将教学目标分类理论应用于药物化学教学

教学目标在教学中有三种主要功能,即导教、导学、导测量.根据布鲁姆认知领域教学目标分类理论,在药物化学教学中合理设置教学目标,可指导教师的教学过程、学生的学习过程及教学效果的科学评价,从而促进药物化学教学过程的科学化.     

视频教学在药剂学实验课程中的应用初探

目的 探讨如何在药剂学实验中更好地利用视频教学助力培养高质量高视野的药学人才。方法 结合作者近两年在药剂学实验课中视频教学的实践经验,从药剂学实验教学现状、视频教学在现代药剂学实验教学中的作用、交互式视频教学在药剂学实验教学中的应用以及教师在药剂学视频教学中的主导地位等多个方面进行了阐述。结果与结论 视频教学作为实验教学的辅助手段,具有信息量大、直观形象、交互性强等优点,为现代教育提供了更加高效的教学手段,我们应在药剂学实验教学中大力推广使用视频教学。     

医学教学中多媒体课件使用的误区及对策

多媒体教学在现代教学中应用越来越广泛.因为多媒体教学突破了传统的教学手段和教学思想,使教学呈现出图文并茂有声有色的教学效果,也使教学更加灵活、有效和充满吸引力,尤其是在医学教学中的某些教学课程上,如解剖课、病理课等教学中,多媒体教学有着传统教学无法比拟的优势,多媒体课件的使用可以将人体的正常结构和器官的正常构造以及器官的病理表现形象直观的表示出来.但是,在医学教学的某些课程中,比如医用化学、药理学等教学中,多媒体教学不能完全发挥出它的优势,在某些方面还不够成熟,甚至会对教学产生一些负面影响,严重影响学生学习的积极性,针对现阶段利用多媒体教学在医学教学活动中的误区进行探讨并提出相应的解决对策.     

立体化教学模式在药事法规课程中的应用探究

目的： 为培养药学相关专业学生的综合素质，探索立体化教学模式在药事法规教学中的运用。方法： 以理论教学为基础，针对教学资源、教学方法、教学手段、考评方式进行立体化改革与实践，构建模拟教学、互动教学、案例教学、双语教学、实践教学、网络课程等为一体的多层次、多形态的立体化教学体系。结果： 立体化教学应用于药事法规课程的教学中，可提高学生以"自主学习能力、语言表达能力、团队协作能力、信息处理能力、解决问题能力"为基本核心的综合能力培养。结论： 立体化教学是提高学生主动获取知识能力的重要方法，在实践教学和实际应用中具有重要的教学价值，为高等院校在专业基础教育阶段培养复合创新型人才提供新的模式和经验。     

大学体育教学中语言功能的运用及认识

在大学体育教学中,教师的教学语言与示范对完成教学任务、保证教学质量至关重要。就体育教学语言的新旧功能,根据运动心理学、教育学的基本原理,结合体育教学实践进行探讨,提出在大学体育教学中,体育教学语言与示范除应完成单一的传授技艺的基本功能外,还应完成诱发学习动机、营造良好教学环境、增进学生体育兴趣并培养锻炼习惯、增进学生对体育的理性认识等一系列功能。     

口腔颌面外科学的反思性教学初探

为了提高口腔颌面外科学的教学质量和教学水平,培养学生的学习兴趣,在课程的理论教学中引用入了反思性教学。文章就反思性教学的概念提出在口腔颌面外科学教学中开展反思性教学的必要性,总结、开展反思性教学的基本步骤。     

新形势下完善军队卫生学教育的思考与实践

军队卫生学具有其特殊的教学特点,在教学改革的新形势下,通过对其教学进行改进,可形成独有的教学特色。在教学过程中主要做好教学的组织、准备、创新和建设4个方面的工作,并把教学改革工作深入到教学工作的各个环节．从教学内容、教学环节、教学手段、教学形式等多方面多层次对教学进行改革创新。创新的教学模式会极大地激发学生的参与意识,有利于提高学生主动获取知识的能力,有利于培养学生的实践能力、创新精神,为军队培养更加优秀的军队卫生人才。     

