淋巴微循环变化在血压回升中的意义

目的 :探讨淋巴微循环变化与血压回升的关系。方法 :采用淋巴学研究的方法 ,观察 6 0只大鼠缺血 再灌注时肠系膜微淋巴管收缩性、肠淋巴流量、蛋白输出量与血压回升的先后关系。结果 :肠系膜淋巴微循环变化明显快于血压回升 (P <0 .0 1) ;肠淋巴流量、蛋白输出量达到峰值的时间 (分别为 49.2 5± 6 .5 6min、41.74± 7.2 1min) ,明显快于血压到达峰值的时间 ( 82 .2 5± 15 .17min) (P <0 .0 1) ;对照组则无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :结果提示淋巴微循环改善在血压回升过程中具有重要意义     

休克时淋巴微循环变化的意义

大鼠68只,分4组。应用活体显微电视录像、观察出血性休克早期、晚期补液期及补液后期肠系膜微淋巴管(MLV)自主收缩性和静态口径的变化;肠淋巴管插管,观察相应时期肠淋巴流量、淋巴蛋白含量和淋巴     

迷走神经切断后对肠系膜淋巴管动力影响的实验研究

目的：观察迷走神经切断前后淋巴管的动力学变化，探讨神经－淋巴管－胃肠道功能之间的关系。方法：用显微录相技术观察Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠肠系膜淋巴管。结果：迷走神经切断后淋巴管自主收缩频率（ａ）、静态口径（ｄ）、总收缩活性指数（ＩｎｄｅｘⅡ）均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），淋巴管的舒缩节律及瓣膜的关启亦不规整，二者之间失去了同步性。结论：迷走神经可调节淋巴管收缩的发动、传播，维持淋巴循环，促进淋巴形成，进而维持胃肠道吸收等功能     

夏至草生物碱对失血性休克大鼠淋巴微循环的影响

目的 探讨夏至草生物碱（AHL）对失血性休克大鼠淋巴微循环的影响。方法Wistar大鼠16只。随机分成夏至草生物碱组（AHL组）和生理盐水组（NS组，n=8），经颈总动脉放血复制大鼠失血性休克模型．观察AHL对肠系膜淋巴微循环的影响。结果 失血性休克时，肠系膜淋巴微循环出现明显障碍。AHL可明显使肠系膜淋巴管口径扩张，收缩幅度增大，收缩频率加快，收缩性指数升高，其作用显著优于NS组（P〈0．05）。结论 AHL能明显改善失血性休克大鼠的淋巴微循环障碍。     

川芎嗪对血瘀大鼠肠系膜淋巴微循环的影响

目的 :观察活血化瘀中药川芎嗪对血瘀大鼠肠系膜淋巴微循环的影响 ,为临床治疗微循环障碍性疾病提供新思路。方法 :Wistar雄性大鼠 16只 ,随机分成实验组和对照组 (n均 =8)。两组动物通过颈总动脉放血 ,复制大鼠急性血瘀模型。 3 0min后 ,实验组大鼠静脉推注 1%川芎嗪注射液 ( 10mg/kg)之后 2 0min ,再进行“输血 +川芎嗪 ( 1% ,10mg/kg)”治疗。对照组用生理盐水替代川芎嗪。通过微循环显微电视录像技术观察肠系膜淋巴微循环的变化。结果 :用川芎嗪治疗后 ,肠系膜微淋巴管 (ML)口径出现不同程度的扩张 ,总收缩活性指数 (IndexII)非常显著高于对照组水平 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;经输血 +川芎嗪再次治疗后 ,ML自主收缩频率、IndexII、淋巴管动力学指数 (L .D Index)显著高于对照组水平 (P <0 .0 1) ,微淋巴管口径明显扩张。结论 :川芎嗪能扩张血瘀大鼠肠系膜微淋巴管口径 ,补充血容量后可增强微淋巴管收缩性 ,有助于血容量回升 ,改善机体微循环灌流状态     

