上海市徐汇区天平街道社区高血压患者2年随访管理效果及其影响因素

目的:分析社区随访管理对高血压病患者的血压控制效果,为进一步提高随访管理工作水平提供参考。方法:对上海市徐汇区天平街道社区535例高血压患者按照标准流程进行为期2年的规范化分级随访管理,记录随访结果,并进行统计学分析。结果:经过2年标准化、规范化的分级随访管理后,高血压患者的防治知识知晓率、医嘱依从性、血压控制水平均有显著提高(P<0.01),影响血压控制的因素有服药情况、非药物治疗措施、年龄和吸烟情况。结论:通过社区高血压综合防治,可有效实现防治高血压的基本目标。     

老年高血压患者白细胞计数与血压控制水平相关性研究

目的 探讨老年高血压患者中白细胞计数与其血压控制水平的相关性. 方法 入选上海市闵行区江川社区的1919例60岁以上服用≥1种降压药物的高血压患者为研究对象.测量身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、血压,检测外周血白细胞计数、血脂、空腹血糖、血肌酐.根据血压控制水平将其分为4组:血压＜120/80 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)组218例、120～139/80～89 mmHg组632例、140～159/90～99mmHg组754例、≥160/100mmHg组315例. 结果 随着血压水平升高,白细胞水平逐渐升高(P＜0.05).Pearson相关分析结果显示,在男性高血压患者中,白细胞计数与收缩压、脉压、体质指数、体质量、腰围、腰臀比、三酰甘油和空腹血糖呈正相关性(r值分别为0.13、0.12、0.14、0.13、0.13、0.15、0.12和0.17,均P＜0.01).Logistic多元回归分析结果显示,在校正年龄和心血管疾病危险因素后,血压≥160/100 mmHg组白细胞计数(＞7.1×109/L)升高是＜120/80mmHg组的1.518倍(95％CI:1.003～2.298,P＜0.05);白细胞计数是收缩压及脉压的独立危险因素(均P＜0.01).以血压140/90 mmHg为分界值,白细胞与血压的受试者工作特征曲线所得白细胞的切点值为5.25×109/L. 结论 老年高血压患者血压控制水平越差,其白细胞计数越高.白细胞计数可能是血压控制水平的预测指标之一.     

规范化管理对社区高血压患者血压、血糖、血脂及生活方式影响分析

目的探讨规范化管理对社区高血压患者血压、血糖、血脂控制以及生活方式等的影响。方法选取花都社区高血压患者2367例为研究对象,根据血压不同分为低危组、中危组、高危组,分别给予三组患者对应的三级、二级和一级规范化管理,分析规范化管理前后患者血压、生化指标、血压知识知晓率、药物治疗率、血压控制率、危险因素等的变化情况。结果规范化管理后,低危、中危、高危高血压患者收缩压、舒张压明显下降(P0.05);空腹血糖、三酰甘油(低危组除外)及低密度脂蛋白明显下降(P0.05);对高血压及相关知识的知晓率、服药治疗率、血压控制率显著提高,"三低"(低知晓率、低治疗率、低控制率)情况明显改善(P0.05);饮酒、吸烟、体重超重等危险因素显著减少(P0.01)。结论规范化管理能显著提高社区高血压患者对高血压及相关知识的知晓率、服药治疗率、血压控制率,平稳控制血压,改善患者不良生活方式,减少危险因素,有效提高高血压防治效果,值得推广应用。     

老年高血压患者动态血压变化的特点分析

目的 观察老年高血压患者24 h动态血压变化的特点.方法 入选的高血压患者按年龄分为老年组(年龄≥60岁)和中年对照组(年龄<60岁).观察两组患者在治疗状态下动态血压参数的变化情况,动态血压昼夜异常发生率及舒张压<60 mmHg的发生率.结果 平均舒张压老年组均低于中年组(P<0.05);全天、日间、夜间平均脉压老年组明显高于中年组(P<0.01);老年组24 h动态血压昼夜节律异常的发生率明显高于中年组(P<0.01);舒张压<60 mmHg的发生率老年组明显高于中年组(P<0.01).结论 老年高血压患者在治疗状态下有舒张压过低、脉压大及血压昼夜节律异常的特点.     

