Design and psychometric testing of the attitude towards the prevention of incontinence‐associated dermatitis instrument (APrIAD)

Despite the availability of a range of skin care products for the prevention of incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD), prevalence remains high. Nurses' attitude is an important determinant to take into account in quality improvement projects. This study aimed to design a psychometrically test the attitude towards the prevention of incontinence‐associated dermatitis instrument (APrIAD). A prospective psychometric instrument validation study was performed in a convenience sample of 217 Belgian nurses. Construct validity and reliability (internal consistency, stability) were tested. The exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a model consisting of four factors and 14 items: (a) beliefs about the impact of IAD on patients, (b) beliefs about team responsibility to prevent IAD, (c) beliefs about personal responsibility to prevent IAD, and (d) beliefs about the effectiveness of IAD prevention products and procedures. Cronbach's α was 0.72 for factor 1, 0.65 for factor 2, 0.63 for factor 3, and 0.47 for factor 4. The intra‐class correlation coefficient was 0.689 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.477‐0.825) for the total instrument, 0.591 (95% CI 0.388‐0.764) for factor 1, 0.387 (95% CI 0.080‐0.626) for factor 2, 0.640 (95% CI 0.406‐0.795) for factor 3, and 0.768 (95% CI 0.597‐0.872) for factor 4. Psychometric testing of the APrIAD demonstrated adequate validity and reliability measures.     

Construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey

The construct validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) has been a major point of focus for many studies. The validity of the MBI‐General Survey (MBI‐GS), a newly developed instrument intended for use outside the human services has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this present study is to investigate the validity of the MBI‐GS. The Japanese language version of the MBI‐GS was prepared for this research and it was administered to a sample of intermediate managers (n = 696) working for a manufacturing company in Japan. The total of 691 effective data were obtained. The exploratory factor analysis replicated the same three‐factor structure (Exhaustion, Cynicism, and Professional Efficacy) as the original whereas inter‐factor correlation between Exhaustion and Cynicism was moderate. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all three subscales were above 0.80. The confirmatory factor analysis supported a three‐factor model whereas Exhaustion and Cynicism were moderately related. To investigate the construct validity, three subscales of the MBI‐GS were then related to selected work characteristics. Based on conservation of resources theory, differential patterns of effects were predicted among the correlates and the burnout subscales. A path analysis revealed that the expectations were largely supported, suggesting that the meaning of the three subscales is quite different with a path from Exhaustion to Cynicism. The study found support for the construct validity of the MBI‐GS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement properties and factor analysis of the Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale‐short form (DFS‐SF)

The purpose of this paper is to provide measurement properties evaluation and factor analysis of the Brazilian version of the diabetic foot ulcer scale‐short form (DFS‐SF). This methodological study evaluated the measurement properties of the DFS‐SF by ceiling and floor effect reliability, responsiveness, and structural construct validity. The study included 290 people with diabetic foot under regular follow‐up in a specialised outpatient clinic in inland São Paulo. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency using Cronbach''s alpha and composite reliability. Ceiling and floor effects were assessed by the percentage of participants who scored the 15% worst (floor) and 15% best (ceiling) possible scale results. Validity was tested by correlating the instrument values with the domains of the Brazilian version of the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36). Responsiveness (n = 34) was accessed through the wound area obtained by photography and evaluated by the Image J Features program and the DFS‐SF score at two moments, with a 4‐week interval between them. The instrument had good evidence of reliability, shown by adequate internal consistency (Cronbach''s alpha in domains >0.70) and compound reliability (0.84 > CC > 0.92); and of convergent validity, by significant positive correlations of moderate to strong magnitude with SF‐36. Structural construct validity was examined by applying the DFS‐SF confirmatory factor analysis, which indicated that the Brazilian version of the instrument is properly fitted to the original dimensional structure. The ceiling and floor effect analysis showed no ceiling or floor effects. Responsiveness was observed in the wound area, but not in the DFS‐SF scores in the times. The Brazilian version of the DFS‐SF presented evidence of validity and reliability, suggesting that this instrument is a valid tool for assessing the quality of life of people with diabetic foot in the Brazilian population.     

