胰岛素泵治疗儿童1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒32例临床分析

目的 观察胰岛素泵持续皮下注射胰岛素对儿童1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)的疗效.方法 将2005-2008年收治的1型DKA患儿64例分为治疗组32例和对照组32例.治疗组予胰岛素泵治疗,对照组予小剂量胰岛素持续静脉滴注治疗.比较两组患儿血精变化、DKA纠正时间及住院时间.结果 治疗组血糖下降相对稳定,酸中毒纠正时间治疗组[(16.91±4.223)h]短于对照组[(23.31±3.797)h](P<0.001),且无反复.治疗过程中治疗组未出现低血糖,对照组出现1例.住院时间治疗组[(15.63±2.458)d]短于对照组[(20.88±3.348)d](P<0.001).结论 胰岛素泵持续皮下注射胰岛索治疗儿童1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒安全有效.     

应用胰岛素泵治疗儿童1型尿病合并酮症酸中毒

目的 探讨使用胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素治疗儿童１型糖尿病合并酮症酸中毒的可行性。方法 将在我院住院的１型糖尿病合并酮症或酮症酸中毒的患儿１２例,分为胰岛素泵治疗组和对照组,每组６例,分别使用胰岛素泵皮下输注胰岛素和小剂量胰岛素静脉滴注,常规胰岛素的用量为０．０５～０．１０ＩＵ／（ｋｇ．ｈ）,观察血糖、β－羟丁酸、尿酮体的变化,结果 ⑴两组患儿的血糖在使用量为０．０５～０．１０ＩＵ／（ｋｇ．ｈ）经     

儿童1型糖尿病的10年回顾及白介素-10在糖尿病酮症酸中毒中的临床意义

目的：回顾浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院10年来住院儿童 1 型糖尿病的发病状况并探讨白介素-10（IL-10）在儿童 1 型糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）中的临床意义。方法：对1999年1月至2009年2月在该院住院的263例334例次1型糖尿病患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析;并对其中48例1型糖尿病患儿进行血脂、细胞因子等检查,根据有无酮症酸中毒分为 DKA组和非DKA组,24例正常健康儿童作为对照组,比较各组间血脂、细胞因子等参数的差异。结果：儿童1型糖尿病患儿中,女性多见（56.3%）,发病年龄以6~11.9岁多见。32.7% 的患儿以酮症酸中毒为就诊表现。DKA组血脂、血糖及糖化血红蛋白均高于非DKA组,二分类logistic 回归分析示上述指标水平的升高均为酮症酸中毒的危险因素。IL-10水平在DKA组明显升高,余细胞因子在DKA组和非DKA组无明显差异。糖尿病组各细胞因子水平明显高于正常对照组。结论：1型糖尿病患儿酮症酸中毒发生率较高,糖、脂代谢紊乱是酮症酸中毒的危险因素。IL-10可能为酮症酸中毒的敏感指标。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（11）：849-854］     

胰岛素泵在1型糖尿病患儿的合理使用

目的 探讨胰岛素泵强化治疗对1型糖尿病(T1DM)患儿的疗效,并分析影响疗效和胰岛素用量的因素.方法 本院内分泌科2003-2008年收治的T1DM患儿68例.对其进行短期胰岛素泵强化治疗,将其分为初诊组和复诊组、感染组和非感染组,并酮症酸中毒(DKA)和非DKA组,观察影响使用胰岛素泵治疗效果的因素,在年龄、初诊、感染和并DKA等情况下胰岛素泵的使用情况.结果 68例患儿均予胰岛素泵强化治疗,血糖达标天数为(4.37±1.60) d,达标时胰岛素用量为(1.22±0.34) U/(kg·d);初诊组和复诊组血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量比较均无显著差异(Pa>0.05);非感染组达标时间明显均较感染组、并DKA组短(Pa<0.05);与非感染组比较,感染组、并DKA组基础胰岛素用量大(Pa<0.01),小年龄组胰岛素输注管堵塞和发生低血糖例次明显多于大年龄组儿童.结论 胰岛素泵的使用在T1DM患儿存在着差别,小年龄组胰岛素泵使用要慎重.     

