高血压性脑出血急性期血肿扩大临床因素分析

目的调查并分析高血压性脑出血急性期血肿扩大的临床因素。方法高血压性脑出血急性期患者156例,出现血肿扩大者38例为研究组,未出现血肿扩大的118例为对照组,分析2组患者临床特征。结果入院时2组患者烦躁、呕吐症状,收缩压升高,CT血肿形态不规则,长期酗酒比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),而糖尿病差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论出现烦躁呕吐症状、收缩压升高、血肿形态不规则、长期酗酒与高血压性脑出血急性期血肿扩大有一定关系。     

高血压性脑出血血肿扩大相关因素分析

目的探讨高血压性脑出血后血肿继续扩大的相关因素。方法回顾性分析187例高血压性脑出血病例的临床资料,其中56例出现血肿持续扩大,将其与未出现血肿扩大者进行对比分析。结果①单因素logistic回归分析显示高血压病程、长期饮酒、糖尿病史、长期服用阿司匹林、体重指数高、发病至第一次CT时间短(<2h)、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高、高血糖和早期大量使用甘露醇是高血压性脑出血后血肿扩大的危险因素;②多因素logistic回归分析显示长期饮酒、长期服用阿司匹林、发病至第一次CT时间短(<2h)、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高和早期大量使用甘露醇是高血压性脑出血血肿扩大的独立危险因素。结论对长期饮酒、长期服用阿司匹林、丘脑出血、血肿形态不规则、入院时血压值高以及出血后大量使用甘露醇的高血压性脑出血患者要严密观察病情变化,高度警惕血肿继续扩大以免延误治疗。     

脑出血血肿扩大86例临床分析

目的 观察脑出血血肿扩大的发生率和发生时间、探讨其相关因素及干预措施.方法 对518例脑出血患者进行回顾性研究,总结分析其中86例早期血肿扩大患者的临床资料特点.结果 脑出血血肿扩大的发生率为16、6%,血肿扩大主要发生于发病后6小时内.血肿扩大的主要部位在基底节区(50%),初始出血量10～20 mL者继续出血的发生率最高(47.7%),血肿扩大与血肿形态不规则及收缩压显著升高有关.血肿扩大与既往高血压史、饮酒史、脑卒中史、肝病史等相关.结论 脑出血血肿扩大是病情加重和死亡的主要原因,应充分认识脑出血后继续出血的临床特点及相关因素,密切观察病情,尽早复查头颅CT,采取积极治疗措施.     

高血压脑出血血肿扩大高危因素分析

目的探讨高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的高危因素以及临床表现,为临床诊断提供依据。方法回顾性分析我院2008—2010年878例脑出血患者,对血肿扩大的高危因素以及临床表现进行分析。结果205例患者血肿扩大。其危险因素为:血肿形状不规则、内囊内侧型出血,收缩压>200 mm Hg、高血糖、肝脏疾病、酗酒、凝血机制障碍、烦躁;而呕吐、烦躁、意识障碍加重、瞳孔改变、血压持续不降是早期血肿扩大的临床表现。结论高血压脑出血血肿扩大的高危因素为:血肿形状不规则,密度不均匀,合并凝血机制障碍,血压升高难以下降,临床表现为烦躁,频繁呕吐,以及意识障碍加重。     

高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素及入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平的临床预测价值

目的探究高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素及入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分联合血糖水平的临床预测价值。方法回顾性收集2014年10月至2018年10月在我院就诊的高血压脑出血患者106例,根据入院后头颅CT检查结果显示是否出现血肿扩大将患者分为扩大组(29例)及未扩大组(77例),比较两组患者一般资料,分析高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的危险因素。采用受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大的价值。结果两组患者性别、年龄、血肿部位、入院时舒张压及长期吸烟史比较无明显差异(P0. 05);入院时GCS评分、入院时收缩压、空腹血糖、血肿形态及长期饮酒史比较存在明显差异(P 0. 05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示低入院时GCS评分、高入院时收缩压、高空腹血糖、血肿不规则及存在长期饮酒史是影响高血压脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素(P 0. 05)。入院时GCS评分、血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大时ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0785和0. 819,明显低于两者联合预测时的AUC(0. 886,P 0. 05)。结论低入院时GCS评分、高入院时收缩压、高空腹血糖、血肿不规则及存在长期饮酒史是影响高血压脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的独立危险因素,入院时GCS评分联合血糖水平预测高血压脑出血早期血肿扩大具有较高的临床价值。     