在外科教学中引入医疗纠纷案例教育的几点思考

本文旨在探讨在外科教学中引入医疗纠纷案例教学的意义和方法。通过精心选编案例,适时引入医疗纠纷案例进入外科教学中,多种教学手段结合和坚持以医为主的医疗纠纷案例引入教学法,丰富教学的手段,提高了外科教学的效果。医疗纠纷案例教学法在培养学生解决实际问题的能力、培养学生临床思维、激发学习兴趣、调动学生学习积极性、主动性和加强基础知识教学方面都取得了较好的效果。外科教学中引入医疗纠纷案例教学值得借鉴和推广。     

浅谈医院教学档案的特点和管理

<正>教学医院是医学院的重要组成部分,承担着医学生的临床教学任务,在医学生的培养成才方面起着重要作用。近年来,随着国家对医学生培养、教学模式的不断改进和完善,医院所承担的教学任务越来越繁重,相对应的,在教学过程中所形成的教学档案也呈现出多层次、多样化趋势。教学档案是医院教学工作的历史记录,是医院教学理念的真实反映,是总结教学经验教训、     

基于教学团队建设的中药学人才培养创新模式

中药学教学团队创新教学理念,学生培养重视“医药结合、药学服务”,教师队伍建设提倡“教学师承、尤重师德”。经过教学实践,在课程建设、教学方法、系列教材建设、教学团队机制保障等方面．形成了具有一定示范性的教学规范。     

Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons

Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.     

白细胞介素抑制剂类生物制剂治疗斑块状银屑病的文献可视化分析

目的 分析白细胞介素（IL）抑制剂类生物制剂在斑块状银屑病治疗中的研究现状及热点。方法 检索2011年1月1日至2022年4月30日在Web of Science核心合集数据库发表的IL抑制剂类生物制剂在斑块状银屑病治疗方面的相关研究，利用CiteSpace5.8.R3软件进行文献的可视化分析，从发文量、国家/地区、机构、作者、期刊等文献关键特征分析该领域的研究现状，通过文献共被引、关键词共现、聚类及突现分析该领域的知识基础、研究热点及前沿。结果 共纳入文献2 056篇，近10年发文量呈逐年递增趋势，共计104个国家/地区的545个机构参与了IL抑制剂类药物治疗斑块状银屑病的研究，其中美国发文量805篇，占总发文量的39.15%居首位，且与德国、英国、瑞士、加拿大等有密切合作，发文最多的机构是瑞士诺华制药，发文最多的作者是德国汉堡艾本多夫医学中心的Reich K，被引频次第一的作者是加拿大Prob Med公司的Papp KA，被引频次最高的期刊为British Journal of Dermatology；该领域的研究热点主要为生物制剂治疗斑块状银屑病的作用机制、疗效及安全性研究，研究...     

基于HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因CNVs的甘草道地性机制研究

本文利用real-time PCR方法对不同产地甘草的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGR)、鲨稀合成酶1 (squalene synthetase 1, SQS1)、β-香树脂醇合成酶 (β-amyrin synthase, β-AS) 基因的拷贝数进行了研究, 发现不同产地的HMGR基因存在1～3个拷贝数变异, SQS1基因存在1～2个拷贝数变异, 未发现β-AS基因拷贝数变异。甘草HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因拷贝数存在5种自然组合类型: A型 (2+1+1)、B型 (1+1+1)、C型 (3+2+1)、D型 (2+2+1) 和E型 (3+1+1), 其中内蒙古杭锦旗甘草存在A、B两种类型, A与B的比例为1∶1.3; 内蒙古赤峰甘草也存在A、B两种类型, 但A与B比例为3∶1; 宁夏盐池甘草存在A、B、C、D 4种类型, A/B/C/D比例为1∶5.1∶1∶2, A/B比例为1∶5.1; 甘肃民勤甘草存在A、B、E 3种类型, A/B/E比例为4.1∶2.1∶1, A/B比例为2∶1。本研究证明中药功能基因基因组拷贝数变异 (copy number variations, CNVs) 与产地具有相关性, 可能是道地药材形成的机制之一。     