被动皮肤过敏反应大鼠肠系膜淋巴管的变化

目的观察被动皮肤过敏反应（PCA）大鼠肠系膜淋巴微循环的变化，探讨Ⅰ型变态反应性皮肤病的淋巴机制。方法清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、PCA1组、PCA2组、PCA3组。用卵清蛋白（OVA）作抗原制备抗血清，分别于大鼠背部脊柱两侧去毛处皮内注射5％、10％、20％抗血清，48h后再用10％OVA攻击致敏，复制PCA模型；对照组用生理盐水代替。各组动物分别于OVA攻击前10min及攻击后10min、20min、30min时测量肠系膜淋巴管口径，计算肠系膜淋巴管收缩性指数IndexⅠ、IndexⅡ、LD Index。结果成功复制了大鼠PCA模型。在OVA攻击前肠系膜淋巴微循环的各项指标均无统计学差异。在OVA攻击后30min，肠系膜淋巴管口径扩张、收缩频率增强、收缩性指数增加。结论PCA发生后，淋巴回流动力明显增强，可能是导致变态反应性皮肤病皮损区淋巴细胞浸润的重要因素之一。     

淋巴液对失血性休克大鼠肠系膜微循环变化的影响

大鼠３０只，分为肠淋巴液治疗组及生理盐水对照组，复制重度失血性休克模型后，应用显微电视录像技术观察淋巴液对肠系膜微血管及微淋巴管的作用。结果：治疗组的存活时间显著长于对照组。输入淋巴液后，血压显著回升，肠系膜一、二级细动脉、细静脉口径和微淋巴管的静态口径均恢复正常，流态改善，微淋巴管收缩性恢复正常。提示肠淋巴液可以改善休克时的血液和淋巴循环障碍，对休克具有较好的治疗作用     

改善微循环和促进创伤愈合的新途径:功能型医用敷料

观察在纤维中纺入无机超细粉粒,能释放出远红外线的新型医用功能敷料对微循环和创面愈合的效应。方法：用显微电视微循环观察系统、红细胞跟踪仪、电视测微仪测定新型功能敷料作用前后大鼠微循环血流的变化,用病理切片光镜观察新型功能敷料对家兔切割创面愈合的效应。结果：１层、３层、５层新型功能纱布作用大鼠肠系膜２０ｍｉｎ,分别使微动脉血流量增加５１.７％±８．１％、９２.１％±９．１％、９２．７％±９．６％,它显著高于普通纱布对照组的的０．５％±９．６％（Ｐ＜０.０１）。用功能纱布一侧的家兔切割创面,其水肿、白细胞浸润和渗出物均比普通纱布覆盖的另一侧创面要轻微。伤后５天功能纱布组创面表皮已完全修复平坦,而对照一侧尚未完全修复。结论：新型功能敷料能显微改善微循环,并有加速创伤愈合的特殊效应。     

微循环荧光造影的安全性及其控制

用围堤式颅窗软脑膜微循环观察方法探讨了微循环荧光造影的安全性。发现：５０Ｗ超高压汞灯的激发光（波长峰值４９０ｎｍ）照射９０ｍｉｎ对血管内皮和平滑肌均有损伤作用。可使微动脉对乙酰胆碱和硝普钠的扩张反应减弱（血管内径变化分别由３７．５％±７．９％降至２３．８％±１１．９％，由４１．１％±２０．８％降至３６．７％±１１．１％，（Ｐ＜０．０５）。单独注射荧光素钠对血管反应性无影响。在激发光持续照射下注射５％荧光素钠０．２ｍｌ进行微循环荧光造影６次（１次／１５ｍｉｎ），血管明显损伤，微动脉对乙酰胆碱和硝普钠的扩张反应分别由４３．５％±１６．９％降至２２．０％±１３．３％，５５．４％±１７．９％降至２５．１％±１４．０％，Ｐ＜０．０５，且伴有严重的血栓形成。认为：控制激发光照射时间以及荧光素钠的浓度和剂量，可以防止上述损伤的发生。     