The reliability and validity of three‐item screening measures for burnout: Evidence from group‐employed health care practitioners in upstate New York

We investigate the psychometric validity and reliability of three‐item screening measures for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal achievement comprising an abbreviated version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory®. Despite its utilization in multiple studies, the shortened instrument has not been sufficiently validated in diverse settings, populations, and organizational contexts. We examine its ability to assess burnout accruing from patient care practice in a rural, underserved area. Utilizing data from a cross‐sectional survey of 308 rural‐based medical professionals, we investigate how the three short‐form subscales of the nine‐item abbreviated inventory compare with their gold‐standard parent subscales from the original 22‐item human services scale in measuring corresponding dimensions of burnout. The findings provide significant evidence that the three‐item measures are valid and reliable proxies for the long‐form subscales. The short‐form measures are highly correlated with the original subscales and display high convergent and discriminant validity. Each of the abbreviated subscales manifests the kind of high sensitivity with adequate specificity that one would expect to see in a good screening instrument. We conclude that the short‐form measures can be utilized to rapidly screen human service professionals such as rural health care practitioners for symptoms of each of the three dimensions of burnout.     

A confirmatory factor analysis of the General Health Questionnaire‐12

The General Health Questionnaire‐12 is a widely used screening instrument for detecting psychological strain in the general population. A literature search of the PsycInfo database extracted 167 studies that used the GHQ‐12 since 1990. The literature investigating the factor structure of the GHQ‐12 has relied primarily on conventional factor analysis methods, the results of which are inconclusive. There is evidence in the literature supporting unidimensional, two‐factor and three‐factor conceptualizations of the GHQ‐12. In the present paper we assess the adequacy of the factor structure of the GHQ‐12 for one‐factor, two‐factor and three‐factor solutions, using structural equations modelling and a longitudinal dataset drawn from 23 large New Zealand organizations. The results favour a two‐factor model consisting of a ‘Social Dysfunction’ factor and an ‘Anxiety/Depression’ factor measured by four items each. Concurrent validity of the two factors was assessed separately through correlations with five criterion variables, and all correlations were in the expected direction. Theoretical implications for research using the GHQ‐12 are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Applying a cognitive‐emotional model to nonsuicidal self‐injury

The recently proposed cognitive‐emotional model of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) draws on emotion regulation models and social cognitive theory to understand the onset, maintenance, and cessation of NSSI. We tested the prediction of the model that the relationship between emotional reactivity and NSSI is moderated by specific cognitions about self‐injury (i.e., self‐efficacy to resist NSSI, NSSI outcome expectancies), emotion regulation, and rumination. A sample of 647 university students aged 17–25 years (M = 19.92, SD = 1.78) completed self‐report measures of the constructs of interest. As expected, we found that emotional reactivity was positively related to NSSI, particularly for people who had weak self‐efficacy to resist NSSI. However, emotional reactivity was negatively related to NSSI for people who were more likely to use expressive suppression to regulate emotion. Implications for the theoretical understanding of NSSI are discussed.     

Reliability and validity of the Occupational Stress Scale for Chinese off‐shore oil installation workers

To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Occupational Stress Scale (OSS) for Chinese off‐shore oil workers, a total of 561 subjects were interviewed using a self‐administered questionnaire developed from Cooper's. Using factor analysis, we identified nine factors, which explained 62.5 per cent of the total variance. Cronbach's alphas were 0.97 for the total scale, and 0.72 to 0.91 for subscales. Results of the split‐half reliability test for the OSS indicated that the correlation between two parts was 0.87. Significant differences in the scores of the five subscales were observed among the different job categories adjusting for confounding factors. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that the score of the OSS was significantly and positively associated with the poor mental health of the workers. In conclusion, the OSS is a valid and reliable tool for measuring occupational stress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory‐2 (DRRI‐2): An Updated Tool for Assessing Psychosocial Risk and Resilience Factors Among Service Members and Veterans

The Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory (DRRI) is a widely used instrument for assessing deployment‐related risk and resilience factors among war veterans. A revision of this instrument was recently undertaken to enhance the DRRI's applicability across a variety of deployment‐related circumstances and military subgroups. The resulting suite of 17 distinct DRRI‐2 scales is the product of a multiyear psychometric endeavor that involved (a) focus groups with Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans to inform an assessment of the content validity of original DRRI measures, (b) examination of item and scale characteristics of revised scales in a national sample of 469 OEF/OIF veterans, and (c) administration of refined scales to a second national sample of 1,046 OEF/OIF veterans to confirm their psychometric quality. Both classical test theory and item response theory analytical strategies were applied to inform major revisions, which included updating the coverage of warfare‐related stressors, expanding the assessment of family factors throughout the deployment cycle, and shortening scales. Finalized DRRI‐2 scales demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability and criterion‐related validity. The DRRI‐2 can be applied to examine the role that psychosocial factors play in postdeployment health and inform interventions aimed at reducing risk and enhancing resilience among war veterans.     

Development and Validation of the Moral Injury Scales for Youth

This paper describes the development and preliminary psychometric properties of the Moral Injury Scales for Youth (MISY). Although to date, the construct of moral injury has been focused on studies of samples of adult military personnel, the MISY was developed to extend the study of moral injury to interpersonal relationship stressors and transgressions among emerging adults, adolescents, and children. Participants in a validation study included 473 undergraduate students (78.6% female, age range: 18–25 years) recruited from a psychology participant pool at a large university in the Western United States as well as a second sample of 185 students recruited from the same pool, to assess reliability. Results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the MISY demonstrated a five‐factor latent structure with good internal consistencies. Correlational analyses indicated that the MISY subscales demonstrated good convergent validity, divergent validity, and test–retest reliability. The findings suggest that the MISY is a psychometrically reliable and valid measure of moral injury in emerging adults, with utility for examining moral injury in nonmilitary youth populations.     

Negative cognitions in emotional problems following romantic relationship break‐ups

This study examined the role of negative cognitions in emotional problems following relationship dissolution. Seventy‐nine undergraduate students who experienced a relationship break‐up completed measures of break‐up related complicated grief, depression and anxiety, together with an adjusted version of the Grief Cognitions Questionnaire (GCQ) that assesses four types of global negative beliefs, negative cognitions about self‐blame and the responses of others, and three types of negative interpretations of one's own grief reactions. Results showed that all cognitive variables tapped by the GCQ were significantly associated with complicated grief, and—except for global beliefs about life—with depression and anxiety. Most of these associations remained significant when controlling for the influence of initiator status, variables linked with the ended relationship (e.g. duration) and personality factors (e.g. attachment anxiety, neuroticism). Catastrophic misinterpretations about one's own reactions, global negative beliefs about the self and cognitions reflecting self‐blame were the strongest cognitive correlates of break‐up related emotional problems. Overall, the findings are in keeping with cognitive models of trauma and loss, and suggest that changing negative cognitions could be a useful intervention for those who fail to recover from a relationship break‐up. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pain‐related self‐efficacy beliefs in a Brazilian chronic pain patient sample: a psychometric analysis