Endocrine disruption mechanism of o,p'-DDT in mature male tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vivo, the potential of o,p'-DDT to disrupt the endocrine system of mature male tilapia. In particular, the possibility that o,p'-DDT effects were mediated directly via the estrogen receptor (ER). Compounds with known ability to bind to the ER were employed: estradiol to induce and tamoxifen to inhibit the estrogenic effects result of the activation of the ER. In addition, an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydrxyandrostenedione (4-OHA), was used to assess the ability of o,p'-DDT to induce estrogenic effects in a surrounding of low estradiol concentration. The effects of estradiol and o,p'-DDT were studied alone or in the presence of tamoxifen or 4-OHA at the end of a 12-day period of exposure. The main endpoints measured were plasma alkaline-labile phosphorous (ALP; an indirect indicator of vitellogenin), estradiol, testosterone and o,p'-DDT. It was found that o,p'-DDT was able to induce the vitellogenesis (measured as plasma ALP increase) and decrease the circulating levels of estradiol and testosterone. Interestingly, o,p'-DDT kept this ability in whole fish with low concentrations of estradiol which would exclude endogenous estradiol as indirect mediator of the estrogenic effects induced by o,p'-DDT. In addition, the plasma concentration of o,p'-DDT, instead of that of estradiol, was closely related to the plasma ALP increase induced by o,p'-DDT. This indicates that o,p'-DDT could have directly activated the vitellogenesis. The antiestrogenic action of tamoxifen to inhibit the vitellogenesis and the decrease on plasma estradiol induced by o,p'-DDT indicates that o,p'-DDT can bind directly to the ER. In conclusion, this in vivo study shows that o,p'-DDT has the potential to disrupt the endocrine system and strongly supports that the estrogenic actions of o,p'-DDT involve binding to the ER.     

紫花丹参不同部位微量元素含量的分析比较

目的分析比较紫花丹参不同部位微量元素含量。方法用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法分别测定紫花丹参根、茎、叶、花4个部位17种微量元素的含量,对不同部位微量元素含量进行分析比较。结果紫花丹参根中镁元素含量最高,茎中钡和锶含量高,叶中硼和铜含量高,而花中铁元素含量分别是根、茎、叶的2.5、4和10倍,另外,花中的钛、锰、镍、钒、锡、铅、钴、铬、镉、锂、锌等11种微量元素含量也均高于其它3个部位。结论从微量元素角度分析,丹参的花也具有一定的药用价值。     

Comparison of the gastrointestinal anatomy,physiology, and biochemistry of humans and commonly used laboratory animals

In addition to metabolic differences, the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences in the gastrointestinal (G.I.) tract of the human and common laboratory animals can cause significant variation in drug absorption from the oral route. Among the physiological factors, pH, bile, pancreatic juice, and mucus and fluid volume and content can modify dissolution rates, solubility, transit times, and membrane transport of drug molecules. The microbial content of the G.I. tract can significantly affect the reductive metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of drugs and colonic delivery of formulations. The transit time of dosage forms can be significantly different between species due to different dimensions and propulsive activities of the G.I. tract. The lipid/protein composition of the enterocyte membrane along the G.I. tract can alter binding and passive, active, and carrier-mediated transport of drugs. The location and number of Peyer's patches can also be important in the absorption of large molecules and particulate matter. While small animals, rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, are most suitable for determining the mechanism of drug absorption and bioavailability values from powder or solution formulations, larger animals, dogs, pigs, and monkeys, are used to assess absorption from formulations. The understanding of physiological, anatomical, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of different animal species can lead to the selection of the correct animal model to mimic the bioavailability of compounds in the human. This article reviews the anatomical, physiological, and biochemical differences between the G.I. tracts of humans and commonly used laboratory animals.     

改良早期预警评分对重症胰腺炎患者预后的预测价值研究

目的探讨改良早期预警评分(MEWS)应用于重症胰腺炎(SAP)患者预后预测的价值和可行性。方法 63例患者按临床结果分为存活组42例和死亡组21例。以确诊为SAP时作为观察起点,同时采集相关数据,对每位患者分别进行MEWS及APACHE-O评分;以1个月后作为观察终点,比较2种评分系统对预后的预测价值。结果 存活组MEWS和APACHE-O评分均低于死亡组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05和P<0.01)。2种评分系统均以死亡为预测指标,MEWS评分界值为7分,灵敏度(Sen)为76.19%,特异度(Spe)为85.71%,ROC曲线下面积Az=0.8741,U=8.3958,P=0.0000,均有较强的预测价值。APACHE-O评分界值为21分,Sen为85.71%,Spe为88.10%;ROC曲线下面积Az=0.9138,U=11.2608,P=0.0000。结论 MEWS和APACHE-O评分对SAP患者预后具有同等预测价值,但MEWS评分系统结构简单,获取数据方便,既省时又节省费用,可用于对SAP患者预后的预测。     

