minutes after the last bout of exercise, Ex and C mice were inoculated intranasally with a standard dose (LD30) of HSV-1. Mice were monitored for 21 d for morbidity (time to sickness and symptom severity) and mortality. RESULTS: Run time to fatigue was significantly longer in females than males (P = 0.027). Significant gender differences in susceptibility to infection were found after exercise stress. In males, exercise stress resulted in increased morbidity (66%, P < 0.05) and mortality (30%, P < 0.05) whereas in females, exercise stress only resulted in increased morbidity (66%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that although males and females have similar morbidity rates after infection and exercise stress, females recover to a greater extent and are ultimately better protected from death.     

Myocardial stress after competitive exercise in professional road cyclists

PURPOSE: Based on the determination of cardiac troponin (cTnT), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and echocardiographic measurements, recent investigations have reported myocardial damage and reversible cardiac dysfunction after prolonged endurance exercise in apparently healthy subjects. In the present study, we investigated the myocardial stress reaction in professional endurance athletes after strenuous competitive physical exercise. METHODS: Eleven highly trained male professional road cyclists (age 27 +/- 4 yr; .VO2peak 67 +/- 5 mL.kg-1.min-1; training workload 34,000 +/- 2,500 km.yr-1) were examined. The following parameters were determined before and after one stage of a 5-d professional cycling race: BNP, cTnT (third-generation assay that shows no cross reactivity with skeletal TnT), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase MB (CKMB), myoglobin (Myo), and urea. All participants were submitted to a careful cardiac examination including echocardiography and stress ECG. RESULTS: None of the athletes showed pathological findings in the cardiac examination. CK (P < 0.01), CKMB (P < 0.05), and Myo (P < 0.01) were increased after the race. Normal postexercise cTnT levels indicate that the increase in CK, CKMB, and Myo was of noncardiac origin. In contrast, BNP rose significantly from 47.5 +/- 37.5 to 75.3 +/- 55.3 pg.mL-1 (P < 0.01). Pre- and postexercise values of BNP as well as the individual exercise-induced increase in BNP were significantly correlated with age (R2 = 0.68, R2 = 0.66, and R2 = 0.58, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Strenuous endurance exercise in professional road cyclists does not result in structural myocardial damage. The rise in BNP in older athletes may reflect a reversible, mainly diastolic left ventricular dysfunction. This needs to be confirmed by larger trials including different intensities, sports, and age groups.     

Hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise in subject of high and low work capacities

Hormonal and metabolic responses to submaximal were studied in eight normal subjects. Four subjects had high maximal oxygen uptakes (455 +/- 0.49/min) and were classified as "fit" and four had low maximal oxygen uptakes (2.13 +/- 0.32 1/min) and were classified as "unfit". All subjects exercised for 20 minutes at 750 kpm/min on a cycle ergometer, which represented 35% and 85% of the maximal oxygen uptake for the fit and the unfit subjects respectively. The unfit subjects had a higher heart rate and CO2 output at the same oxygen uptake when compared with the fit group. There was a high blood lactate in the unfit subjects and also a greater rise in blood glucose, plasma cortisol and serum growth hormone during exercise in these subjects. Free fatty acids increased in the fit subjects, but not in the unfit and serum insulin was depressed in both groups. Thus, the cardiorespiratory fitness is an important determinant of the hormonal and metabolic response to submaximal exercise, which differed considerably when fit and unfit subjects exercised at identical absolute levels of power output. These differences have implications for the control of energy substrates used during exercise.     

