妊娠晚期三种病毒活动性感染与低出生体重儿先天性感 …

目的 观察妊娠晚期三种病毒活动性感染对低出生体重儿的垂直传播及先天性感染率。方法 观察组为出生〈２５００ｇ早产儿和足月小于胎龄儿（ＳＧＡ）对照组为同期出生单胎足月正常新生儿;两组均与生母配对分别于分娩后４８小时采血,用间接法ＥＬＳＩＡ检测巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）,风疹病毒（ＲＶ０,单纯疱疹病毒Ⅱ型（ＨＳＶ－Ⅱ）,特异性ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体。     

胎儿胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的检测及意义

目的评估胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ（ＩＧＦⅠ）在胎儿、胎盘生长发育中的作用。方法用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）测定大于胎龄儿（ＬＧＡ）组３０例,适于胎龄儿（ＡＧＡ）组３６例及小于胎龄儿（ＳＧＡ）组３６例的脐血清ＩＧＦⅠ的水平。用线性相关分析法分析各组变量之间的相关关系。结果３组胎儿脐血清ＩＧＦⅠ与胎龄、胎儿体重、胎盘重量均呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．３２,Ｐ＜０．００１;ｒ＝０．６８,Ｐ＜０．００１;ｒ＝０．７５,Ｐ＜０．０１）,其中与胎盘重量呈高度正相关。脐血清ＩＧＦⅠ水平,ＡＧＡ组为１４４５９±４６．７３μｇ／Ｌ;ＳＧＡ组为９０．８０μｇ／Ｌ（ｔ＝４．７,Ｐ＜０．００１）,ＬＧＡ组为２０９１７μｇ／Ｌ（ｔ＝７．９７,Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论ＩＧＦⅠ是胎儿、胎盘生长发育的重要调节因子,对巨大儿、小于胎龄儿的形成有重要作用。     

低出生体重儿的十大问题

凡婴儿出生体重不足2500g者均称之为低出生体重儿,包括早产儿、服龄在37～42周的足月小样儿和胳龄在42周以上胎盘功能不全的过期产儿。早产儿是指胎龄＜37周的婴儿,小于胎龄儿（SGA）是指出生体重低于同龄正常体重值的二个标准差或＜10个百分位。出生体重＜1500g者称极低出生体重儿,＜1000g则称超低出生体重儿。我国低体重儿出生率为4．75％～8．5％。早产儿死亡率占围产死亡的51．8％,SGA为8．3％。低体重儿死亡率在我国婴儿死亡率中占重要地位,故降低其死亡率对婴儿死亡率的下降起重要作用。早产儿主要是孕期不足,各器官形态及生…     

胎盘感染人巨细胞病毒与胎儿生长发育关系探讨

应用聚合酶链反应技术检测４４例人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）ＩｇＭ阳性孕妇的胎盘组织ＨＣＭＶ ＤＮＡ，并观察其足月新生儿身体发育状况。发现胎盘ＨＣＭＶ感染时新生儿身体发育明显落后（Ｐ〈０．０５）。另外，检测８例先天性畸形儿的内脏及其母体胎盘组织ＨＣＭＶ ＤＮＡ结果皆为阳性。证实胎盘ＨＣＭＶ感染影响胎儿生长发育，严重时可导致先天性畸形。     

三城市孕妇人巨细胞病毒感染及其母婴传播的流行病学调查

目的：分析武汉、上海及沈阳三城市孕妇人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）感染及其母婴垂直传播状况。探讨早期诊断胎儿ＨＣＭＶ宫内感染的方法。方法：应用酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）筛查５０１５例孕妇ＨＣＭＶ的特异性抗体（ＩｇＧ及ＩｇＭ），同时应用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）检测其中３０１例具有活动性ＨＣＭＶ感染者的胎儿附属物，新生儿血、尿及母乳的ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ。结果：三城市孕妇ＨＣＭＶ感染率为８８．９３％；沈阳、上海分别为９６．７４％和９１．４２％，明显高于武汉（７９．５３％）；孕妇活动性感染率为５．４２％，武汉与沈阳分别为１１．２３％和１０．９８％，明显高于上海。有异常妊娠史孕妇的活动性感染率为１４．５９％；孕早期绒毛和孕中期羊水的ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ阳性率分别为１６．００％和３５．３３％；羊水的ＨＣＭＶＤＮＡ阳性率与分娩期脐血、胎盘、新生儿血相比较，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：我国城市孕妇ＨＣＭＶ感染有地区差异，三城市孕妇多数于孕前早已感染ＨＣＭＶ；孕妇于活动性感染时易传播胎儿，ＥＬＩＳＡ结合ＰＣＲ方法是当前诊断宫内ＨＣＭＶ感染的有效手段     