While some people become severely or moderately disabled by chronic pain (pain that persists >3 months), others seem to adjust reasonably well to it. Higher levels of disability are often associated with higher levels of distress, and this relationship can be bidirectional resulting in a vicious cycle. There is evidence suggesting that self‐efficacy is one of the most important contributors to disability and emotional adjustment to chronic pain. Defining pain self‐efficacy beliefs as confidence in ability to function despite pain, the Pain Self‐Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) has been widely used to examine the role of self‐efficacy in chronic pain patient populations. However, to date it has not been validated in Brazil. This study examined the reliability and validity of the PSEQ in a Brazilian chronic pain population. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 348 chronic pain patients. Reliability of the PSEQ has been found to be adequate (split‐half correlation was 0.76 and internal consistency was 0.90). Factor analysis indicated the existence of only one factor. Discriminant and concurrent validity were also adequate. Altogether these results indicate that the PSEQ has good psychometric properties when used in this sample. These findings are also consistent with those previously published in the literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Community engagement in sexual health and uptake of HIV testing and syphilis testing among MSM in China: a cross‐sectional online survey

Introduction : HIV and syphilis testing rates remain low among men who have sex with men (MSM) in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Community engagement has been increasingly used to promote HIV testing among key populations in high‐income countries, often in settings with stronger civil society. This study aimed to assess socio‐demographic, behavioural, and community engagement factors associated with HIV and syphilis testing among MSM in China. Methods : MSM ≥16 years old who had condomless sex in the past three months were recruited nationwide to complete a cross‐sectional online survey in November 2015. Data were collected on socio‐demographics, sexual behaviours, HIV testing, syphilis testing, and community engagement in sexual health. We defined community engagement in sexual health using six items assessing awareness and advocacy of sexual health programmes. The underlying factor structure of a 6‐item community engagement scale was determined through exploratory factor analysis. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions identified correlates of HIV and syphilis testing. Results : 1189 MSM were recruited. 54% (647/1189) of men had ever tested for HIV and 30% (354/1189) had ever tested for syphilis. Factor analysis suggested three levels of community engagement (minimal, moderate, and substantial) and this model explained 79.5% of observed variance. A quarter (26%, 312/1189) reported none to minimal engagement, over one half (54%, 644/1189) reported moderate engagement, and a fifth (20%, 233/1189) reported substantial engagement. Multivariable logistic regression showed that MSM with greater community engagement in sexual health were more likely to have ever tested for HIV (substantial vs. no engagement: aOR 7.91, 95% CI 4.98–12.57) and for syphilis (substantial vs. no engagement: aOR 5.35, 95% CI 3.16–9.04). Conclusions : HIV and syphilis testing are suboptimal among MSM in China. Community engagement may be useful for promoting testing in China and should be considered in intervention development and delivery. Further research is needed to better understand the role of LMIC community engagement in HIV interventions.     

The development and testing of the C/WoundComp instrument for assessing chronic wound‐care competence in student nurses and podiatrists

The purpose of this study was to describe the level of chronic wound‐care competence among graduating student nurses and student podiatrists in comparison with that of professionals and to develop and test a new instrument (the C/WoundComp) that assesses both theoretical and practical competence in chronic wound care as well as attitudes towards wound care. The data (N = 135) were collected in 2019 from four groups (1): graduating student nurses (n = 44) (2); graduating student podiatrists (n = 28) (3); registered nurses (n = 54); and (4) podiatrists (n = 9). The data were analysed using statistical analysis. According to the results, the students' total mean competence score was 62%. Their mean score for theoretical competence was 67%, and for practical competence, it was 52%. The students' competence level was statistically significantly lower than that of the professionals (P < .0001), but the students showed a positive attitude towards chronic wound care. The instrument demonstrated preliminary validity and reliability, but this warrants further testing. This study provides new knowledge about student nurses' and student podiatrists' competence in chronic wound care, suggesting that their theoretical and practical competence is limited. In addition, it provides information on different methods of assessing competence and how they can be combined.     

Development of a new patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measure on the Impact of Nighttime Urination (INTU) in patients with nocturia—Psychometric validation

Aims

To psychometrically evaluate the Impact of Nighttime Urination (INTU) questionnaire, a new patient‐reported outcome measure developed to assess the impact of nocturia on health and functioning in a multicenter, behavioral modification (fluid restriction) study.