Decreased blood oxidative stress after repeated muscle-damaging exercise

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of repeated muscle-damaging exercise on the time-course changes in several indices of muscle damage, and to compare them with changes in blood oxidative stress indices. METHODS: Twelve females underwent an isokinetic exercise session consisting of 75 lengthening knee flexions, which was repeated after 3 wk. Isometric torque, range of movement (ROM), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls, catalase, uric acid, bilirubin, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in blood were measured before, immediately after, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 d after lengthening contractions. RESULTS: All muscle damage indices (torque, ROM, DOMS, and CK) changed significantly after exercise. The concentration of all oxidative stress indices changed significantly in a way indicating increased oxidative stress in the blood (GSH and GSH/GSSG decreased, whereas GSSG, TBARS, protein carbonyls, catalase, uric acid, bilirubin, and TAC increased), peaking in all but bilirubin at 3 d and returning to baseline values by 7 d after exercise. The repeated bout of lengthening contractions induced significantly less changes in indices of muscle damage and blood oxidative stress than the first bout. In general, from the increasing or decreasing area under the curve calculated for each oxidative stress index, the second bout produced 1.8- to 6.1-fold less changes in oxidative stress than after the first bout. CONCLUSION: A repeated bout of lengthening contractions attenuated muscle damage and blood oxidative stress compared with the first bout.     

Obesity exacerbates oxidative stress levels after acute exercise

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: This study compared oxidative stress levels and antioxidant capacity in nonobese and obese participants after acute resistance (RX) and aerobic exercise (AX). METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 28 nonobese (mean = 20.8% body fat) and obese (mean = 35.0% body fat) participants pre- and immediately post-RX and AX. Lipid hydroperoxides (PEROX), malondialdehyde (TBARS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE) values were determined during each exercise session. RESULTS: In both groups, PEROX and TBARS were elevated post-RX and AX, with the greater elevations occurring in the obese group in each case (P < 0.05). In the obese, TBARS increased by 42% and 41% post-RX and AX, respectively, compared with 7.1% and 26.9% in the nonobese group. PEROX increased by 100% and 70% post-RX and AX, respectively, in the obese, and by 85% and 62% in the nonobese. TAS was 17% higher (P < 0.05) post-RX in the nonobese compared with the obese, whereas TAS values were not different post-AX. Peak and average VE, and relative VO2). rates were higher in the obese post-AX compared with the nonobese (P < 0.05) Correlations existed between the exercise-induced change in PEROX and body fat, vitamin C and A intake, peak oxygen consumption, and exercise ventilation rates in the obese group (r = 0.784-0.776, P < 0.05). In both groups, the exercise-induced changes in PEROX were associated with vitamin C intake, exercise ventilation rates, VO2peak, and plasma triglycerides (r = 0.669-0.558, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Lipid peroxidation is elevated in both RX and AX, and it is exacerbated in the obese. The mechanisms underlying this response in each exercise may be different but could involve plasma triglycerides, oxygen consumption, and antioxidant intake.     

老年胆总管结石患者开腹术后降钙素原T淋巴细胞亚群的变化及临床意义

 目的 探讨开腹手术对老年总管结石患者术后T淋巴细胞亚群的影响及降钙素原的变化。方法 将老年组与中青年组患者按胆总管结石分类分别行胆管切开取石、T管引流术或胆管空肠吻合术。于术前1 d和术后1、3、7 d分别测定外周血血常规、降钙素原、T淋巴细胞及其亚群的数量等指标,进行分析。结果 老年组降钙素原比中青年组各组均明显增加(P＜0.05),老年组组内第1、3 、7 天比术前均明显增加(P＜0.05),中青年组组内第1 、3 天比术前均明显增加(P＜0.05);老年组比中青年组CD3⁺细胞各组间明显减少(P＜0.05),老年组组内第3天比术前明显减少(P＜0.05);老年组比中青年组CD8+细胞组间术前及术后第7 天明显减少(P＜0.05);老年组与中青年组CD4⁺细胞组间术前、术后第1 、7 天明显减少(P＜0.05),老年组组内第3 天与术前明显减少(P＜0.05);中青年组组内术后第7天与术前明显减少(P＜0.05);老年组与中青年组CD4⁺/CD8⁺细胞各组间均明显减少(P＜0.05),老年组组内第3天与术前明显减少(P＜0.05)。结论 老年患者降钙素原比中青年增加,老年患者T淋巴细胞亚群数量减少,开腹手术对老年与中青年胆管结石患者免疫功能影响存在差异。     