孕妇血清中抗心磷脂抗体水平对围产儿的影响

目的：探讨孕妇血清抗心磷脂抗体（ａｎｔｉｃａｒｄｉｏｌｉｐｉｎａｎｔｉｂｏｄｙ，ＡＣＡ）水平增高对围产儿的影响。方法：用酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定２０８份健康孕妇的血清ＡＣＡ－ΙｇＡ、ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＡ结合指数，观察ＡＣＡ水平与小于胎龄儿、胎儿窘迫及新生儿窒息的关系。结果：小于胎龄儿组和围产儿缺氧组的ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ结合指数显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１～Ｐ＜０．０５），而ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＧ结合指数差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．２）；小于胎龄儿组的ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＡ结合指数显著高于围产儿缺氧组（Ｐ＜０．０２），但ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ结合指数差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．１，Ｐ＞０．５）；胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息及胎儿窘迫合并新生儿窒息时，孕妇血清ＡＣＡ－ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ和ＩｇＧ结合指数差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：孕妇血清中的ＡＣＡ水平增高对围产儿预后具有显著的不良影响     

早产儿的营养与喂养

胎龄＜３７周出生的婴儿称早产儿。我国早产低出生体重儿发生率占活产婴的５％。早产儿与足月正常体重儿不同的是消化吸收功能更不完善,还需要较高的热量和各种营养素以满足其生长发育的需要。为了提高早产儿的生存水平,新生儿科医生和营养学家长期以来致力于早产儿营养方面的研究,现就近年来研究应用的观点和方法予以介绍。一、早产儿的营养需要（一）胎儿和初生婴儿的生长：胎儿２４～３９周每日增长１５ｇ／ｋｇ或增长胎儿体重的１．５％。出生后足月新生儿生理性体重下降为出生体重的５％,主要是体内水分的丢失。母乳喂养的足月儿于…     

低出生体重儿与患病婴儿的母乳喂养

低出生体重儿与患病婴儿的母乳喂养１０００４５北京市儿童保健所刘越璋一、低出生体重儿的母乳喂养低出生体重儿是指出生体重不足２５００ｇ的婴儿，包括胎龄不足３７周的早产儿，胎龄在３７周至不满４２周的足月小于胎龄儿．以及胎龄在４２周以上而胎盘功能不全的过期儿...     

表皮生长因子及其受体与胎儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）及其受体与胎儿出生体重的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附测定法对正常非孕妇女１５例（对照组）、足月正常体重儿４０例（正常体重儿组）、ＩＵＧＲ儿４０例（ＩＵＧＲ儿组）、巨大儿２５例（巨大儿组）的母血清、脐血清及羊水中ＥＧＦ浓度进行测定,同时采用免疫组化方法对以上各组胎盘及胎膜上ＥＧＦ受体（ＥＧＦＲ）进行测定。结果各组母血、脐血及羊水中ＥＧＦ浓度明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。ＩＵＧＲ儿组母血、脐血及羊水中ＥＧＦ浓度低于正常体重儿组,差异有显著性。巨大儿组母血、脐血及羊水中ＥＧＦ浓度与正常体重儿组比较,差异无显著性。在ＩＵＧＲ儿组胎盘及胎膜上ＥＧＦＲ表达明显低于正常体重儿组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,巨大儿组胎盘上ＥＧＦＲ表达高于正常体重儿组。结论ＥＧＦ及其受体与ＩＵＧＲ的发生有关,在妊娠后期测定母血及羊水中ＥＧＦ浓度,对评价胎儿的生长发育具有重要意义。     