Methods

Participants aged 50‐95 years with at least two voiding episodes/night for ≥6 months completed voiding diaries and the INTU on 3 consecutive days during weeks 1 and 2 (same day recall) and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire (N‐QOL) at baseline and days 8 and 15. Psychometric evaluations of the INTU were conducted.

Results

Rasch analysis showed the INTU to be a unidimensional construct, with most items located on the severe end of the symptom severity continuum. In addition to an Overall Impact Score (10 items), exploratory factor analysis affirmed by confirmatory factor analysis identified two domains: Daytime (six items) and Nighttime (four items) Impact Scores (comparative fit index = 0.968; root mean square error of approximation = 0.08). Concurrent validity met prespecified hypotheses, indicating similarity of concepts with the PSQI (correlation [r] = 0.627) and N‐QOL (r = ?0.784) total scores. The INTU differentiated among patients with different nocturic episode frequencies (P < 0.05 for all three summary scores). Statistically significant decreases were observed in mean Overall and Nighttime Impact Scores at week 2 versus week 1 in responders, indicating that the instrument can detect changes in response to symptom improvements.

Conclusions

The INTU questionnaire demonstrated robust measurement properties and is a suitable tool for assessing the patient‐reported impact of nocturia on health and functioning.

     

Psychometric Properties of the Work Well Index: A Short Questionnaire for Work‐Related Stress

The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of a short questionnaire for work‐related stress entitled Work Well index (WWi) and its interaction with different variables of self‐reported health. An online survey was conducted in a sample of 1,218 employees (51% female) in four countries of an international insurance company. Internal consistency reliability, factorial validity, convergent validity and criterion validity of the 10‐item WWi were analyzed. Good internal consistency reliability of the WWi was obtained (Cronbach's α coefficient = 0.85). Confirmatory factor analysis showed a satisfactory model fit of the data (AGFI = 0.92). The WWi was highly correlated to conceptually close constructs such as demand–control, effort–reward imbalance and workplace social capital (p < 0.001). Moreover, the 10‐item WWi was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with elevated risk of self‐rated health, absenteeism, presenteeism and depression (odds ratio 1.63, 1.36, 2.08, 2.95, respectively). We conclude that this short questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument measuring psychosocial stress at work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Psychometric properties of the world health organization disability assessment schedule II -12 Item (WHODAS II) in trauma patients

BackgroundThe 12-item WHODAS II is widely used for assessing disability among different populations. This study aimed at assessing the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the 12-item WHODAS II among trauma patients.Patients and MethodsIn this methodological study, 220 patients aging 15–65-year-old hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan, Iran, were studied. The WHODAS II was used for data collection. The reliability of this schedule was assessed by evaluating its internal consistency. Its validity was evaluated by using the known-groups approach and the convergent validity method. The exploratory and the confirmatory factor analysis techniques were also used for assessing the factor structure of the schedule.ResultsThe mean of participants’ ages was 34.7 ± 14.5 years. Most of the participants were male patients (84.1%), had multiple injury (77.7%), and had been injured in road traffic accidents (76.8%). The Cronbach's alpha of the WHODAS II was 0.91, confirming its acceptable internal consistency. Known-groups comparisons revealed that this schedule can satisfactorily differentiate among patients with different severity of trauma (P value < 0.0001). The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the WHODAS II had a two-factor structure while the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that one-factor model fitted the data.ConclusionStudy findings suggest that the Persian version of the 12-item WHODAS II is a valid and reliable scale for assessing trauma patients’ disability. More Large-scale studies are needed for assessing the validity and the reliability of this schedule among other patients.     