482例高血压病社区综合防治效果分析

目的:了解建桥街社区高血压患者血压水平和高血压相关知识掌握情况,以便制定相应防治措施。方法:对武汉市建桥街社区所有居民进行健康调查,建立健康档案,将其中482例高血压患者进行问卷调查,按社区卫生服务要求和调查情况制定综合防治措施,三年后观察疗效。结果:三年后高血压患者平均收缩压、舒张压明显降低(P< 0.05),高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率明显上升(P<0.01)。结论:高血压社区综合防治行之有效,应大力推广。     

住院2型糖尿病患者短期血压控制及影响因素探讨

目的:探讨住院2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者短期血压控制效果及影响因素.方法:169例伴发高血压的T2DM患者给予降压等综合治疗,以出院时血压130/80 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)为界限分为达标组(97例)及未达标组(72例),比较2组入院时临床及实验室指标,并通过回归分析观察各种因素对出院时平均动脉压(MAP)水平的影响.结果:全组T2DM入院时收缩压(SBP)为(143±15)mmHg,舒张压(DBP)为(78±8)mmHg,控制达标率仅17.8%;出院时血压达标率57.4%,降压药物种类平均增加0.8种.未达标组患者入院时SBP[(151±15)∶(137±12)mmHg,P<0.01]、DBP[(80±9)∶(77±7)mmHg, P<0.01]均高于达标组,且TC及24 h尿白蛋白排泄率(UAE)显著升高.回归分析显示MAP与入院时SBP、DBP、TC及高血压病程显著正相关,与年龄呈负相关;MAP与UAE显著正相关(r=0.303, P<0.01).并发糖尿病肾病(DN)患者随UAE增多而SBP显著升高,大量蛋白尿者需要多种降压药物联合且血压难以控制.结论:T2DM患者门诊血压控制达标率低,住院短期治疗明显改善了血压控制水平;住院T2DM患者血压控制受入院时血压水平、高血压病程、高胆固醇血症、高UAE等因素影响;UAE增加可能是并发DN患者血压难以控制的直接原因.     

农村高血压患者血压控制的影响因素

目的分析农村高血压患者血压控制的影响因素。方法收集北京市某农村的264例高血压患者病例,其中男性136例,女性128例。依据治疗方法不同分为治疗组(140例)和对照组(124例),其中治疗组失访8例,对照组失访16例,最终入选治疗组(132例)和对照组(108例)。两组均实施社区高血压规范化管理。治疗组同时给予社区干预治疗,患者2周随访一次,共4次,每次随访进行社区干预。干预前后测定血压和评价疗效,计算血压控制率。结果与干预前比较,两组干预后收缩压和舒张压均下降,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。干预后,治疗组较对照组收缩压和舒张压下降更明显,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。与对照组比较,治疗组总有效率和血压控制率升高,70.37%vs.86.36%,18.52%vs.39.39%,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果表明,农村高血压患者血压控制与患者吸烟(OR=0.83,95%CI:0.41~1.67)、饮酒(OR=0.76,95%CI:0.62~1.15)、病程≥5年(OR=0.85,95%CI:0.61~1.18)、自测血压(OR=2.31,95%CI:1.41~2.94)、健康教育(OR=3.42,95%CI:2.17~4.35)与行为指导(OR=2.96,95%CI:2.03~3.59)均密切相关。结论影响农村高血压患者血压控制的因素较多,对其进行社区干预能够提高血压控制率。     