分娩方式对早产儿酸碱平衡的影响

目的探讨早产儿脐动脉血气值、酸碱状态的变化及分娩方式对早产儿的影响。方法随机选择经阴道自然分娩早产儿２２例，剖宫产早产儿２３例，自然分娩足月儿３５例和选择性剖宫产足月儿２０例进行脐动脉血气分析和组间比较。结果自然分娩早产儿组的ｐＨ值比自然分娩足月儿组的低，ＰＣＯ＿２则高（Ｐ＜０．０５），２２例早产儿中４例符合呼吸性酸中毒，足月组无酸中毒病例。比较剖宫产足月儿与早产儿脐血气值，足月儿组的ＰＣＯ＿２高于早产儿组（Ｐ＜０．０５），余差异无显著性，前者中１例符合呼吸性酸中毒，后者无酸中毒病例。比较自然分娩早产儿与剖宫产早产儿脐血气值，前者的ｐＨ值明显低于后者，而ＰＣＯ＿２则高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０５），余差异无显著性。结论早产是影响脐动脉血气测定值与酸碱平衡的因素。因早产儿交感神经系统发育不健全，难以承受经阴道分娩的压力，故经阴道分娩对早产儿酸碱状态的影响较剖宫产大。     

应用套式聚合酶链反应技术诊断人巨细胞病毒宫内感染

用套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）技术，对妊娠早、中期各３０例及妊娠晚期３１例孕妇进行母血、脐血及胎盘人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）ＤＮＡ测定。结果：早期妊娠妇女中，２０例ＨＣＭＶ阳性，其中８例发生宫内传播（绒毛组织中ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性）；妊娠中期妇女中，２１例ＨＣＭＶ阳性，其中７例发生宫内传播（胎盘、脐血ＨＣＭＶ－ＤＮＡ阳性）；妊娠晚期妇女中，２３例ＨＣＭＶ阳性，其中１８例发生宫内传播。提示：套式Ｐ     

Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is of great importance to obstetrician-gynecologists because maternal infection is relatively common and can result in severe injury to the fetus. The greatest risk to the fetus occurs when the mother develops a primary CMV infection in the first trimester. Forty to 50% of infants delivered to mothers with primary CMV infections will have congenital infections. Of these neonates, 5-18% will be overtly symptomatic at birth. Approximately 30% of severely infected infants die, and 80% have severe neurologic morbidity. Eighty-five to 90% of infants will be asymptomatic, and 10-15% of these babies subsequently have sequelae such as visual and auditory defects. If the mother develops a recurrent or reactivated CMV infection during pregnancy, the risk of a severe congenital infection is very low. Perinatal infection, as opposed to congenital infection, may result from exposure to the virus during delivery or lactation and rarely leads to serious sequelae. Antimicrobial therapy and immunotherapy for CMV are, at present, unsatisfactory. Therefore, all patients, pregnant women in particular, must be educated about preventive measures.     

产前B族链球菌感染对母儿的影响

目的　了解孕妇的Ｂ族链球菌（ＧＢＳ）带菌情况及对新生儿的影响。　方法　对１２０ 例产妇产前取阴道后穹窿分泌物,分娩后取胎盘子面分泌物及新生儿胃液分别检测ＧＢＳ,留脐血检测Ｃ反应蛋白、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ 抗体,产后观察母婴情况并随访６ 周。　结果　产前母体ＧＢＳ带菌率１５－８％ ,胎盘带菌率１０ ％ ,新生儿带菌率３－３ ％ ,患病率０－８３ ％ 。ＧＢＳ阳性孕妇既往流产史多,胎膜早破、早产发生率较阴性者高（Ｐ＜ ０．０５） 。产时胎儿窘迫、羊水混浊及新生儿低体重、新生儿肺炎发生率虽比阴性者高,但无统计学意义。脐血Ｃ反应蛋白、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ 无明显升高。　结论　为降低ＧＢＳ感染对围产期母儿的患病率,应对孕妇常规行ＧＢＳ筛检,阳性孕妇应给予预防性治疗并于产前复查,产时应对ＧＢＳ阳性孕妇及新生儿给予适当治疗以避免发生并发症。     

