嘌呤霉素敏感的氨肽酶对β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨嘌呤霉素敏感的氨肽酶(PSA)对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ25-35)诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞、PC12细胞凋亡的影响. 方法 采用MTT法检测Aβ25-35对SH-SY5Y、PC12细胞生长的影响;Hoechst染色检测Aβ25-35对SH-SY5Y、PC12细胞核形态的影响;进一步采用脂质体转染法在SH-SY5Y细胞中瞬时转染PSA-siRNA,在PC12细胞中瞬时转染PSA重组质粒,加入Aβ25-35作用24h后收集细胞,进行流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;Western blotting检测PSA、caspase-3蛋白的表达变化;酶标仪检测caspase-3活性. 结果 Aβ25-35抑制SH-SY5Y、PC12细胞增殖,细胞核发生凋亡的形态学改变,流式检测细胞凋亡率增加;在SH-SY5Y细胞中,沉默PSA表达能使Aβ25-35诱导的细胞凋亡率升高,促进caspase-3酶原激活,caspase-3活性升高.反之,PC12细胞中过表达的PSA能使Aβ25-35诱导的细胞凋亡率下降,抑制caspase-3酶原激活,caspase-3活性降低. 结论 Aβ25-35能抑制神经细胞生长,引起神经细胞凋亡;PSA能抑制Aβ25-35诱导的神经细胞凋亡,对神经元具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制caspase-3通路的激活有关.     

含巯基抗氧化剂对多巴胺诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 观察不同的抗氧化剂对多巴胺诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用,探讨帕金森病(PD)神经元的死亡机制.方法 应用TUNEL染色及电泳技术,观察4种不同的抗氧化剂对多巴胺(DA)诱导的PC12细胞凋亡的保护性作用. 结果 适当浓度的多巴胺可诱导PC12细胞凋亡,抗氧化剂GSH及N-AC在10mmol/L浓度下能显著抑制DA诱导的PC12细胞凋亡(P<0.05),而相同浓度的维生素C及维生素E则无保护作用.结论 细胞凋亡可能参与了PD的发病过程,适当的抗氧化剂对于DA诱导的细胞凋亡具有保护作用.     

丹参川芎嗪注射液对Aβ损伤的PC12细胞保护作用及机制研究

目的 探讨丹参川芎嗪注射液对Aβ损伤的PC12细胞可能的保护作用及机制。方法 将PC12细胞分为5组:空白对照组(未加任何处理药物)、Aβ诱导组(20 μmol/L Aβ处理组)和预处理组(分别加入浓度为5 ml/L、10 ml/L、20 ml/L的丹参川芎嗪注射液孵育24 h后加20 μmol/L Aβ),通过CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞术(FCM)检测细胞凋亡率,Hoechst 33258染色观察PC12细胞核的改变,荧光分光光度计测定LDH、SOD、GSH及caspase-3活性水平,免疫组织化学方法观察细胞色素C(Cyt-C)蛋白释放水平,Western Blot检测Bcl-2的表达水平。结果 丹参川芎嗪注射液(5、10、20 ml/L)预处理对Aβ诱导的PC12细胞损伤有较好的保护作用,其保护作用随着药物浓度的增加而增强。它能增加Aβ损伤的PC12细胞增殖活力,减少Aβ诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,降低细胞核凝聚现象,抑制Aβ损伤的PC12细胞LDH释放,增强SOD和GSH活性,促进Cyt-C在细胞内表达,降低caspase-3活性,促进Bcl-2的表达。结论 丹参川芎嗪注射液对Aβ诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有与线粒体通路相关的保护作用,其保护作用与它抑制细胞凋亡、抗氧化应激、维持线粒体正常功能、抑制caspase-3的激活、促进抗凋亡因子Bcl-2的表达有关。     

奥氮平对无血清诱导PC12细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨奥氮平对无血清诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用及其机制。方法:以神经生长因子(NGF)诱导后的PC12细胞作为细胞模型,采用无血清培养诱导细胞凋亡。给予奥氮平后,采用MTT法检测细胞活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率、细胞周期以及Hoechst33342染色观察细胞形态学的改变。结果:奥氮平(100μM)组培养72h的细胞活性与对照组相比差异显著(P<0·05),奥氮平(12·5、25、50、200μM)组与对照组无明显差异;而各浓度氟哌啶醇组的细胞活性均低于对照组;流式细胞仪结果显示血清组、奥氮平组、氟哌啶醇组、对照组的调亡率依次是17·9%、36·6%、59·8%、51·9%,其中对照组、氟哌啶醇组大部分细胞滞留于G1期;奥氮平组Hoechst33342染色偶见凋亡细胞,以核浓缩为主,而对照组、氟哌啶醇组多见核碎裂。结论:奥氮平能保护PC12细胞免于无血清培养诱导的凋亡,可能是其神经保护作用机制之一。     

睾酮对Aβ25-35诱导PC12细胞凋亡保护机制的研究

目的 探讨睾酮对Aβ25- 35诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用机制.方法 MTT法观察睾酮对Aβ25-35诱导PC12细胞凋亡后细胞活性的影响;Hochest—PI染色观察睾酮对Aβ25- 35诱导PC12细胞凋亡形态学的影响;Western免疫印迹法和Real — time PCR法观察睾酮对Aβ25- 35诱导PC12细胞凋亡相关调控因子bcl-XL、Bax蛋白及mRNA表达的影响.结果 与对照组相比,睾酮预保护后可以明显抑制Aβ25-35诱导PC12细胞凋亡后细胞活性及细胞形态学变化,并上调bcl-XL蛋白及mRNA、下调Bax蛋白及mRNA的表达,雄激素受体拮抗剂氟他胺干预后可以明显抑制睾酮的保护效应.结论 睾酮保护Aβ25-35诱导的PC12细胞凋亡活动,其潜在作用机制可能是通过AR介导的基因信号传导通路在蛋白表达和基因转录水平上抑制Bax、上调bcl-XL的表达实现.     

