重视脊柱脊髓损伤的早期治疗

脊柱脊髓损伤诊断和治疗的手段及技术已有很大提高，但仍面临着很多问题。如何早期救治、如何降低伤残率和伤残程度等一系列问题，始终困扰着临床医生。本期刊登5篇脊柱脊髓损伤相关文章，多从外科治疗方面作临床研究。但必须指出，脊柱脊髓损伤的治疗是一项系统救治过程，尤其是早期的综合性治疗，作为脊柱外科医师，更容易忽视，从而影响了治疗结果。     

颈椎脊髓损伤的早期救治

颈椎脊髓损伤是脊柱脊髓损伤的最严重的部位之一，其死亡率和伤残程度也较胸腰椎脊髓损伤高，早期恰当的处理对后继治疗和康复有极为重要的作用。     

重视脊髓损伤早期康复,提高脊髓损伤治疗水平

近年来脊柱脊髓损伤的基础研究、药物治疗与外科干预取得了重要进展，但脊髓损伤特别是完全性脊髓损伤至今仍无有效治愈方法。国际多中心的临床研究证实，在正确的急救处理、合理药物及外科干预的基础上，及时的早期康复治疗能明显减少脊髓损伤并发症，降低死亡率，促进神经功能恢复及功能代偿，可提高患者的生活自理能力并早日重返社会。     

脊髓损伤后肺部并发症26例临床分析

脊髓损伤后肺部并发症２６例临床分析彭建东脊髓损伤早期常并发肺部感染，尤以高位脊髓损伤者多发，死亡率较高。为降低死亡率，必须早期诊断，积极预防，正确治疗。我院自１９８６～１９９１年治疗脊柱脊髓损伤患者１２０例，肺部感染２６例，现报告如下。临床资料男１６...     

椎管环形减压Dick氏钉内固定治疗脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤

随着我国城镇及工矿交通事业的发展,脊柱脊髓损伤亦随之增多,如何采取更为有效的措施,进一步降低伤残率和提高治愈率已成为当前骨科界面临的首要临床课题之一。我院自１９９３年以来,先后采用椎管环形减压Ｄｉｃｋ氏钉内固定治疗脊柱骨折合并脊髓损伤患者１０例,现报...     

重型颅脑损伤396例抢救治疗

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤(SCCI)临床抢救治疗方法，进一步提高SCCI救治水平。方法对我院396例重型颅脑损伤患者致伤原因、损伤类型、临床表现、影像学检查、救治措施及预后状况等进行临床总结分析。结果按GOS评分，恢复良好265例(66．9％)，中度伤残17例(4．3％)，严重伤残8例(2．0％)，植物生存6例(1．5％)，死亡92例(23．2％)，转院8例(2．0％)。结论CT对重型颅脑损伤的诊断具有简便和准确的优点。做好现场急救。早期诊断和手术、清除血肿、解除脑受压。防治并发症等完善的综合性抢救措施可提高治愈率、降低死亡率及伤残率。     

颈椎无放射影像异常脊髓损伤的早期诊断和治疗

目的：探讨颈椎无放射影像异常脊髓损伤(SCIWORA)的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法：12例SCIWORA患入院后进行仔细的物理学检查了解神经系统定位体征，判定脊髓损伤平面，所有患常规作X线和CT检查，了解椎管指数，同时作MRI成像，了解颈椎间盘有无突出及脊髓损伤情况，从而作出早期诊断。对8例椎问盘突出行前路减压 植骨 颈椎前路钢板内固定。4例保守治疗。结果：1)75%患存在颈椎管狭窄；2)早期通过物理学检查确定的脊髓受损平面与MRI检查基本相似，MRI可进一步了解脊髓压迫和损伤的形态学改变；3)手术治疗8例神经功能大部分明显改善，非手术治疗改善不明显。结论：1)：椎管狭窄是SCIWORA重要的病理学基础；2)早期的物理学检查对SCIWORA的早期诊断与MRI检查一样重要；3)手术治疗是较好的治疗方法。     