左旋氨氯地平与硝苯地平缓释片治疗原发性高血压的对比研究

目的 评价苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平(施慧迭)对原发性高血压的降压疗效及不良反应,并与硝苯地平缓释片(伲福达)对比研究.方法 采用随机分组平行对照方法 ,将84例原发性高血压1、2级患者分成:A组(42例),口服施慧达2.5～5mg,1次/d和B组(42例),口服伲福达10～20mg,2次/d.疗程4周.每周3次测白天坐位血压、观察不良反应,治疗4周后对血压达标的患者进行24h动态血压监测评估夜间血压控制情况.结果 4周末,SBP与DBP下降差值:A组为(15±9)mmHg和(8±6)mmHg;B组为(12±6)和(5±5)mmHg.每组治疗前后比较差异非常显著(P<0.01),组间比较有显著差异(P<0.05).24h动态血压监测夜间平均SBP和DBP值:A组为(120.15±11.22)mmHg和(78.52±8.23)mmHg,B组为(125±12.32)mmHg和(81.32±9.56)mmHg.治疗后2、3及4周时有效率A组优于B组,比较有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗4周后夜间血压控制A组优于B组,比较有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组惠者均无因不良反应退出研究.结论 施慧达对原发性高血压的降压疗效优于伲福达.     

诊室血压和动态血压与糖尿病人群心血管疾病的相关性研究

目的:探讨诊室血压和动态血压与糖尿病人群心血管疾病的相关性。方法:入选在门诊行24h动态血压监测且合并2型糖尿病患者336例,根据是否合并冠心病或脑卒中,所有患者被分为心血管疾病组(122例)和无心血管疾病组(214例),比较两组患者血脂、血糖、诊室血压、动态血压等一般资料;又根据全天收缩压平均值中位数(122mmHg)分为122mmHg(168例)和≥122mmHg组(168例),进行心血管疾病比较。结果:(1)与无心血管疾病组相比,心血管疾病组年龄较大,吸烟、高血压比例及血浆hsCRP水平明显升高(P0.05或0.01);动态血压:心血管疾病组全天SBP平均值[(119.8±8.7)mmHg比(124.4±9.6)mmHg]、白天SBP平均值(dSBP)[(121.4±9.3)mmHg比(128.0±10.3)mmHg]和夜间SBP平均值(nSBP)[(114.4±4.2)mmHg比(120.8±4.7)mmHg]均明显升高(P均0.01);两组患者诊室血压无明显差别;(2)与122mmHg组相比,≥122mmHg组脑卒中(20.2%比25.0%)和总心血管疾病(32.7%比39.9%)比例明显升高(P均0.01);(3)Logistic回归分析显示,不管糖尿病患者是否合并高血压,全天平均SBP值均是心血管疾病的独立危险因素(OR=1.83、1.36,P均0.05)。结论:对于糖尿病患者,采用动态血压预测其心血管风险优于传统诊室血压;全天SBP平均值可能是一个用于预测患者心血管风险的较好的动态血压指标。     

安徽中部地区人群高血压状况及用药分析

目的:了解安徽中部地区企事业单位高血压患者的血压控制状况及用药情况.方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法,选取2008-08月在安徽省立医院健康体检中心体检的41家企事业单位职工2 019例,现场测量血压,并进行高血压患病及用药情况问卷调查.结果:高血压患者共计599例,患病率为29.7%.85例血压＜140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),控制率为14.2%;血压≥140/90 mmHg中青年职工人群以舒张压未控制以及舒张压和收缩压均未控制为主.高血压患者中服药184例,48例血压＜140/90 mmHg,服药率和服药控制率分别为30.7%、26.1%;服药患者中64.5%使用单一降压药物治疗,24.4%使用复方制剂,11.1%使用联合治疗;服用率较高降压药物为钙拮抗剂(53.5%)和复方制剂(27.3%),β受体阻滞剂(3.5%)和利尿剂(1.7%)服用率较低.结论:安徽中部地区单位职工高血压发病率较高而服药率和控制率较低,且用药方案与<中国高血压防治指南>要求存在一定差距,建议加强这一人群的健康干预以及基层医师的继续教育.     