新发儿童1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒与重症儿童应激性高血糖的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨新发儿童1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒与重症儿童应激性高血精的鉴别诊断指标.方法 前瞻性研究30例1型糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA组)患儿[年龄(6.5±3.6)岁]和20例重症应激性高血糖(SHG组)患儿[年龄(5.8±3.1)岁]的鉴别诊断指标,分别比较两组糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)、空腹血糖(FBG)、二氧化碳结合力(CO_2-CP)、阴离子间隙(AG)、空腹C-肽(FCP)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)、皮质醇(COR)及是否依赖胰岛素治疗.对照组(C组)30例为健康体检儿童,年龄(6.1±3.4)岁.结果 DKA组和SHG组均有高血糖、AG和皮质醇升高.CO_2-CP降低.DKA组HbAlc显著高于正常对照和SHG组(P均<0.001),DKA组HbAlc>7.3%,SHG组HbAlc<6.5%.FINS、FCP及IRI在DKA组均显著低于SHG组和对照组(P均<0.001),DKA组FINS<2.6 U/L,FCP<0.16μg/L,IRI<2.7(mmol·U./L);SHG组FINS>9.3 U/L,FCP>0.9mg/L,IRI>5.3(mmol·U/L).SHG组对胰岛素无依赖性,而DKA组需依赖胰岛素才能控制血糖.结论 HbAlc、FINS、FCP及IRI是鉴别DKA和SHG的简便、良好的指标.DKA组HbAlc显著升高,FINS、FCP及IRI均显著降低;SHG组FINS、FCP及IRI均显著升高,HbAlc<6.5%.且DKA的治疗依赖胰岛素,而SHG组治疗不依赖胰岛素.     

持续皮下注射胰岛素治疗儿童1型糖尿病疗效分析

为探讨胰岛素泵持续皮下注射胰岛索(CSII)治疗儿童1型糖尿病的可能性,对11例1型糖尿病患儿(男4例,女7例;平均年龄10.4岁±2.3岁),以普通胰岛素用胰岛素泵按(0.5～1.0)U/(kg·d)持续皮下注射。同时设与胰岛素泵组患儿性别、年龄相匹配的1型糖尿病患儿11例作为对照组,使用常规方法治疗,胰岛素剂量(0.5～1.0)U/(kg·d)。结果:①胰岛素泵组患儿治疗前的血糖(22.3±7.9)mmol/L与对照组(23.7±5.2)mmol/L比较差异无显著性(t=0.48,P>0.05);胰岛素泵组病儿血糖降至病情满意控制时需要(6.8±1.9)d,与对照组(9.1±1.7)d相比较,t=2.90,P=0.009,差异有非常显著意义。②胰岛素泵组患儿胰岛素的昼夜总基础量平均为(0.49±0.10)U/kg,餐前大剂量平均为(0.45±0.08)U/kg·两者之比约为1.1:1,F=1.2136,P=0.2484。③平均日间基础量为(9.4±2.6)U,夜间基础量平均为(4.7±1.9)U,两者之比为2:1,F=24.0762,P=0.0001。提示持续皮下注射胰岛素(CSII)用于儿童1型糖尿病的治疗可以取得比常规治疗方法更显著的疗效。     

25-羟维生素D与儿童1型糖尿病及酮症酸中毒的相关性研究

目的探讨血清25-羟维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平与儿童1型糖尿病(T1DM)及酮症酸中毒(DKA)的相关性。方法选取2006年1月—2009年12月期间152例住院患儿,其中52例为首次发病的T1DM患儿,包括酮症酸中毒(DKA组)21例,以及非酮症酸中毒(非DKA组)31例,其余100例为非T1DM组。检测并比较三组患儿的血清25-(OH)D水平,分析血清25-(OH)D水平与儿童T1DM及DKA的相关性。结果 DKA组患儿的血清25-(OH)D平均为(53.6±27.8)nmol/L,显著低于非DKA组的(69.7±27.9)nmol/L和非T1DM组的(81.8±28.3)nmol/L(P<0.05);非DKA组患儿的血清25-(OH)D水平显著低于非T1DM组(P<0.05)。结论 T1DM患儿的血清25-(OH)D水平低,尤以DKA患儿最为明显,维生素D在儿童T1DM发病中的潜在保护效应值得关注。     

儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒13例治疗体会

糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）是儿科急症之一，也是儿童糖尿病死亡的主要原因。因此，早期诊断、及时治疗是关键。DKA是体内胰岛素水平低下或缺乏引起的高血糖、高有机酸及酮体堆积引起的代谢性酸中毒。若不及时治疗引起糖尿病昏迷后果相当严重。现在就我院近5年来儿科住院患儿DKA13例的诊治经过进行概括总结如下。     

儿童糖尿病酮症酸中毒的诊断与急救

糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)是由于体内血清胰岛素水平降低或缺乏引起的高血糖,高有机酸和酮体堆积导致的代谢性酸中毒,若不及时诊治,患者可呈昏迷状态称为糖尿病昏迷,预后极为严重。儿童Ⅰ型糖尿病(IDDM)酮症酸中毒的发病率可高达50～70％。近年来由于临床上广泛应用胰岛素,DKA的病死率已大为下降,约1％左右,若不及时诊治仍然是儿童糖尿病致死的主要急性并发症。我院于1986～1995年11月共收住院儿童Ⅰ型糖尿病患者209例,其中合并酮症酸中毒者90例占43％,现将诊断与治疗情况报告如下。     

儿童1型糖尿病胰岛素泵治疗长期随访的疗效观察

目的 比较1型糖尿病(T1DM)患儿应用持续皮下胰岛素输注(CSII)与每日多次皮下胰岛素注射(MDI)治疗对血糖控制的疗效差异.方法 回顾性收集91例应用CSII方式治疗1年以上T1DM患儿的临床资料,评估其糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)水平、糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)再发生情况,通过与75例应用MDI治疗的T1DM患儿...     

Hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis with insulin pump therapy in children and adolescents

Abstract:  This review deals with the two most serious side effects encountered with insulin pump therapy, severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Although clinical follow-up studies reported decreased rates of severe hypoglycemia, randomized studies have not confirmed this, showing no difference between the pump and injection groups. Less-severe hypoglycemia (mild/moderate/symptomatic hypoglycemia) was found to be more common with pump use. Some patients have inadvertently dosed or overdosed while awake or during sleep, causing fatal outcome in rare cases. Population-based or retrospective clinical studies reported a low rate of DKA in pump users that was still a higher rate than those using injection therapy, at least in some countries. In research settings and for patients with good compliance and adequate family support, the risk of DKA seems lower; many short-term studies report no DKA at all, possibly due to the increased attention given to participants. The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) seems to decrease the risk in patients who had recurrent DKA before pump start. Most episodes of DKA occur early after pump start, suggesting a learning curve occurs in all new forms of treatment. Increased teaching and awareness programs are vital to prevent severe hypoglycemia and DKA in children and adolescents using insulin pumps.     

Insulin pump use in young children in the T1D Exchange clinic registry is associated with lower hemoglobin A1c levels than injection therapy

Insulin delivery via injection and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via insulin pump were compared in a cross‐sectional study (n = 669) and retrospective longitudinal study (n = 1904) of young children (<6 yr) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) participating in the T1D Exchange clinic registry. Use of CSII correlated with longer T1D duration (p < 0.001), higher parental education (p < 0.001), and annual household income (p < 0.006) but not with race/ethnicity. Wide variation in pump use was observed among T1D Exchange centers even after adjusting for these factors, suggesting that prescriber preference is a substantial determinant of CSII use. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was lower in pump vs. injection users (7.9 vs. 8.5%, adjusted p < 0.001) in the cross‐sectional study. In the longitudinal study, HbA1c decreased after initiation of CSII by 0.2%, on average (p < 0.001). Frequency of a severe hypoglycemia (SH) event did not differ in pump vs. injection users (p = 0.2). Frequency of ≥1 parent‐reported diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) event in the prior year was greater in pump users than injection users (10 vs. 8%, p = 0.04). No differences between pump and injection users were observed for clinic‐reported DKA events. Children below 6 yr have many unique metabolic characteristics, feeding behaviors, and care needs compared with older children and adolescents. These data support the use of insulin pumps in this youngest age group, and suggest that metabolic control may be improved without increasing the frequency of SH, but care should be taken as to the possibly increased risk of DKA.     