正常人消化间期胃肠移行性复合运动规律的观察

对１６例健康志愿者用连续灌注导管系统进行胃十二指肠测压，以了解消化间期移行性复合运动（ＭＭＣ）的规律，检测时间４～６ｈ，结果显示ＭＭＣＩ期持续时间１２７．６±５６．４ｍｉｎ，Ⅱ期为１９．９±６．１ｍｉｎ，Ⅲ期胃窦部为３．４±１．１ｍｉｎ，十二指肠为４．６±２．０ｍｉｎ，近端空肠为５．８±３．０，近端空肠与胃窦部比Ｐ〈０．０１），由胃窦至空肠Ⅲ期收缩频率呈上升趋势，波幅明显下降。ＭＭＣ平均周期为１８     

尾加压素Ⅱ对大鼠肠系膜微循环的影响

目的: 探讨尾加压素(UII)对于大鼠肠系膜微循环的影响。方法: 采用活体微循环观测技术观察UII对于SD大鼠肠系膜微血管内径、血流速度的作用,采用激光多普勒血流量仪测定肠壁血流量的变化。结果: 正常对照组肠系膜细动脉和细静脉血管内径分别为(21.4±2.3) μm和(38.1±3.6) μm,UII组于滴加UII(10^-7mol/L)后即刻细动脉和细静脉出现收缩,1 min时细动脉和细静脉收缩达到高峰,血管内径分别为(14.1±1.4) μm和(22.2±5.2) μm(与正常对照组比较,P<0.05);细动、静脉内血流速度无明显变化(与正常对照组比较P>0.05);肠壁血流量于滴加UII(10^-7 mol/L)后1 min开始升高,5 min达到高峰 。结论: UII可以使大鼠肠系膜微血管收缩,血流量增加。     

Intravenous saline infusion in rat increases hyaluronan efflux in intestinal lymph by increasing lymph flow

The output of hyaluronan in mesenteric lymph was studied in anaesthetized rats to allow estimation of the turnover rate. The duodenum/jejunum contained 45 ,μg of this glycosaminoglycan per g wet tissue weight. In fasted rats the concentration of hyaluronan in postnodal lymph averaged 15 μg ml^-1 and the mean efflux was 2.1 μg h^-1, corresponding to a daily removal of 10% of the intestinal hyaluronan content. An intravenously injected bolus of 0.9% saline 4 ml 100 g^-1 followed by an infusion of the same amount per hour increased the hyaluronan concentration in lymph transiently to 22 μg ml^-1. During the 8-h i.v. infusion the hyaluronan output remained five times above control due to the high lymph flow. Water and hyaluronan content of the small intestine remained unaltered despite the saline load, the maintained tissue level of hyaluronan suggests an increased rate of synthesis.     

肠血管活性多肽对多器官功能障碍综合征大鼠肠淋巴细胞归巢的影响

为观察肠血管活性多肽 (VIP )对大鼠肠缺血再灌注致多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS )时 ,肠淋巴细胞归巢至肠相关淋巴细胞 (GALT )的调节以及对MODS转归的影响。本研究用微型无创动脉夹夹住大鼠肠系膜动脉根部 4 5min ,松夹后再灌注6h ,制备MODS模型。将VIP分别从股静脉输入和从腹腔注入大鼠体内。收集肠淋巴液 ,计数淋巴细胞总数及T、B淋巴细胞比例 ,了解淋巴细胞进入血循环状况。体外用51Cr标记肠淋巴细胞 ,回输入大鼠体内 ,用γ计数器检测各器官组织内的51Cr 肠淋巴细胞 ,了解肠淋巴细胞归巢。检测血及肠淋巴TNF α、内毒素 ;测定血D 乳酸、谷丙转氨酶 (ALT )、肌肝 (Cr)、血氧分压 ;观察重要器官组织学改变 ,评价VIP对MODS时各脏器形态及功能改变。结果显示 ,VIP使MODS大鼠肠粘膜迁移至血循环肠淋巴细胞总数 [(0 4 2± 0 18)× 10 7/h]较未予处理的MODS组 [(0 2 8± 0 15 )× 10 7/h]显著增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ,以T细胞数上升明显。VIP减少了MODS大鼠归巢至肠粘膜的肠淋巴细胞 ,Peyer淋巴结及小肠分布的51Cr 细胞量分别占总51Cr量的 2 14 %± 1 4 9%、 1 5 8%± 0 4 2 % ,显著低于未予处理的MODS组 (5 0 4 %± 1 2 3%和 3 2 3%± 1 6 9% ,P <0 0 1及P <0 0 5 )。外源性给予MODS大鼠VIP后 ,肠淋巴     