Stability, distribution and use of antivenoms for snakebite envenomation in Latin America: Report of a workshop

The issues of antivenom stability and distribution, and the training of health staff in the correct use of antivenoms in Latin America were discussed in a workshop held at Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Costa Rica, in September 16-19, 2008, under the auspices of the program CYTED. Participants from public antivenom production laboratories of the region, together with representatives of the Ministries of Health, from Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Panamá, Costa Rica and Nicaragua participated in the event. Technical advances in the study of antivenom stability and in the design of novel formulations aimed at generating products of higher stability were presented. In addition, antivenom acquisition and distribution systems in every country were presented and discussed, together with novel tools that could be useful for improving antivenom distribution, such as the software SIGEpi, developed by the Pan American Health Organization. The issue of the cold chain, as well as the most frequent causes of misuse of antivenoms in the region, were also analyzed. Finally, the experiences of training programs for health staff on the correct use of antivenoms in snakebite envenomation treatment in Latin America were presented. It was concluded that, in addition to the fostering of antivenom production and quality control, renewed efforts should be implemented at improving the stability, distribution and correct use of antivenoms in the region.     

Chemistry and pharmacology of nootropics

Nicolaus, B.J.R. : Chemistry and pharmacology of nootropics. Drug Dev. Res. 2: 463–474, 1982. The paper discusses the chemistry and pharmacology of the nootropics, reviewing the new chemical entities to recently emerge and in particular the five-membered heterocyclic lactams belonging to the pyrrolidinone class, such as piracetam and oxiracetam. These gammalactams are related to the folded conformation of GABA, which seems to play a role in the uptake mechanisms—that is, in the transport of GABA across the membrances into differnt nervous tissue elements. The classification of nootropics is discussed, taking into consideration the six main criteria recently suggested, which are: no direct vasoactivity, no change in basic rhythm of EEG activity, blood brain barrier passage, positive metabolic activity in humans and animals, low incidence of side-effects, and objective demonstration of clinivicacy. A critical analysis is made of the various pharmacological and biochemical models employed to screen the nootropics, including a new approach based on the impaired learning rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats with cerebrovascular lesions. The activity of the new GABA-derivative nootropic called oxiracetam is also described and compared with the forerunner of the class, piracetam.     

Tissue-specific regulation of insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in male diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

1. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are associated with the development of diabetes mellitus. The liver, kidney and heart have been implicated as important organs in the onset of diabetes mellitus. However, the effect of diabetes on the IGF system in these organs has not been fully described. Thus, we investigated changes in IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in male steptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, as well as in a high glucose-induced in vitro model. 2. Serum levels of IGF-I were decreased, but the levels of IGF-II were increased, in diabetic rats compared with controls. The expression of IGFBP-3 in the serum was markedly decreased; in contrast, the expression of IGFBP-1 and -2 was increased in diabetic rats. The expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 in the liver of the diabetic group was similar to that in the serum of diabetic rats. 3. In heart tissue of the diabetic group, IGF-I levels were decreased, but IGF-II levels were increased. In addition, the expression of IGFBP-3, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 was decreased in diabetic rats. 4. In the kidney of the diabetic group, IGF-I and IGF-II levels were increased. There was only slight expression of IGFBP-3 in the kidney and this was not altered in diabetic rats. Levels of IGFBP-1 and -2 were markedly increased in the kidney of diabetic rats. 5. Insulin treatment recovered the changes in expression of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBPs in the serum, liver, heart and kidney. In the liver, heart and kidney, the expression of the insulin receptor was increased in male diabetic rats. 6. In conclusion, diabetes tissue-specifically alters the IGF system in the liver, heart and kidney in rats; this effect can be recovered by insulin treatment.