A randomized, controlled study of insulin pump therapy in diabetic preschoolers

OBJECTIVE: To compare glycemic control, safety, and parental satisfaction in preschool-aged diabetic children randomized to treatment either with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or intensive insulin injection therapy. STUDY DESIGN: This clinical trial enrolled 42 patients <5 years of age who had been diagnosed with diabetes for at least 12 months. Children were randomly assigned to CSII (n = 21) or intensive insulin injection therapy (n = 21). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Secondary outcomes included severe hypoglycemic events, meter-detected hypoglycemia, blood sugar variability, body mass index (BMI), and satisfaction with therapy. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients completed 6 months of therapy. There was a significant decrease in HbA1c during the study period for both groups (from 8.9% +/- 0.6% to 8.6% +/- 0.6% at 3- and 6-month visits). At 3 months, children using pumps had a significantly lower HbA1c than the injection group (8.4% vs 8.8%); however, by 6 months the two groups were similar (8.5% vs 8.7%). No differences in pre-meal blood sugar variabilities were seen between groups. Children on pumps had increases in the number of meter-detected episodes of hypoglycemia. Pump therapy was safe and well tolerated. No episodes of ketoacidosis occurred in either group, whereas one hypoglycemic seizure occurred in each group. Parents reported satisfaction with CSII, with 95% of families continuing on CSII beyond the 6-month study period. CONCLUSION: Pump therapy in preschool-aged children was not associated with clinically significant differences in glycemic control as compared with intensive injection therapy. The rationale for initiating CSII in this age group should be based on patient selection and lifestyle preference.     

儿童 1型糖尿病 30年临床特征及随访观察

目的 分析儿童1型糖尿病（T1DM）的临床特征,探讨该病对儿童生长发育的影响程度及后期并发症发生的情况。方法 对发病年龄在13个月至14．7岁,经实验室检查确诊为T1DM的210例患儿的临床特征进行了回顾性分性,并对99例患儿进行了1～24年的并发症、生长发育、死因随访。结果 因单纯糖尿病人院者47例（22．4％）;伴酮血症入院者69例（32．9％）;伴酮症酸中毒入院者94例（44．7％）,其中农村患儿78例。起病时有诱因者43例,其中自停胰岛素15例。酮症酸中毒患儿住院时间明显比单纯糖尿病患儿长（P〈0．05）。随访的99例中出现各种并发症50例,其中以微血管病变发生率最高。病程长易并发各种并发症（P〈0．05）,病后的监测方法与并发症的发生也明显相关。患儿组身高明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 酮症酸中毒是儿童糖尿病的基本特征;病程长易并发各种并发症;加强对儿童糖尿病患者的血糖检测和病后教育,将对儿童糖尿病的治疗起重要作用。     

5岁以下1型糖尿病患儿21例

目的探讨5岁以下婴幼儿糖尿病的临床特点、诊断及酮症酸中毒(DKA)的抢救措施。方法回顾性分析21例5岁以下婴幼儿糖尿病患儿的发病情况、临床特点、误诊情况,并探讨急救治疗体会。结果婴幼儿糖尿病临床症状不典型,糖尿病自身抗体阳性率低,初诊误诊率达52.4%,DKA发生率也高达52.4%。感染是诱发DKA的常见原因,患儿无1例死亡,1例放弃治疗,出院后治疗依从性不一。结论婴幼儿糖尿病多为特发性,临床症状不典型,易误诊、漏诊。感染可能导致患儿糖尿病的进展和临床表现出现。小剂量胰岛素持续静滴、调节酸碱平衡和纠正电解质紊乱是急救的关键。     

浙江省1999～2004年新诊断儿童1型糖尿病流行病学特征及血脂水平

目的 探讨浙江省新诊断儿童1型糖尿病（DM）患儿流行病学特征及血脂特点。方法对1999年1月1日～2004年12月31日住院且为首次发病的101例1型DM患儿的年龄发病时间、出生时间、酮症酸中毒（DKA）及血脂特点进行回顾性分析。结果2004年新诊断的1型DM病人与总住院人数之比高于1999年；男童中12岁以上组病例所占同性别比例高于同年龄组女童（27．5％vs4．9％）.新诊断1型DM患儿出生于10月份至次年1月份者多于2～5月份出生者，同期发病的病例与总住院人数之比也明显升高。新诊断病例DKA组血糖和糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）较非DKA组明显升高。两组总胆固醇（TC）和三酰甘油（TG）有显著性差异。血脂异常组与血脂正常组并DKA的比率有显著性差异，两组血糖、HbAlc和住院时间差异有显著性。结论儿童1型DM与总住院人数之比早逐年上升趋势；其发病可能与青春发育有关。初发1型DM患儿的DKA发生率又有回升。1型DM患儿TC、TG与血糖和HbAlc水平相关。     