Mesenteric lymph as a major source of serum IgA in guinea pigs and rats

The mean concentration of IgA in the mesenteric lymph of guinea pigs and rats was 4.5 and 13.4-fold higher, respectively, than that in their serum. For IgG, IgM, albumin, transferrin and α-macroglobulin, the mesenteric lymph-versus-serum concentration ratios were lower than unity and inversely related to their molecular size, indicating that their presence in mesenteric lymph was essentially due to filtration through the walls of the mesenteric blood capillaries. In contrast, it was calculated that 90–97 % of IgA in mesenteric lymph was derived from local synthesis by the intestinal immunocytes. Considering mesenteric lymph flow and plasma volume, it was concluded that the intestinal mucosa is a major source of serum IgA in guinea pigs and rats.     

Ki67 LABELLING INDEX IN GASTRIC CARCINOMAS. AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY USING DOUBLE STAINING FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF DIFFUSE-TYPE CARCINOMAS

The aim of the present study was to clarify the conflicting recorded data on the proliferative features of gastric carcinoma. The Ki67 labelling index (Ki67 LI) was evaluated using MIB-1 in 43 carcinomas (24 diffuse and 19 intestinal). In 18 cases, differential counts were performed in superficial and deep layers. In ten diffuse carcinomas with a prominent desmoplastic response, Ki67 LI was evaluated in sections double-stained with MIB-1 and CAM5.2. Flow cytometry was performed in 26 cases. Ki67 LI of diffuse carcinomas (36·3±19·0) was not significantly different from that of intestinal carcinomas (28·2±18·5). Ki67 LI was significantly higher (P=0·006) in superficial than in deep areas (41·9±22·7 and 29·7±19·7, respectively) regardless of histological tumour type. No significant relationship was observed between Ki67 LI and wall invasion, lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion or ploidy. The following conclusions were drawn: double immunostaining techniques are apparently the best way to overcome the underestimation of cell proliferation in diffuse gastric carcinomas with a prominent desmoplastic response; the diffuse and intestinal types of gastric carcinoma have proliferation rates within the same range, even when the comparison is restricted to diploid tumours; and, finally, the major pool of proliferating cells resides in the superficial areas of gastric carcinomas, regardless of the histotype, which should be taken into consideration when overall counts are performed, using either immunohistochemical markers in tissue sections or suspensions of nuclei in flow cytometry. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雌二醇对缺血性脑损伤的保护作用

目的　观察雌二醇对大鼠海马神经元缺血性损伤的保护作用。方法　 3月龄SD雌性大鼠 2 9只 ,应用Pulsinelli Brierley脑缺血模型 ,分为脑缺血性损伤雌二醇组 (n =9,10 0 μg·kg-1·d-1)肌肉注射 ;尼莫地平组 (n =8,1μg·kg-1·d-1)腹腔注射 ;以及缺血损伤对照组和假手术组。再灌流 6天后 ,观察海马各区神经元变化。结果　雌二醇治疗组海马CA1和CA2区神经元死亡的数量 (CA1、CA2分别为 9 8± 2 4和 7 7± 2 1)明显少于对照组 (CA1、CA2分别为 4 7± 2 2和 5 0± 3 0 ) ,P <0 0 1,脑缺血性癫痫的发生率和大鼠的死亡率均较对照组低。结论　雌二醇对大鼠全脑缺血 /再灌流损伤具有保护作用。     

Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Autonomic,Sensory, and Somatic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Bulbospongiosus Muscle

The location, number, and size of the neurons innervating the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM) were studied in male pigs, by means of Fast Blue (FB) retrograde transport. After injection of FB into the left BSM, labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the L2‐S4 sympathetic trunk ganglia (STGs), in the caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMGs), in the microganglia of the pelvic plexus (PGs), in a dorsolateral area with respect to the central canal of S1‐S3 segments of the spinal cord (SC) and in the S1‐S4 ipsilateral and S2‐S3 contralateral spinal ganglia (SGs). The mean number of labeled FB cells was 3,122 ± 1,968 in STGs, 979 ± 667 in CMGs, 108 ± 104 in PGs, 89 ± 39 in SC and 77 ± 23 in SGs. The area of the multipolar neurons was 852 ± 22 μm² in the STGs, 878 ± 23 μm² in the CMGs and 922 ± 31 μm² in the PGs. The multipolar SC neurons had an area of 1,057 ± 38 μm², while pseudounipolar SG cells had dimensions of 2,281 ± 129 μm². Our research enables us to highlight two peculiarities regarding the innervation of the boar BSM: the very high number of labeled autonomic neurons and the particular localization of the motor somatic nucleus. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The morphology of canine lymphatic valves

The architecture of 60 valves from thoracic ducts and from renal hilar and mesenteric collecting lymph vessels of dogs were studied by scanning electron microscopy as well as by light and transmission electron microscopy. All of the valves seen in hilar and mesenteric lymph vessels and most of those studied in the thoracic duct were bicuspid. An occasional tricuspid and one monocuspid valve was seen in the thoracic duct. The semilunar cusps of the valves extended from the vessel wall, to which they were attached, towards the valve outlet where adjacent cusps fused. Coincident to the area of fusion was the formation of mesenteric-like folds or buttresses that anchored the cusps to the vessel wall. These folds extended 50–100 μm beyond the cusp margins on the outflow side of the valve. The attachments of the cusps, buttresses, and vessel wall to one another resulted in the formation of postvalvular sinuses, such that raised intraluminal pressure downstream to valve areas would distend the sinuses, causing leaflet apposition and hence valvular closure. The morphology of the valves was such that they were not considered to provide any significant impediment to the antegrade flow of lymph.     

Lymphoid cells in afferent and efferent intestinal lymph: lymphocyte subpopulations and cell migration.

Gut wall emigrating cells have been characterized in the intestinal lymph. The intestinal lymph duct was cannulated in 6-month-old minipigs. Under non-restraining conditions the efferent lymph from the mesenteric lymph nodes was collected in seven normal animals. Lymph coming directly from the gut (afferent lymph) was also collected in 18 pigs after resection of the mesenteric lymph node chains 3 months previously. The intestinal lymph flow was similar in both groups (around 18 ml/h). The lymphoid cell yield was 1.2 +/- 1.0 x 10(6)/h in control animals, while in mesenteric lymph node resected pigs it was around 20 times higher (26.2 +/- 17.6 x 10(6)/h). In the gut-derived lymph 76.5 +/- 8.8% T lymphocytes were observed (CD4+, 48.1 +/- 15.5%; CD8+, 53.6 +/- 12.7%). The percentage of immunoglobulin-positive cells was lower (IgM+, 10.1 +/- 4.5; IgA+, 1.7 +/- 1.1). In 14 mesenteric lymph node resected pigs a mean of 5.6 +/- 3.1 x 10(8) lymphocytes from the gut lymph were labelled in vitro with a fluorescent dye and retransfused. The labelling index of fluorescent cells in the intestinal lymph increased rapidly and remained at a high level until 44 h after cell transfusion. A four-to-ten times lower labelling index was found in the spleen, various lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Most of the recovered lymphocytes were T cells. This model provides access to the cell pool leaving the gut wall, thus allowing an examination of its role in the gastrointestinal tract and other mucosal-lined organs.