连续3d大负荷军事训练对武警战士淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的观察长时间大负荷军事训练对武警战士淋巴细胞亚群的影响,为科学合理地制定训练计划提供依据。方法 23名武警战士参加为期3 d的军事训练,分别测定训练前（第1天晨）、中（第2天晨）、后（第4天晨）淋巴细胞亚群、血浆睾酮、皮质醇的变化并统计上呼吸道感染发病率。结果与训练前比较,训练中CD3＋T显著升高（P〈0.01）,其他指标均无显著性变化（均为P〉0.05）,上呼吸道感染发病率为17.4%;训练后CD3＋T（P〈0.01）、CD4＋T（P〈0.01）、CD8＋T（P〈0.01）、CD4＋/CD8＋比值（P〈0.05）、CD16＋T（P〈0.01）和血浆睾酮（P〈0.01）显著降低,血浆皮质醇显著升高（P〈0.01）,上呼吸道感染发病率为65.2%。结论第1天训练负荷较为合理,连续3 d训练后,机体出现明显的免疫抑制,其机制之一可能与运动性低血睾酮与高皮质醇血症有关,应科学合理制定训练计划。     

Effects of oat beta-glucan on innate immunity and infection after exercise stress

PURPOSE: To test the effects of oat beta-glucan (ObetaG) on respiratory infection, macrophage antiviral resistance, and NK cytotoxicity. METHODS: Mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Ex-H2O, Ex-ObetaG, Con-H2O, or Con-ObetaG. ObetaG was fed in the drinking water for 10 d before intranasal inoculation of HSV-1 or sacrifice. Exercise consisted of treadmill running to volitional fatigue (approximately 140 min) for three consecutive days. Fifteen minutes after the last bout of exercise or rest, mice (N = 24) were intranasally inoculated with a standardized dose of HSV-1. Mice were monitored twice daily for morbidity and mortality. Additional mice were sacrificed after exercise, peritoneal macrophages were obtained via i.p. lavage and assayed for antiviral resistance to HSV-1 (N = 18), and spleens were harvested and assayed for NK cell cytotoxicity (N = 12). RESULTS: Exercise stress was associated with a 28% increase in morbidity (P = 0.036) and 18% increase in mortality (P = 0.15). Ingestion of ObetaG before infection prevented this increase in morbidity (P = 0.048) and mortality (P = 0.05). Exercise stress was associated with a decrease in macrophage antiviral resistance (P = 0.007), which was blocked by ingestion of ObetaG (P < 0.001). There were no effects of exercise or ObetaG on NK cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that daily ingestion of ObetaG may offset the increased risk of URTI associated with exercise stress, which may be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in macrophage antiviral resistance.     

Bone density in postmenopausal women: high impact vs low impact exercise.

This 1 year study examined the effect of high impact and low impact activities on bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) in healthy, sedentary, early postmenopausal women. Fifteen subjects whose postmenopausal status was verified by the blood levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol were chosen. These subjects were tested on the following variables: BMD via dual photon absorptiometry, heart rate response to the Balke treadmill test, percent fat via skinfolds, and a 3-d dietary analysis. Subjects were matched and then assigned randomly to one of three groups: (a) a control nonexercising group, (b) a low impact exercise group, and (c) a high impact exercise group. The control nonexercising group experienced a significant linear decrease in BMD during the study (F = 12.63, P = 0.002). Both the low and high impact exercise groups maintained BMD during the study (F = 0.04, P = 0.85; F = 1.08, P = 0.31, respectively). The difference in BMD between the low impact and the high impact exercise groups was not significant (F = 0.36, P = 0.55). In conclusion, 20 min of moderate intensity low impact or high impact exercise 3 d.wk-1 for 1 yr is effective in maintaining BMD in early postmenopausal women.