早期脊髓复苏在急性颈脊髓损伤治疗中的临床意义

目的：评价早期脊髓复苏在急性颈脊髓损伤治疗中的意义。方法：106例急性颈脊髓损伤患者，其中脊髓完全性损伤21例，脊髓不完全性损伤85例。早期脊髓复苏方案包括：（1）维持呼吸道通畅和足够有效的血容量，维持平均动脉血压100mmHg以上，血氧饱和度在95％以上；（2）应用大剂量甲基强的松龙或地塞米松等药物治疗；（3）行颅骨牵引制动或复位颈椎；（4）早期进行颈椎减压植骨融合内固定术；（5）术后早期应用高压氧治疗。结果：死亡7例，失访5例，94例获得12～52个月的随访。随访病例中69例患者神经功能获得改善。其中完全性损伤组有效率为23.3％，不完全性损伤组有效率为74．1％，总有效率为65．1％。结论：颈脊髓损伤后早期复苏治疗是保留和恢复残留脊髓神经功能较为有效的措施。     

胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤的早期诊断及治疗

本文总结42例胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤的临床资料及MRI检查,结果由于骨折脱位、椎间盘突出等压迫脊髓的26例,脊髓挫伤髓内出血的14例,脊髓完全性损伤的2例,临床及时采取了解除压迫因素,恢复椎体正常序列,稳定脊柱及髓内、外的减压等手术,并使用术中低温盐水的灌注及避免脊髓再损伤药物的综合性治疗方法。我们认为尽早的就诊及诊断,明确脊髓受损因素、程度及范围,并尽早及时选择有效的治疗方法,是提高脊柱脊髓损伤临床疗效的重要环节之一。     

颈椎损伤的分类与治疗

颈椎损伤系指直接或间接暴力所至的颈椎骨、关节及相关韧带的损伤。并常常伴有脊髓和脊神经损伤。随着工业、交通和体育事业的发展，意外事故发生率上升，颈椎损伤也日趋增多。颈椎损伤后果严重，常给患者、家庭及社会带来沉重负担。充分认识颈椎损伤，及时、正确的现场救治和急诊处理以及有效的续贯专科治疗可使脊柱、脊髓功能获得最大程度的恢复，降低伤残率或减低伤残程度。而颈椎损伤的分类对早晚期的急救和治疗及预后的判断甚为重要，放本文对颈椎损伤的分类和治疗作一专题介绍。颈椎损伤的分类颈椎损伤的分类方法繁多，但由于各种分类…     

胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤后期的MRI研究

目的：观察胸腰段脊柱脊髓损伤后期MRI遥表,咱升性脊髓病变的主要相关因素,方法：选取胸腰段脊仍髓损伤1年以上患者144例的MRI,进行观察,测量工进行统计学处理。结果：本组病例的MRI表现依次有变性、粘连、萎缩、囊变、空洞和外伤性拴系,上升性脊髓病变发生率47．2％,包括变性,萎缩和这洞三种表现。结论：完全性脊髓损伤、脊髓严重受压以及T11、T12骨折的患者更易出现上升性脊髓病变;完全性脊髓损伤、脊髓严重受压的患者更易出现脊髓萎缩。     

17岁以下儿童与少年脊柱脊髓损伤

报告了１７岁以下儿童及少年脊柱脊髓损伤３０例。占同期脊柱骨折、脊髓损伤的６．０６％。主要致伤原因为高处坠落。损伤节段以腰椎为主，多节段脊柱骨折的发生率为４０％。３０例中２６例有神经系统障碍。分析认为：儿童少年脊柱脊髓损伤中多节段脊柱骨折较多；无明显骨折脱位的脊髓损伤较多；保守治疗效果颇佳且病人恢复快，预后良好。     