乙肝表面抗原阳性孕妇肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白预防母婴传播的临床研究

目的　探讨经母亲对胎儿行被动免疫在预防乙型肝炎病毒(HBV) 宫内感染中的作用。方法　对自孕20 周起多次肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG) 的HBsAg( ) 孕妇34 例(A 组) 及未注射的14 例HBsAg( ) 孕妇(B 组) ,用固相放免法和套式PCR 检测母血HBsAg 、HBV DNA 及其新生儿血HBsAg 、抗HBS、HBV DNA。结果　A 组35例新生儿中32 例血清抗HBS( ) ,与B 组相比具有显著差异( P < 0-05) 。A 组新生儿血HBsAg 、HBV DNA 检出率均明显低于B 组。A 组孕妇用药后血HBsAg 滴度及HBVDNA 水平较用药前明显下降。结论　经母亲对胎儿行被动免疫可有效预防HBV 宫内感染。     

乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染机理的研究

目的　探讨乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)宫内感染的可能机理。方法　应用PCR技术检测 5 9例乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)阳性孕妇的羊水、阴道分泌物及其新生儿脐血清中HBVDNA(研究组 ) ,10例乙型肝炎病毒标志物 (HBVM )阴性的正常孕妇及其新生儿为对照组。采用免疫组化ABC染色法检测两组孕妇胎盘组织中的HBsAg及乙型肝炎核心抗原 (HBcAg)的阳性率。 结果　 ( 1)研究组孕妇的羊水、阴道分泌物、新生儿脐血清中HBVDNA阳性率分别为 4 7 5 % ( 2 8/ 5 9)、5 2 5 % ( 31/5 9)、4 5 8% ( 2 7/ 5 9) ;对照组孕妇的羊水、阴道分泌物、新生儿脐血清中均未检出HBVDNA。 ( 2 )研究组孕妇胎盘组织中HBsAg及HBcAg的阳性率 ,呈现出由蜕膜细胞 ( 76 3%及 5 9 3% )、滋养层细胞 ( 72 9%及 5 5 9% )、绒毛间质细胞 ( 6 2 7%及 5 0 8% )至绒毛毛细血管内皮细胞 ( 5 2 5 %及 4 4 1% )依次递减的趋势 ;但其中有 4例孕妇胎盘组织中HBsAg及HBcAg的分布与上述特点相反。研究组孕妇有 32例羊膜细胞中检出HBsAg及HBcAg。对照组孕妇胎盘组织中的HBsAg及HBcAg检出率为零。结论　孕妇血中HBV主要是通过感染胎盘导致胎儿感染 ;但也可能存在胎盘以外的感染途径。     

Human versus animal insulin in the management of insulin-dependent diabetes: lack of effect on fetal growth

It is generally accepted that the human placenta is impermeable to free insulin and that insulin present in the fetus is entirely of fetal origin. A recent study suggested that antibody-bound animal insulin crosses the placental barrier and may exert direct effects on fetal growth. We hypothesized that mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes treated with animal insulin would have infants with higher birth weights and ponderal indices compared with mothers treated with human insulin. We studied 209 mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes who were enrolled in our program and who delivered after 28 weeks' gestation: 170 were treated with animal insulin and 39 with human insulin. There were no differences between the groups in the mean birth weight (adjusted by gestational age at delivery) or ponderal index of the infants. The rate of macrosomia (birth weight greater than the 90th percentile for gestational age or ponderal index above 2.85) was similar in both groups. The sample size was adequate to yield a power of 80% to detect a difference between groups of 179 g or more in birth weight and 0.1 g/cm3 in ponderal index. We suggest that the type of insulin (animal versus human) used by the pregnant insulin-dependent diabetic mother has no bearing on fetal weight gain.     

Human cytomegalovirus infection and clinical status of infants born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected mothers

Objective.?Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most common congenital infections worldwide and a frequent opportunistic infection that aggravates the condition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and factors influencing HCMV infection among infants of HIV-positive women.

Methods.?The study included 35 infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers examined for congenital infections. Children were evaluated for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HCMV, and HCV infection by serological and molecular methods.

Results.?HIV-1 infection was found in one child whose mother did not receive antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy, and HCV infection in another infant. HCMV-DNA in the urine was present in 13/35 infants (37.14%) on the 10th day and 24/35 infants (68.57%) in the 4th week of life. The majority of HCMV-infected infants were asymptomatic, although they manifested microcephaly and low birth weight significantly more frequently (p = 0.006 and p = 0.02, respectively). Type HIV prophylaxis did not influence HCMV transmission.

