Two cases of left-sided gastroschisis: review of the literature

In gastroschisis, the opening is almost always to the right of the umbilicus, although eight cases of left-sided gastroschisis have been reported in the literature. We encountered two additional cases of left-sided gastroschisis. One was treated successfully, but the another child died. We report the present two these two cases and a review of the literature.     

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare: Four cases and review of the literature

Subcutaneous granuloma annulare (SGA) produces benign nodules in otherwise healthy children. The histology of the lesions may be indistinguishable from rheumatoid nodules. However, in children the lesion of SGA is not accompanied by connective-tissue disease. We report 4 patients with SGA. There were three girls and one boy ranging in age from 4 to 15 years. All the children presented with a solitary lesion on the lower limb. A cutaneous lesion was also present in case 4. In only one patient (case 4) was there a history of trauma. There was no relevant past medical history. Routine laboratory tests were normal (including ESR and auto-immune profile). A computed tomography (CT) scan with intravenous contrast was performed in all patients. The CT features were those of soft tissue masses of variable attenuation and enhancement with inconsistent infiltration into surrounding fat. There appear to be no specific CT features which distinguish this benign lesion from a more sinister one. Excisional biopsy was performed in all cases. In children, SGA should be included in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue masses, particularly in the lower extremity.     

新生儿X-连锁慢性肉芽肿病4例分析暨文献复习

目的了解X-连锁慢性肉芽肿病（X-CGD）患儿的临床特点、治疗方法及基因突变类型。方法选择我科2013年4-12月经基因检测明确诊断为X-CGD的病例,总结患儿起病时间、症状、影像学表现、病原学检查、治疗及转归情况,了解基因突变类型。结果研究期间共收治4例X-CGD患儿,均为男婴,起病日龄13~17天,诊断日龄24-34天,1例有家族史。首发症状发热3例,咳嗽1例。肺CT表现为结节、不规则、球形或类圆形高密度灶。痰培养1例为烟曲霉菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,1例为白色念珠菌,2例阴性;血培养均阴性;血清半乳甘露聚糖（GM）试验阳性3例。应用抗细菌联合抗真菌治疗2-3周,4例均好转出院,随访6个月3例未复发,1例出院后未按医嘱服药生后5个月因反复严重感染死亡。CYBB基因突变分析示缺失突变1例,插入突变1例,错义突变2例,患儿母亲均为携带者。结论本病在新生儿期呼吸道症状及体征相对较轻,但影像学显示肺部病变严重,肺CT表现为多发结节或团块影,常规体液和细胞免疫功能正常的新生儿应考虑X-CGD。CYBB基因突变分布广泛,异质性明显,基因突变分析将成为产前诊断的重要工具。     

儿童家族性地中海热2 例报告并文献复习

目的探讨儿童家族性地中海热(FMF)的临床特征及诊治。方法回顾分析2例FMF患儿的临床资料及致病基因MEFV变异情况,并复习相关文献。结果例1,女性,6岁3月龄;例2,男性,3岁。均表现为反复发热,非特异性炎性指标升高。例1患儿经基因测序证实存在MEFV复合杂合变异,给予秋水仙碱治疗后临床症状明显缓解;例2患儿经基因测序证实存在MEFV核酸位点变异,但相应蛋白水平未见变异,给予秋水仙碱治疗后发热症状明显好转。结论对于经常规治疗仍反复发热、非特异性炎性指标升高者,需警惕儿童FMF。     

嗜酸粒细胞增多相关性紫癜4例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨嗜酸粒细胞(Eos)增多相关性紫癜的诊断依据和治疗办法.方法 回顾分析4例嗜酸粒细胞增多症伴皮肤紫癜患儿的临床表现及诊断、治疗经过,并复习相关文献.结果 嗜酸粒细胞增多相关性紫癜患儿主要分布于热带、亚热带地区,既往无出血性疾病史,起病急,表现为反复皮肤大片瘀斑、鼻出血等表浅出血,外周血嗜酸粒细胞增多而血小板计数正常,血小板聚集功能异常.出血严重程度与嗜酸粒细胞计数高低无明确相关性.1例出血症状较严重者,试用白三烯受体拮抗剂治疗有效.部分患儿有寄生虫感染的证据,所有患儿经驱虫治疗外周血嗜酸粒细胞计数降低,并可缩短出血病程.结论 嗜酸粒细胞增多相关性紫癜为一种与嗜酸粒细胞增多相关的获得性血小板功能障碍疾病,在国内华南地区并不少见,既往体健的儿童出现皮肤黏膜出血、外周血嗜酸粒细胞增多而血小板计数正常,可诊断该病.血小板功能检测有助于确诊.所有患儿均应行驱虫治疗,出血严重的患儿可试用白三烯拮抗剂.     