Spinal fractures resulting from traumatic injuries

Objective： To illustrate mechanisms of spine fractures and the pattern of spinal injuries characterized by the major mechanisms in urban population of Iran. Methods： Data regarding spinal injuries including demographics, mechanism and level of spinal injury, abbreviated injury score, associated injuries and final fate of the patients were extracted from the Iranian national trauma registry database from 1999 to 2004. Results： A total of 619 patients with traumatic spine fractures were identified, of whom 68.5% were males. The peak frequency of these injuries occurred in the 21-40 year age-group. Accidental falls and road traffic crashes （RTCs） were the most common mechanisms of spinal fractures （47.2% and 44.1%, respectively）. RTCs tended to occur in younger patients compared with accidental falls. The most common spinal region for spinal fracture was the lumbar spine （53.63%）. Cervical spine fractures were significantly more common in RTCs, while lumbar spine fractures were more common in accidental falls （P〈0.001）. A total of 171 （27.6%）patients had associated non-spinal injuries, of whom 127 had associated extremity injuries, and 55 had head injuries. Thirty-six （5.6%） patients had spinal cord injury （SCI）.The injury severity score of the RTC group was significantly higher than that of accidental falls （P=-0.002）. Fifteen （4%） patients died of traumatic injuries. The rate of death was significantly higher in RTCs compared with accidental falls （5.1% vs 2.1%, P=0.039）. Conclusions： The patterns of spinal fractures are similar to those reported from developed countries. RTCs tend to affect the younger age population and are associated with a higher degree of associated injuries and mortality than accidental falls. Therefore preventive strategies should be based on reduction of the number and severity of RTCs.     

Imaging diagnosis of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries in children

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下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类的临床应用研究

目的：探讨改良Moore分类法在下颈椎损伤中的临床应用。方法：2006年8月至2010年3月收治下颈椎损伤患者200例,男165例,女35例;年龄19-88岁,平均52岁。应用下颈椎损伤改良Moore分类全面地描述下颈椎损伤的状态,颈椎损伤严重程度（稳定性）量化评分与有否神经症状表现相结合,根据骨折类型和稳定性、脊髓或神经根受压损伤情况、韧带损伤后的稳定程度及其他参考因素进行分类诊治,选择治疗方法。其中伴有脊髓神经损伤者130例（ASIA评分：A级6例,B级13例,C级43例,D级68例）,不伴有脊髓神经损伤者70例。对伴有脊髓神经损伤的下颈椎损伤患者,根据ASIA评分进行疗效评定;对不伴有脊髓神经损伤的患者,根据影像学检查对颈椎的序列和高度进行观察。结果：前、左、右侧和后柱均损伤35例;前柱损伤33例;前、后柱均损伤90例;前、左侧和后柱均损伤5例;前、右侧和后柱均损伤3例;前、左侧和右侧柱均损伤3例;前、右侧柱损伤2例;前、左侧柱损伤5例;后柱损伤12例;左侧柱损伤7例;右侧柱损伤5例。200例患者中手术治疗98例,非手术治疗102例（其中可以手术而患者家属要求非手术治疗39例）。完全性脊髓损伤患者中3例行手术后脊髓功能无恢复迹象,ASIA分级无变化,但其肢体麻木、疼痛等症状有不同程度的缓解,另3例未手术患者脊髓功能及肢体症状均无变化。不完全性脊髓损伤患者手术后脊髓功能均有一定程度恢复,ASIA评分平均提高1．2级。未手术的不完全性脊髓损伤患者非手术治疗后ASIA评分平均提高0.3级。不伴有脊髓神经损伤者手术后经影像学检查显示均恢复了颈椎的正常序列和高度。结论：根据改良Moore分类法,稳定性量化评分值大于等于4分有下颈椎不稳可能,需要手术治疗,分值越大,手术指征越明显,若伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者则有绝对手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分且伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者一般也有手术指征。稳定性量化评分为3分不伴有脊髓或神经根受压损伤表现者或3分以下者均不需要手术治疗。应用改良Moore分类法有利于下颈椎损伤患者的临床规范化、标准化诊治,以获得较满意的疗效。     

脊柱脊髓开放性损伤21例救治

目的探讨脊柱脊髓开放性损伤的临床特点、治疗及预后情况。方法21例脊柱脊髓开放性损伤患者,男17例,女4例;年龄15~47岁,平均25岁。损伤部位胸脊髓15例,腰脊髓5例,颈脊髓1例。术前ASIA分级A级8例,B级5例,C级6例,D级2例。6例伤口内有异物存留。21例均行急诊手术清创,根据损伤具体情况,行椎管探查、血肿清除、异物取出术。结果术后死亡1例(占4.8%),椎管感染1例(占4.8%),发生脑脊液漏2例(占9.5%)。1例术后脊髓损伤程度加重,2例术后神经功能有不同程度的恢复。术后ASIA分级A级9例,B级4例,C级5例,D级2例,E级1例。结论脊柱脊髓开放性损伤需在充分地术前准备下急诊手术治疗,术前应了解是否有异物存留,手术探查可以减少感染、出血等并发症的发生。     