AMS量表在上海市社区人群中的适用性研究

目的:评价在上海社区人群中应用AMS量表(the aging males'symptoms scale)的信度和效度。方法:以上海市某社区40岁及以上的973例中老年男性为研究对象,采用AMS量表进行调查,计算分半信度系数、Cronbach'sα系数考察量表内在一致性;通过验证性因子分析考察结构效度,t检验、方差分析和相关分析考察区分效度、校标效度和内容效度。结果:AMS量表及各领域的分半信度系数均大于0.78(P<0.01),Cronbach'sα均大于0.82(P<0.01);验证性因子分析结果表明AMS量表可分为3个领域,各条目与其所属领域的相关系数均大于0.49(P<0.01);血清总睾酮水平为校标时的Pearson相关系数为-0.04(P>0.05)。除心理领域得分在不同年龄组间差别无统计学意义外,不同年龄组、有无慢性病组间AMS量表及各领域得分均存在统计学差异。结论:AMS量表应用于上海社区人群时具有较好的信度和效度,是一份较好的老年男性症状评分量表。但其作为迟发性性腺功能减退症(LOH)的筛选工具仍需深入评估。     

Adaptation and validation of the SEGUE checklist to assess osteopathy students' clinical communication skills

ObjectiveThis paper explores the adaptation and validation of the SEGUE checklist as a tool to assess clinical communication skills in undergraduate osteopathy students in Australia.MethodsA literature review guided instrument selection of the SEGUE tool for the learning, teaching and assessment of clinical communication skills in undergraduate osteopathy students. The SEGUE framework checklist was modified and adapted to meet the practises of undergraduate osteopathy students and a subsequent study was conducted to assess its validity; intra-rater and inter-rater reliability over three time points.ResultsA modified SEGUE checklist was developed and validated. Statistical analysis revealed acceptable inter-rater reliability at two time points six weeks apart. Intra-rater reliability revealed moderate to good reliability between the two time points six weeks apart. Testing also revealed scope for further sub-element refinement.ConclusionThe SEGUE checklist has the potential to be suitably adapted for both teaching and assessing clinical communication skills in undergraduate osteopathy students. Further work across a number of universities is needed to add and refine sub-elements of the checklist.     

Longitudinal factorial invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey among employees with job‐related psychological health problems

The study provides new knowledge about the longitudinal factorial invariance of the Maslach Burnout Inventory‐General Survey (MBI‐GS). In order to investigate the factor structure of the MBI‐GS and its invariance across time, a full panel data with two measurements gathered among employees with job‐related psychological health problems was used. Consistent with previous study findings, the results indicated that the correlated three‐factor model of the MBI‐GS (i.e. exhaustion, cynicism and professional efficacy) showed a better fit with the data than the alternative factor models. The correlated three‐factor structure was invariant across time, indicating that the scale has good construct validity, thus producing evidence that the MBI‐GS is a valid scale to measure job burnout. The novel finding of the study was that the professional efficacy dimension was a more central symptom of the burnout syndrome than previous research evidence among healthy employees has established. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Translation,cross‐cultural adaptation and validation of the “Cardiff wound impact schedule,” a wound‐specific quality of life instrument,to the native Spanish of Mexican patients

The aim of this study was to translate into Mexican Spanish, cross‐culturally adapt and validate the wound‐specific quality of life (QoL) instrument Cardiff wound impact schedule (CWIS) for Mexican patients. This instrument went through the full linguistic translation process based on the guidelines of Beaton et al (Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB, Guidelines for the process of cross‐cultural adaptation of self‐report measures, Spine Phila Pa, 1976, 2000, 318‐391). We included a total of 500 patients with chronic leg ulcers. The expert committee evaluated the Face validity and they agreed unanimously that the instrument was adequate to assess the QoL of these patients, covering all relevant areas presented by them. The content validity index obtained was of 0.95. The construct validity demonstrated moderately significant correlations between related sub‐scales of CWIS and SF‐36 (P = .010 to P < .001). The instrument was able to discriminate between healed and unhealed ulcers. The instrument obtained an overall Cronbach's alpha of .952, corresponding to an excellent internal consistency (.903‐.771 alpha range for domains). The CWIS can be appropriately used to assess the health‐related QoL of Mexican patients with chronic leg ulcers.