Blood pressure control and awareness among patients with diabetes and hypertension attending a tertiary ophthalmic clinic

Aims To assess the proportion of patients who had diabetes and hypertension with optimal blood pressure (BP) control and to describe patients’ awareness of the importance of BP control. Methods A cross‐sectional survey of out‐patients with diabetes who attended the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (Melbourne, Australia) was conducted between October 2006 and February 2007. Of 245 patients invited, 220 (90%) participated. Optimal BP control was defined as BP < 130/80 mmHg recorded at the latest visit; proportions of patients with awareness of BP control were defined non‐exclusively by: (i) ability to recall a previous BP record and rate the appropriateness of that BP level; (ii) ability to recall the recommended optimal BP control level by current diabetes management guidelines; (iii) knowledge that optimal BP control is important to diabetes management; and (iv) knowledge that optimal BP control is important to eye health. Results Of the 220 patients, 176 had both diabetes and hypertension. Of these, 49 of 176 (28%) had BP controlled optimally, and 30 of 176 (17%) recalled and rated a previous recorded BP level appropriately. Fewer than one in four (22%) acknowledged the recommended optimum BP level of < 130/80 mmHg, fewer than one in two (48%) rated BP as important to diabetes management, and one in three (35%) rated BP control as important to eye health. Conclusions In this sample of patients with diabetes and hypertension, fewer than one‐third achieved the BP level recommended by clinical guidelines, and fewer than half were aware of the importance of BP control.     

1079名职工15年血压变化随访研究

目的探讨1079名职工15年的血压变化情况和高血压药物治疗的效果。 方法参照全国高血压抽样调查的有关标准,对6个基层单位1079名职工于1983年和1998年分别进行了血压调查。 结果(1)血压均值收缩压男升高22mmHg,女升高16.9mmHg;舒张压男升高11mmHg,女升高12.7mmHg(P<0.05);(2)高血压患病率升高26.1％,其中男升高25.03％,女升高28.28％(p<0.05);(3)正常血压者15年内有27.9％成为高血压,年发病率1.86％;临界高血压者72.6％成为高血压,年发病率4.84％;(4)高血压控制率2.9％。⑤高血压与脑卒中发病率密切相关（P<0.001）;(6)高血压服药率46.6％,服药种类以复方降压片为主,占25.2％;(7)服药治疗对高血压控制和脑卒中发病率均无显著影响（P>0.05）。 结论该人群血压均值和高血压发病率均随年龄增长显著升高,高血压控制率低,脑卒中患病率高,药物治疗效果差。应大力开展高血压防治知识的宣传,增强保健意识;加强对基层高血压病人服药的监控,进一步提高高血压管理率和控制率。     

Impact of pharmacy outreach services on blood pressure management in the elderly community of Hong Kong

Aim: To investigate the impact of the Pharmacy Outreach Service (POS) on blood pressure (BP) and disease knowledge among community‐dwelling elderly patients with hypertension, and to evaluate the sustainability of such impact of POS. Methods: A prospective open‐labeled study of elderly adults (aged ≥65 years) with hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mmHg for non‐diabetics and ≥130/80 mmHg for diabetics) was carried out at seven elderly community centers from July 2008 to March 2010. Pharmacists provided BP monitoring, medication review and disease knowledge assessment. The target BP was <140/90 mmHg for non‐diabetics and <130/80 mmHg for diabetics. The primary outcome was BP change, whereas the secondary outcome was the change of disease knowledge of hypertension. All outcomes were compared between baseline and the last visit. For POS 2008/09 participants, BP was compared between values obtained during POS 2008/09 and 2009/10. Results: A total of 97 participants were recruited. Systolic BP reduced significantly from 152.38 ± 18.80 mmHg to 147.04 ± 20.72 mmHg (P = 0.021), and diastolic BP reduced from 73.84 ± 11.36 mmHg to 71.03 ± 10.97 mmHg (P = 0.010). Cumulative reductions in mean systolic BP and diastolic BP throughout the 2‐year study period were 21.39 ± 24.72 mmHg and 9.88 ± 13.48 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.001). A 12% increase in the at‐goal rate was observed in new participants recruited in 2009 (P = 0.039). Disease knowledge of hypertension improved significantly (P < 0.005), particularly in areas that included the definition of hypertension, diet and lifestyle modification. Conclusions: The POS might improve blood pressure control, hypertension and diabetes knowledge in elderly adults with hypertension in Hong Kong. The effect on blood pressure improvement was sustainable. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 175–181.     