Recessive omodysplasia: five new cases and review of the literature

Background Autosomal recessive omodysplasia (MIM 258315) is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by severe congenital micromelia with shortening and distal tapering of the humeri and femora to give a club-like appearance. Fewer than 20 cases have been reported in the literature so far.Objective The purpose of this study was to more clearly describe the clinical and radiographic phenotypes and their changes with age.Materials and methods Five new patients, including two sibs, with autosomal recessive omodysplasia are presented.Results Clinical features are rhizomelic dwarfism with limited extension of elbows and knees and a distinct face with a short nose, depressed nasal bridge, long philtrum, midline haemangiomas in infants and cryptorchidism in males. Radiological findings are distal hypoplasia of the short humerus and femur with characteristic radial dislocation and radioulnar diastasis.Conclusions Based on a review of these and 16 previously reported patients, the regressive nature of the humerofemoral changes and the obvious male predominance are stressed. Phenotypic similarities with the atelosteogenesis group of disorders and with diastrophic dysplasia suggest common pathogenetic mechanisms.     

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: report of four cases in two families and review of the literature

Four cases of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) from two families with first cousins affected in family and siblings in another are presented. The pathological findings, including neuropathology, transmission (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are discussed. This is the first study of this condition to include TEM and SEM. One hundred and fifty-nine cases from the literature, including the author's four cases, are reviewed. The familial occurrence in 116 instances in sibships and consanguinity in 13 of the 73 families support autosomal-recessive inheritance. In five families there were affected first cousins--an observation not readily explained by autosomal-recessive transmission. We suggest that the genetic aspects of FHL be more fully explored and that in future cases parents and other relatives be included in the hematologic, immunologic, and genetic evaluation.     

TRPC6基因变异致儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征四例并文献复习

目的:探讨TRPC6基因变异致儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)的特征、治疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年12月在上海市儿童医院肾脏风湿科住院的4例(SRNS)且经基因检测为TRPC6变异患儿的临床资料。以“肾病综合征”“TRPC6”“儿童”“nephrotic syndrome”“TRPC6 variation”“child”为检索词,检索建库至2020年8月中国知网数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库及PubMed数据库并进行文献复习。结果:4例SRNS患儿中,男1例、女3例,起病年龄4岁1月龄至12岁2月龄。临床均以浮肿、大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症起病,4例出现贫血,2例出现继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,1例肾萎缩。肾脏病理结果示1例为免疫复合物相关性肾炎,3例为局灶节段肾小球硬化。4例患儿病初予足量糖皮质激素治疗4周以上,均为激素耐药,后予糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂(如环磷酰胺、钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂、霉酚酸酯)治疗,症状没有改善。4例患儿2~6个月进展为终末期肾病。全外显子测序显示4例患儿TRPC6基因变异类型分别为c.2684G>T、c.523C>T、c.2678G>A、c.2683C>T,均为新发变异。文献检索纳入中文文献1篇,外文文献9篇,共27例。汇总分析31例(包括本组)病例资料,其中18例错义变异,移码变异、同义变异、剪切变异各1例。起病年龄4月龄至14岁,18例患儿临床表现为大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症,6例仅表现为蛋白尿,19例患儿病理类型为局灶节段肾小球硬化,IgA肾病、微小病变各2例,塌陷性肾小球病、C1q肾病、免疫复合物相关性肾小球肾炎各1例。18例患儿激素治疗无效,11例钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂类药物无效。该疾病预后不佳,12例患儿出现肾衰竭,进展至终末期肾病时间为4个月至13.8年。结论:TRPC6基因变异致SRNS的患儿起病年龄较小,病理特征多为局灶节段肾小球硬化,激素及免疫抑制剂治疗多无效,进展迅速预后差。     

Familial Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Case reports and a review of the related literature

We present the case of three sisters with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) from a consanguineous marriage. These sisters presented within the first 2 months of age with anemia without hepatosplenomegaly together with complete blood count and bone marrow pictures compatible with the diagnosis of DBA syndrome. They were given blood transfusions and then started on prednisolone 2 mg/kg/day in divided doses, tapering the dose to a minimum to keep Hb around 90 g/l. DBA in these three sisters from a consanguineous marriage clearly illustrates the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The importance of early diagnosis and management with steroid is highlighted along with the need for consideration of other modalities of treatment in those cases not responding to steroid therapy.     

Pharyngeal hairy polyps: five new cases and review of the literature

Pharyngeal hairy polyps are rare lesions that present as a pedunculated mass that may arise from the oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal regions of the pharynx. The mass has the potential to partially or completely obstruct pathways towards the trachea and/or esophagus resulting in respiratory distress and/or feeding difficulties respectively. They have a predilection for female infants of 6:1 with the vast majority of the cases occurring in the infantile period. We report 5 cases of the hairy polyp in female infants, one of which showed unusual presentation since it was diagnosed at ten months of age.     

Otocephaly: report of five new cases and a literature review

Otocephaly, characterized by mandibular hypoplasia or agnathia, ventromedial auricular malposition (melotia) and/or auricular fusion (synotia), and microstomia with oroglossal hypoplasia or aglossia, is an extremely rare anomalad, identified in less than 1 in 70,000 births. The malformation spectrum is essentially lethal, because of ventilatory problems, and represents a developmental field defect of blastogenesis primarily affecting the first branchial arch derivatives. Holoprosencephaly is the most commonly identified association, but skeletal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular anomalies, and situs inversus have been reported. Polyhydramnios may be the presenting feature, but prenatal diagnosis has been uncommon.

