慢性乙型肝炎临床抗病毒治疗的一些实际问题

慢性乙型肝炎的反复活动会导致肝脏纤维组织增生,最终发展为肝硬化,部分患者会发展为肝细胞癌、重型肝炎,严重影响生活质量,甚至危及生命.     

慢性乙型肝炎临床抗病毒治疗的一些实际问题

慢性乙型肝炎的反复活动会导致肝脏纤维组织增生,最终发展为肝硬化,部分患者会发展为肝细胞癌、重型肝炎,严重影响生活质量,甚至危及生命.     

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丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染不仅可导致肝脏炎症坏死,而且大部分患者会形成慢性感染,发展为肝纤维化和肝硬化,甚至肝细胞肝癌(HCC).据世界卫生组织统计,全球HCV的感染率约为3%,约1.7亿人感染了HCV,每年新发丙型肝炎约3.5万例.     

心脏骤停与心脏性猝死

1概述心脏性猝死(SCD)通常定义为存在或不存在心脏疾病的人,临床表现出现的1h内发生由于心血管原因导致的非预期死亡[1]。心脏骤停(SCA)不等同SCD,SCA如果抢救及时会发展成流产的SCD,如果救治失败会引起真正的SCD。大多数SCD被认为是室速恶化为室颤(VT)以及心脏停搏。在60%~80%     

雌激素受体基因多态性与肝细胞癌发生发展的关系

肝细胞癌的发生发展与雌激素相关,而雌激素发挥生理效应需结合其受体,雌激素受体的功能又受到相关基因的调控,基因的表达和功能则被基因多态性所影响,且肿瘤的遗传易感性由不同基因、不同多态性的组合效应构成,故认为雌激素受体基因多态性会对肝细胞癌的发生、发展及预后产生影响。对近年来雌激素受体基因多态性的相关研究进展作一综述。     

丙型肝炎防治指南(2015年更新版)

为规范丙型肝炎的预防、诊断和抗病毒治疗,中华医学会肝病学分会和感染病学分会根据丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的特点、国内外最新的循证医学证据和药物的可及性,于 2015 年组织国内有关专家修订了《丙型肝炎防治指南》. 完善的病毒学检测是慢性 HCV 感染筛查、监测、诊断和治疗的基础.根据我国社会和经济发展情况,还需要积极发展适宜于资源有限地区HCV RNA 定量和 HCV 基因分型的检测试剂.政府、社会组织、学术团体、制药企业共同努力,以达到新型抗病毒治疗的可及和可负担.     

原发性肝癌规范化病理诊断方案专家共识

我国是肝癌高发国家之一.随着肝脏外科诊断、治疗技术的不断发展,我国肝癌临床病理诊断学也得到了快速发展,在肝癌病理标本的数量和类型上具有明显优势.为制订个体化治疗方案、提高肝癌远期疗效,临床上对肝癌病理报告的内容也提出了新的要求.虽然目前已有医疗单位积累了数千甚至数万例的诊断经验,但从总体上看,我国肝癌病理诊断的发展仍不平衡,病理报告的内容及格式差异很大,还不能完全满足临床个体化精细治疗的需要.为此,由中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会、中国抗癌协会临床肿瘤学协作专业委员会、中华医学会肝病学分会肝癌学组和全国肝胆肿瘤及移植病理协作组共同组织的"原发性肝癌规范化病理诊断方案专家共识研讨会"于20l0年1月17日在上海举行.     

失血性休克淋巴液致急性肺损伤的研究进展

淋巴循环是人体组织问液与血液系统的通路,其为全身循环系统的重要辅助部分,参与蛋白质、细胞裂解物、脂肪等大分子物质的吸收和转运,并维持机体内环境的稳定。休克时淋巴系统会发生变化,形成的休克淋巴液可影响休克的发展及转归。     

2型糖尿病患者的血糖和体重——两者可以兼顾吗

2型糖尿病（T2DM）发病率的增加与肥胖密切相关。研究表明，体重每增加1kg，T2DM患病率将增加9％。临床上，多达80％～90％的T2DM患者处于超重状态。超重可引发代谢紊乱，如高血脂和高血压，可增加早期死亡的风险。T2DM早期，胰岛8细胞餐时胰岛素分泌功能就会出现缺失，但可以通过增加基础胰岛素分泌来对抗胰岛素抵抗（IR），但是，肥胖会加速IR的发生和发展，随着β细胞功能的逐渐下降，最终发展为长期高血糖。     

冠脉血流剪切应力在内皮功能障碍和冠脉斑块发展中的作用

冠状动脉粥样硬化的进展过程十分复杂,同一个体内的动脉粥样硬化斑块会在一段时间内表现出较大的形态和功能差异。因此早期识别易损斑块并为高危患者提供早期的治疗管理,从而防止冠脉粥样硬化的进展就显得尤为重要。本文就冠脉血流剪切应力在内皮功能障碍和冠脉斑块发展中作用的最新研究进展做一综述。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.