Trends in blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes: data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)

We assessed blood pressure (BP) trends in patients with type 2 diabetes from a national diabetes register using three cross-sectional samples (aged 30?85 years) in 2005, 2007 and 2009, and in patients from 2005 followed individually until 2009. The prevalence of hypertension was 87% among all 180 369 patients in 2009, although lower in subgroups with ages 30?39, 40?49 and 50?59 years: 40%, 60% and 77%. In the three cross-sectional surveys, mean BP decreased (141/77?136/76 mmHg), uncontrolled BP? 140/90 mmHg decreased (58?46%), and antihypertensive drug treatment (AHT) increased (73?81%). Comparatively in 79 185 patients followed individually for 5 years, mean BP decreased (141/77?137/75 mmHg), uncontrolled BP ?140/90 mmHg decreased (58?47%) and AHT increased (73?82%). Independent predictors of BP decrease were BMI decrease (stronger) and increase in AHT. AHT occurred among 81% of all patients in 2009. In 57 645 patients on AHT followed individually, mean BP decreased (143/77?138/75 mmHg) and uncontrolled BP ?140/90 mmHg decreased (63?50%). Among 5164 patients with nephropathy on AHT followed individually, BP <130/80 mmHg increased (12?21%). In conclusion, BP control improved from 2005 to 2009, relative to BMI decrease and AHT increase, although still about half had BP ?140/90 mmHg.     

老年高血压诊治新观点

高血压是严重危害老年人健康的常见病。2003年6月欧洲高血压指南中认为根据现有的证据,建议所有的高血压患者的血压(收缩压和舒张压)均应严格控制在140/90mmHg以下,意味着老年高血压诊断标准与一般人相同,即血压≥140/90mmHg;目标血压应在140/90mmHg以下。老年人临床症状及特点与中青年高血压有显著不同,在诊断治疗中应注重老年人血压升高的病理生理特点及机制,进行个体化治疗。治疗首先从改变生活方式及通过改善动脉弹性功能,减轻压力反射波叠加药物治疗,控制血压达目标水平。为达到目标血压需要两种或更多种降压药联合应用,为治疗老年高血压的新观点。     

Blood pressure control in Italy: results of recent surveys on hypertension

BACKGROUND: Blood pressure (BP) control is reported to be poor in hypertensive patients worldwide. OBJECTIVE: BP levels, the rate of BP control, prevalence of risk factors and total cardiovascular risk were assessed in a large cohort of hypertensive patients, derived from recent surveys performed in Italy. METHODS: Fifteen studies on hypertension, performed in different clinical settings (general population, general clinical practice, specialist outpatient clinics and hypertension centres) over the past decade were considered. RESULTS: The overall sample included 52 715 hypertensive patients (26 315 men and 26 410 women, mean age 57.3 +/- 6.9 years). Despite the high percentage of patients on stable antihypertensive treatment (n = 36 556, 69%), mean systolic and diastolic BP levels were 147.8 +/- 8.5 and 89.5 +/- 5.2 mmHg, respectively. On the basis of the nature of the study (population surveys or clinical referrals), systolic BP levels were consistently higher than the normality threshold in both settings (142.6 +/- 12.4/84.8 +/- 3.7 mmHg and 150.4 +/- 4.6/91.9 +/- 4.1 mmHg, respectively). The BP stratification could be assessed in 40 829 individuals: 4.5% had optimal, 9.2% normal and 8.3% high-normal BP levels, however, the large majority were in grade 1 (39%) or grades 2-3 (32.6%) hypertension. In the overall sample, 55.9% of hypertensive patients had hypercholesterolemia, 28.7% were smokers, 36.4% were overweight or obese and 15.0% had diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular risk stratification was assessed in 37 813 hypertensives: 23.2% had low, 33.9% moderate, 30.2% high and 12.7% very high added risk. CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrates the persistence of poor BP control and high prevalence of risk factors, supporting the need for more effective, comprehensive and urgent actions to improve the clinical management of hypertension.     