高血压脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的相关因素分析

目的探讨高血压性脑出血早期血肿扩大的发生率以及相关影响因素。方法回顾分析217例高血压性脑出血患者的CT检查结果,分为血肿扩大组和对照组,对首次CT检查距发病时间、血肿部位及形态、出血量、入院时血压、是否长期服用阿司匹林、饮酒史等逐一对比研究。结果高血压性脑出血存在早期血肿扩大的现象,发生率为15.7%,病后血压水平、出血部位及血肿形态、是否长期服用阿司匹林、长期饮酒等因素与血肿扩大存在因果关系。结论脑出血后血肿扩大多发生在出血后24h内,高血压、出血部位靠近中线、血肿形态不规则、长期服用阿司匹林、长期饮酒等是血肿扩大的独立危险因素。     

脑出血早期血肿扩大38例临床分析

目的探讨脑出血早期血肿扩大的发生率、发生时间、相关因素及其预后.方法分析38例脑出血血肿扩大患者的临床资料.结果脑出血急性期血肿扩大的发生率为33.7%,主要发生在24h尤其是6h内,早期血肿扩大与肝病及酗酒史、凝血功能、出血部位、血肿形态等有关,血肿扩大增加了病人的死亡率.结论血肿扩大的发生影响病人预后,应尽早确诊,采取积极防治措施,改善病人预后.     

高血压脑出血血肿扩大相关因素分析

目的通过对比分析明确幕上高血压脑出血血肿扩大的危险因素。方法将幕上高血压脑出血患者313例,根据是否存在血肿扩大,分为血肿扩大组和非血肿扩大组,明确血压、早期使用甘露醇、血肿特点、发病时搬动与血肿扩大的关系。结果 (1)血肿扩大组入院时收缩压200mmHg者占40.34%,非血肿扩大组占12.37%;血肿扩大组入院时舒张压110mmHg者占57.14%,非血肿扩大组占26.80%,两组比较,血肿扩大组血压明显高于非血肿扩大组,差异显著(P0.01)。(2)血肿扩大组早期(发病6h内)使用甘露醇者占85.71%,非血肿扩大组占54.12%,差异显著(P0.01)。(3)血肿扩大组丘脑出血占38.66%,显著多于非血肿扩大组的26.28%(P0.05);血肿扩大组出血量20ml者58.82%,显著高于非血肿扩大组的16.50%(P0.01);血肿扩大组血肿形态不规则者93.28%,显著高于非血肿扩大组的61.34%(P0.01)。(4)血肿扩大组存在搬动史者57.98%,非血肿扩大组41.75%,差异显著(P0.01)。结论血压升高(收缩压200mmHg和/或舒张压110mmHg)、发病早期(6h内)使用甘露醇、丘脑出血、出血量大于20ml、血肿形态不规则、发病早期存在搬动是脑出血血肿扩大的危险因素。     

脑出血早期血肿扩大及其相关因素的分析

目的　探讨脑出血后早期血肿扩大的发生率、发生时间及相关因素。方法　对 2 4 0例脑出血患者发病后 6h内、2 4h内、1周内、2周内作CT动态观察。结果　本组血肿扩大发生率为 16 3% ,继续出血发生在 2 4h内为 6 1 5 %。不规则血肿 (4 7 7% )及丘脑出血 (4 1% )多出现血肿扩大 ;2 4h内应用甘露醇组发生早期血肿扩大 2 8例 (2 2 2 % ) ,明显高于未用组 10例 (8 8% ) (P <0 0 1)。结论　影响高血压性脑出血继续出血多发生在 2 4h内 ;早期血肿扩大的主要因素是血肿部位、形态及早期不适当应用甘露醇等脱水剂治疗。     

自发性脑出血早期继续出血的高危因素及治疗探讨

目的研究自发性脑出血早期继续出血的高危因素。方法分析65例脑出血继续出血的临床资料,与非继续出血组进行对照分析。结果收缩压高、凝血功能障碍、血肿形态不规则、丘脑出血、慢性肝肾病、长期酗酒,服阿司匹林、华法令,早期大量使用甘露醇者易于出现继续出血。结论合理控制血压、保肝,调节凝血机制,停用抗血小板聚集、抗凝药,避免过早大量使用甘露醇,及时止血是预防脑出血继续出血的有效干预治疗。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.