多巴胺抑制PC12细胞增殖和诱导凋亡作用的研究

目的　研究多巴胺(DA)对PC12细胞的增殖抑制和诱导凋亡的作用,探讨帕金森病(PD)神经元的死亡机制。方法　应用免疫组织化学、流式细胞仪、电镜及电泳技术,研究DA对大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞的增殖抑制及诱导凋亡的作用。结果　适当浓度(0.5mmol/L)DA能显著抑制PC12细胞的生长并诱导其凋亡,在作用时间较短时(<12h)表现为对PC12细胞的生长抑制,此时流式细胞仪检测未见凋亡峰,但细胞周期显示S期细胞明显抑制。此时Bcl-2染色呈强阳性,电镜下细胞形态基本正常,可见线粒体、内质网肿胀及核分裂相减少。当作用时间延长时(>24h),流式细胞仪可见典型亚二倍体凋亡峰,此时电泳可见典型DNA“阶梯状”电泳带,电镜可见核浓缩、染色体边聚等凋亡特征性核结构改变,Bcl-2染色阳性率降低。结论　DA具有抑制PC12细胞增殖和诱导凋亡作用,细胞凋亡参与了PD的病变过程。     

蛋白酶体抑制诱导的PC12细胞帕金森病模型

目的探讨蛋白酶体抑制剂对PC12细胞的作用以及用该药物制作帕金森病(PD)模型的可能性。方法用不同浓度蛋白酶体抑制剂PSI作用于PC12细胞24、48、72 h后,以MTT法检测细胞活性,荧光染色检测凋亡细胞百分率,HE染色观察细胞形态变化,透射电镜观察细胞超微结构变化。结果不同浓度PSI作用于PC12细胞24 h时,细胞存活率无变化;作用48~72 h时,1~20μmol/L PSI使细胞存活率分别降至47.03%~58.98%和19.58%~34.72%;凋亡细胞由1.15%升至5.27%。HE染色显示经PSI处理的PC12细胞胞浆内有嗜酸性包涵体出现,透射电镜下细胞呈凋亡的超微结构特点。结论PC12细胞蛋白酶体受抑模拟了PD的两大病理特点,蛋白酶体功能异常可能是PD的发病因素之一,短期抑制PC12细胞的蛋白酶体功能可作为PD的细胞模型。     

胰岛素可抵抗MPP^＋诱导的PC12细胞的凋亡

目的观察胰岛素在MPP+诱导PC12细胞凋亡中的干预作用.方法应用MTT法研究细胞活性的改变,应用HOECHST33258染色结合荧光显微镜技术及流式细胞技术检测不同药物对PC12细胞的凋亡诱导作用,应用半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)测定胰岛素受体(insulin receptor,IR)mRNA的改变.结果①MPP+诱导PC12细胞凋亡,胰岛素可以抵抗此凋亡作用;②以上两种处理,均未见到胰岛素受体mRNA的改变,推测胰岛素受体的自身磷酸化有改变.结论胰岛素可以抵抗MPP+诱导的PC12细胞的凋亡.     

促红细胞生成素对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶损伤的PC12细胞的保护作用(英文)

目的探讨促红细胞生成素(erythropoietin,EPO)对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP+)诱导的PC12细胞变性损伤的保护作用及机制。方法用MPP+处理PC12细胞制作帕金森病细胞模型,采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝法检测暴露于不同浓度EPO后细胞的活性;流式细胞术与DNA断端原位标记法(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTPnick end labeling, TUNEL)检测各组的细胞凋亡率;免疫印迹法检测不同处理组PC12细胞Bcl-2和Bax的表达,并采用荧光法观察不同处理组PC12细胞活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)与线粒体膜电位水平以及caspase-3活性的变化。结果 MPP+可以使PC12细胞存活率下降,凋亡率增高;同时PC12细胞内ROS增多,线粒体膜电位下降。MPP+还可以明显地提高Bax/Bcl-2比值并激活caspase-3。而EPO可以抑制这些由MPP+引发的改变,并在1 U/mL时发挥最大保护作用。结论 EPO可抑制MPP+诱导的PC12细胞死亡,其作用机制可能与其自身抗氧化和抗凋亡的特性有关。     

活化素A对MPP^＋所诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的观察重组人活化素A(rhAcT)对MPP+所诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用.方法将MMP+或活化素A,L-deprenyl加入体外培养的PC12细胞,用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测细胞活力的变化;用免疫细胞化学法和RT-PCR评价细胞的酪氨酸羟化酶和bcl-2蛋白及mRNA含量的变化,用脱氧核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡的变化,比较各组的差异.结果预先给予rhAcT和L-deprenyl的两组细胞活力明显高于MPP+损害组,酪氨酸羟化酶和bcl-2的蛋白及mRNA表达强于损害组,同时两组的凋亡细胞明显减少,rhAcT和L-deprenyl两组间无显著差异.结论rhAcT和L-deprenyl通过上调bcl-2的表达,抑制凋亡的发生,而对MMP+所诱导的PC12细胞的损伤具有保护作用.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.