A 2-yr national population study of pediatric ketoacidosis in Sweden: predisposing conditions and insulin pump use

Abstract:  The aim was to investigate triggering factors and insulin pump usage (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, CSII) at diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Data from 1999 and 2000 were collected retrospectively from Sweden. In 1999 and 2000, 7.4 and 11.0%, respectively, of children with diabetes used CSII. One hundred and forty-two episodes of DKA (pH < 7.30) were identified in 115 children (DKA at onset not included). Their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 10.1 ± 2.0%, age 14.6 ± 3.1 yr (range 1.5–19.9 yr), and diabetes duration 6.6 ± 3.5 yr (range 0.4–17.7 yr). Fourteen persons (seven girls) had more than one episode of DKA. Reported causes of DKA were missed insulin doses (48.6%), gastroenteritis (14.1%), technical pump problems (12.7%), infection (13.4%), social problems (1.4%), unknown (5.6%), and not stated (4.2%). Alcohol was involved in eight episodes and drugs in one. Thirty of 115 patients (19 girls) used insulin pumps. The overall DKA incidence was 1.4/100 patient years in 1999 and 1.7/100 patient years in 2000. For insulin pump users, the DKA incidence was 3.2/100 patient years in 1999 and 3.6/100 patient years in 2000. HbA1c at DKA admission was lower for CSII users than patients who used injections (9.1 ± 1.5 vs. 10.8 ± 2.2%, p < 0.01), but pH and age did not differ. CSII had been used for 6 months (median) before the DKA episode. In conclusion, the DKA frequency in CSII users was approximately twice that of patients who used injections. Seventy-seven percent of the episodes occurred within 1 yr after CSII start. The high number of events reported to be caused by gastroenteritis is alarming because this may reflect a misinterpretation of DKA symptoms.     

Prevalence and characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus in 9-18 year-old children with diabetic ketoacidosis

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) in 9-18 year-old children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and to describe the presenting biochemical characteristics and response to standardized DKA treatment. METHODS: Data were collected from a consecutive sample of 9-18 year-old children presenting with DKA. DKA was defined as hyperglycemia and ketosis with an initial pH <7.3, or bicarbonate <15 mmol/l. Patients were classified as having DM2 if they had negative autoantibody status and normal or elevated fasting C-peptide. RESULTS: The prevalence of DM2 in patients with DKA was 13.0% (6.1-23.3%). There was no significant difference in the presenting pH (7.14 vs 7.15), but blood glucose was higher (735 vs 587 mg/dl) in patients with DM2, than in patients with type 1 DM (DM1). The duration of insulin infusion until resolution of acidosis (17.3 vs 13.2 h) and intensive care unit stay (2.4 vs 1.6 days) were longer in patients with DM2. Seven of the nine patients with DM2 did not require insulin at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Children with DM2 can present with DKA and constitute a significant percentage in the above 9-year age group. The need for insulin must be carefully re-evaluated as DKA resolves in these patients. Adolescents with DM2 and their families need to be educated about DKA.     

1型糖尿病患儿反复发生酮症酸中毒的原因

目的　分析 1型糖尿病患儿反复发生酮症酸中毒 (DKA)的原因。方法　回顾总结 2 0年来在我院诊治的 1型糖尿病患儿 85 0例次 ,其中因DKA住院 2 2 5例次 ,2次或 2次以上者 5 6例 ,131例次 ,将其分为前 10年和后 10年两组进行分析。结果　两组DKA患儿占总糖尿病人数比率及反复发生DKA人数相比有显著差异 ,后 10年显著少于前 10年 (P <0 .0 1)。在诱因方面感染占第 1位 ,平均 71.8% ;不控制饮食而暴饮暴食 19% ;因停用胰岛素 9.2 % ,两组相比无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　对糖尿病病人进行系统的管理和教育是降低DKA发生率的重要手段