Conclusions.?Although often asymptomatic, HCMV infection in infants born to HIV-infected mothers is frequent and may be associated with prematurity, low birth weight, and microcephaly. Diagnostic procedures in children of HIV-infected mothers should involve HCMV.     

Fetal risk associated with rubella vaccine: implications for vaccination of susceptible women

The Centers for Disease Control has maintained a register of women who received rubella vaccine within three months before or three months after conception to follow prospectively the outcome of pregnancy and to quantitate the risks to the fetus from the vaccine virus. The data indicate that rubella vaccine can cross the placenta and rarely can infect the fetus. However, no abnormalities consistent with congenital rubella syndrome have been noted in 144 infants whose susceptible mothers received the RA 27/3 rubella vaccine, the only vaccine available in the United States since 1979. Although the observed risk of defects consistent with congenital rubella syndrome is zero, there is a statistical theoretic risk of a congenital rubella syndrome-like defect; the maximum theoretic risk is 2.6%. These findings indicate that vaccination of nonpregnant postpubertal women who lack either serologic proof of immunity or a written record of vaccination on or after the first birthday can be done safely and effectively. Whereas congenital rubella infection will disappear from the United States as vaccinated children enter the childbearing years, if these practices are followed elimination of congenital rubella infection will be hastened.     

Relation between placental morphometry and fetal growth]

Forty-eight placentae of full term infants, 21 placentae from appropriate for gestational age infants (AGA) and 27 placentae from small for gestational age infants (SGA) were measured by morphometric technic using the automatic image analyzer, in order to find out the extent of fetomaternal exchange which determines the transfer of oxygen and nutrition from mother to fetus and fetal growth. The results of measurement correlated well both with infant birth weight and placental weight. They demonstrated striking quantitative differences when the placentae of SGA were compared with those of AGA. The placenta weights in the group of SGA were notably less than those in the group of AGA. It seems that low birth weight relates to low functional tissue mass of placenta. This reduction of functional tissue is accompanied by diminution of the area for exchange between mother and fetus, both at the villous surface area and at fetal capillary surface area. Thus, the ability of transferring oxygen and nutrition from mother to fetus is curtailed. The results show that the rate of fetal growth is limited by placental function as well as its weight.     

孕期人乳头状瘤病毒亚临床感染的母婴传播及对胎婴儿的影响

目的　探讨孕中期、孕晚期人乳头状瘤病毒亚临床感染的母婴垂直传播情况及对胎婴儿的影响。方法　采用多聚酶链反应技术对 42例孕中期、32例孕晚期妇女的宫颈分泌物、母血、胎盘、羊水、脐血、新生儿咽部分泌物标本进行HPV - 6、11、16、18型DNA检测。结果　孕中期 :12例宫颈分泌物HPV阳性 (12 / 42 ) ,11例母血HPV阳性 (11/ 42 ) ,9例胎盘组织HPV阳性 (9/ 42 ) ,2 2例羊水标本中 ,仅 1例羊水HPV阳性 (1/ 2 2 ) ;孕晚期 :2 3例宫颈分泌物HPV阳性 (2 3/ 32 ) ,18例母血HPV阳性 (18/ 32 ) ,12例胎盘组织HPV阳性 (12 / 32 ) ,31例羊水及脐血标本中 ,4例羊水HPV阳性 (4/ 31) ,12例脐血HPV阳性 (12 / 31)。 17例异常胎婴儿中有 3例胎儿窘迫、1例新生儿高胆红素血症及 1例无脑畸形儿的脐血或胎盘组织HPV阳性。结论　孕期HPV感染的母婴传播不但可经产道直接接触传播 ,还可经血液、羊水及胎盘发生宫内传播 ,其宫内传播率的高低主要与母血的HPV感染相关。新生儿脐血的HPV感染主要与母血的HPV感染相关 ,而产时新生儿咽部的HPV感染主要与宫颈分泌物HPV感染相关。妊娠期HPV感染可能与胎儿窘迫、新生儿高胆红素血症、胎儿畸形有关