The relationship between exercise capacity and masked hypertension in sedentary patients with diabetes mellitus

Aim: Although exaggerated blood pressure responses (EBPR) to exercise have been related to future hypertension and masked hypertension (MHT), the relationship between exercise capacity and MHT remains unclear. A sedentary life style has been related to increased cardiovascular mortality, diabetes mellitus (DM), and hypertension. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between exercise capacity and MHT in sedentary patients with DM.

Methods: This study included 85 sedentary and normotensive patients with DM. Each patient’s daily physical activity level was assessed according to the INTERHEART study. All patients underwent an exercise treadmill test, and exercise duration and capacity were recorded. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded during all exercise stages and BP values ≥200/110?mmHg were accepted as EBPR. MHT was diagnosed in patients having an office BP <140/90?mmHg and a daytime ambulatory BP >135/85?mmHg. Patients were divided into two groups according to their ambulatory BP monitoring (MHT and normotensive group).

Results: The prevalence of MHT was 28.2%. Exercise duration and capacity were lower in the MHT group than in the normotensive group (p?p?=?0.03). According to a multivariate regression, exercise capacity (OR: 0.61, CI95%: 0.39–0.95, p?=?0.03), EBPR (OR: 9.45, CI95%: 1.72–16.90, p?=?0.01), and the duration of DM (OR: 0.84, CI95%: 0.71–0.96, p?=?0.03) were predictors of MHT.

Conclusion: Exercise capacity, EBPR, and the duration of DM were predictors of MHT in sedentary subjects with DM.     

不同血压分级的原发性高血压患者心率变异性分析

目的 探讨不同高血压分级患者的心率变异性（HRV）特征,了解高血压对自主神经功能的影响.方法 纳入2011年6月-2012年6月我院心内科高血压患者（n=167）及健康对照组（n=50）,进一步根据〈中国高血压防治指南〉血压分级标准将高血压组分为：高血压1级组[140 mmHg≤收缩压（SBP）＜160 mmHg和/或90 mmHg≤舒张压（DBP）≤100 mmHg,n=45]、高血压2级组（160≤SBP＜180 mmHg和/或100 mmHg≤DBP≤110 mmHg,n=57）、高血压3级组（SBP≥180 mmHg和/或DBP≥110 mmHg,n=65）,采用24小时动态心电图记录的各组研究对象的HRV资料,分析和比较各组间HRV的5项时域指标SDNN、SDANN、HRV三角指数、RMSSD、PNN50之间的差异.结果 3组高血压组的5项HRV时域指标均低于健康对照组（P＜0.05）;高血压1级组、高血压2级组、高血压3级组三组之间的5项时域指标依次降低,其中SDNN、SDANN、HRV三角指数在对照组、高血压1级组、高血压2级组、高血压3级组任意两组之间比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）.结论 高血压患者存在自主神经功能受损,并且随着血压分级水平的升高,自主神经受损逐渐加重.     

高龄老人高血压病与认知功能减退有相关性

目的: 分析80岁以上高龄高血压病与认知功能减退的关系。 方法: 对210例高血压病患者和140例非高血压患者采用简易精神状况检查表（MMSE）进行认知功能检查,并收集相关资料。结果: 高血压病患者的MMSE总分,定向力和视空间觉得分明显低于非高血压病组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。随着病程延长,各亚组MMSE得分的均值出现下降趋势,高血压病程≥40年患者MMSE得分明显低于<40年患者（P<0.01）。降压达标者MMSE得分明显高于未达标者（P<0.05）。按不同的血压程度分组进行Logistic回归分析发现高收缩压（≥160 mmHg）、高脉压（≥60 mmHg）是高龄老人高血压病患者认知功能减退的独立危险因素。结论: 收缩压、脉压、高血压病程、降压是否达标与高龄高血压病患者认知功能减退有关。