We present five new cases of otocephaly, the largest published series to date, with comprehensive review of the literature and an update of research in the etiopathogenesis of this malformation complex. One of our cases had situs inversus, and two presented with unexplained polyhydramnios. Otocephaly, while quite rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this gestational complication.     

Antley-Bixler syndrome, description of two new cases and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS) is a rare disorder characterized by multiple malformations of cartilage and bone including multisynostotic osteodysgenesis, midface hypoplasia, choanal atresia or stenosis, femoral bowing, neonatal fractures and multiple joint contractures and, occasionally, urogenital, gastrointestinal or cardiac defects. Since the first report in 1975, at least 34 cases (including this report) have been described. We present 2 cases of congenital hydrocephalus, suggesting the cause of craniosynostosis and midface hypoplasia is associated with ABS. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The first case was a 1-day-old female with Arnold-Chiari malformation, multiple cranial synostosis, obstructive hydrocephalus and radioulnahumeral synostosis. Ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunting was performed when she was 7 days old. She died 42 days later due to cardiopulmonary failure. The second case was a 2-month-old female with bilateral coronal synostosis, obstructive hydrocephalus and brachycephaly. V-P shunting was done soon after her admission, and bilateral lateral canthal advancement with the floating forehead procedure was performed 1 month later. She is still alive with good development. DISCUSSION: The main anomalies of the ABS can be divided into 4 categories: craniofacial, skeletal, extremity and urogenital anomalies. They may be the result of mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Ser351Cys) gene, which was confirmed in our case 2. Craniosynostosis combined with hydrocephalus created congenital increased intracranial pressure (IICP). Early V-P shunt implantation and surgical release of the closed suture and lateral canthal advancement should be done as soon as possible, ideally when the patient is younger than 3 months. CONCLUSION: Early correction of craniosynostosis was feasible and safe for one of our patients. We offer our experience in the treatment of hydrocephalus and correction of craniosynostosis to relieve IICP.     

Congenital ureteral valves: two new cases and a review of the literature

Ureteral valves are a rare clinical finding. Frequently they are associated with other urological anomalies such as complete or incomplete renal duplication, ectopic ureter, vesicoureteral reflux and horseshoe kidney. Hydronephrosis is the most common clinical sign. We report two cases of ureteral valves recently encountered at the Surgical Department of Sant Joan de Dèu Hospital in Barcelona, and discuss the diagnosis and surgical treatment with a review of the literature from 1926.     

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??ObjectiveTo improve the level of recognization,diagnosis and treatment of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP).MethodsFour patients were selected,aged between 11 ~ 14 years old,3 boys and 1 girl,chief complaints with numbness of four limbs or discontious convulsion.Measured the blood calcium??serum inorganic phosphorus,serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and reply slip of head CT for analysis.ResultsTwo cases had typical facies and stature of PHP,the other 2 cases manifested normal phenotype,and the blood calcium decreased,while serum inorganic phosphorus and the PTH increased in all 4 patients.The treatment of calcium complement didn??t make any effect on the 4 patients.ConclusionPHP is a disease of abnormal PTH receptor.The patients of PHP are not often encountered.When the patients have the syndrome of numbness in four limbs or repetitious convulsion and the blood calcium decreases,we should consider PHP.So blood calcium decrease??serum inorganic phosphorus increase,and the PTH increase are the necessary factors of diagnosing PHP.     

Isoenzyme studies in transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy. Ten new cases and a review of the literature

A literature review and ten new cases of benign transient hyperphosphatasemia of infancy are presented, with special attention paid to isoenzyme studies. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, heat denaturation, and binding of alkaline phosphatase to anti-human alkaline phosphatases showed that the sources of the elevated alkaline phosphatase levels are normal bone and liver and not the small intestine. The data also suggest that the following criteria be present for a diagnosis of transient hyperphosphatasemia: (1) an age of less than 5 years, (2) variable symptoms, (3) no bone or liver disease noted on physical examination or (4) from laboratory investigations, (5) isoenzyme analysis showing elevations in both bone and liver activity, and (6) a return to normal serum alkaline phosphatase activity values within four months.     

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目的加强对Crouzon综合征的认识。方法对2007年1月至2010年10月在中国人民解放军总院儿科和首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院临床诊断Crouzon综合征的6例患儿临床资料进行总结并回顾相关文献。结果 Crouzon综合征有典型的颅面特征,主要表现为短头、眼眶浅、眼球突出、鹰钩鼻、上颌骨发育不良和下颌相对前突等颅面畸形。手足外观正常。常伴视力障碍、听力异常、鼻塞及上下呼吸道阻塞等。结论 Crouzon综合征是一种常染色体显性遗传病,发病机制不明,目前主要倾向FGFR突变介导的颅缝早闭,致使面中部发育不良,尚无特殊治疗,部分可对症进行手术修复,对其病理机制应进一步探讨,早期进行产前诊断。