Acute outcomes of cervical spine injuries in the elderly: atlantaxial vs subaxial injuries

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have reported on the outcomes of spinal cord injuries in the elderly. Our aim was to identify acute survival differences between elderly patients with atlantoaxial injuries relative to subaxial injuries at our institution and to determine whether operative treatment is associated with improved survival rates in either population. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective database review of all traumatic cervical spine injuries in patients at least 65 years of age at a single tertiary care center. METHODS: A total of 193 consecutive patients at least 65 years of age treated at a single tertiary care center over a 12-year period were identified. Initial hospitalization records were reviewed. Patients were divided by anatomic level of injury: atlantoaxial (C1 or C2) and subaxial (C3 or below). Demographics, mechanism, and mortality rates were compared. Each group was further divided by treatment (operative or nonoperative), and inpatient survival rates were compared. RESULTS: Statistically similar survival rates were observed among patients with atlantoaxial and subaxial injuries (P = 0.10). Patients with nonoperatively treated subaxial injuries died at significantly higher rates than did their operatively treated peers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this large comprehensive series of elderly patients with cervical spine injuries, survival rates were comparable regardless of anatomic level of injury. The operative treatment of subaxial injuries was associated with an improved acute survival rate vs nonoperative management. Further prospective study is needed to better assess this relationship.     

Combined injuries in the upper cervical spine: clinical and epidemiological data over a 14-year period

Concomitant traumatic injuries in the upper cervical spine are often encountered and rarely reported. We examined the data concerning 784 patients with cervical spine injuries following trauma, including 116 patients with upper cervical spine injuries. Twenty-six percent of patients with upper cervical spine injuries (31 cases) were found to have combined injuries involving either the upper or the upper and lower cervical spine. The frequent patterns were combined type I bipedicular fracture of the axis and dens fracture, and combined dens fracture and fracture of the posterior arch of C1. Other patterns posed specific problems, such as combined dens and Jefferson fracture and combined dens and C2 articular pillar fracture. Seventy percent of atlas fractures, 30% of C2 traumatic spondylolistheses and 30% of dens fractures were part of a combination. A total of 1.7% of patients with lower cervical spine injuries had a combined injury in the upper cervical spine. A comprehensive therapeutic schedule is outlined. Combined injuries in the upper cervical spine should be sought in any patient with a cervical spine injury. Received: 11 October 1999/Revised: 12 February 2000/Accepted: 1 March 2000     

56例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤手术疗效分析

目的 :探讨无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤早期手术治疗效果。方法 :自 1996年收集我院 5 6例无骨折脱位颈髓损伤病人。入院后给予 MRI和 X线检查 ,其中后纵韧带骨化 17例 ,特发性弥漫性骨肥厚症 4例 ,黄韧带骨化 8例 ,颈椎管狭窄 15例 ,其中 2 3例于伤后 3d内手术。19例为晚期手术 ,14例保守治疗。结果 :早期手术满意 ,较大于 72 h手术与保守治疗的效果明显改善 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,术后未见颈椎不稳与再关门 ,所有病人均在入院后进行 Frankel分级 ,2 w后出院再次评分 ,早期手术组改善率明显高于其他两组 ,X线显示颈椎内径增加 ,椎管扩大 MRI显示颈椎后侧减压明显。结论 :无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤早期正确诊断 ,手术可获得满意疗效     

急性脊髓损伤MRI影像学评价

目的23例急性脊髓损伤病人在伤后一周内行MRI检查,表现为脊髓受损区T2加权高信号T1加权等或低信号.方法同时对不同损伤程度及不同预后的患者进行比较.脊髓损伤程度、水肿范围、脊髓受压、髓内出血与预后有关,认为MRI检查对判断脊髓损伤程度、指导治疗及判断预后有一定作用.结果认为在脊髓损伤中MRI是一种很有价值的检查手段.通过MRI检查可将脊髓损伤分为两类脊髓受压型和非受压型.T2加权高信号范围大小是估计预后的简便方法,治疗上以脊髓内外联合减压以及防止脊神经进一步损害.结论早期诊断、早期固定牵引及手术是重要的.