我院儿科急诊患者超说明书用药分析

目的:分析我院儿科急诊超说明书用药情况,为规范儿科合理用药提供数据支持。方法:随机抽取我院2014年9月至2015年9月儿科急诊处方6 720张,根据药品说明书判断是否超说明书用药,并分析超说明书用药的类型、不同年龄段超说明书用药发生率及药品种类等。结果:6 720张处方,共19 587条用药医嘱。其中超说明书用药处方4 307张,占总处方的64.09%;超说明书用药医嘱5 937条,占总医嘱条数的30.31%。前3位超说明书用药类型分别是无儿童用药信息(43.47%)、超适应证用药(35.25%)、超给药频次(15.10%)。结论:我院儿科急诊超说明书用药较为普遍,医疗过程中存在很大的风险。药品说明书中儿科用药信息严重缺乏,需要促进和规范儿童药物临床试验,为儿童用药提供更多的证据。     

某院门诊妊娠患者超说明书用药情况分析

目的:通过回顾性研究某院门诊妊娠患者的超说明书用药的情况,促进妊娠患者的安全及合理用药。方法:分层随机抽取某院门诊临床诊断涉及"妊娠"但不包括"正常妊娠监督"和"未确认妊娠"的处方,按照药品说明书,对处方中的用药医嘱分别从适应证、禁忌证、给药途径、给药频次、给药剂量和适用人群等方面判断其是否超说明书用药并分析。结果:共抽取2 872份门诊处方,用药医嘱3 926条,用药品种88种。其中,涉及超说明书用药处方共689张(23.99%)、用药医嘱827条(21.06%)及药物品种15种(17.04%)。主要的超说明书用药类型为超剂量用药(60.67%)、超适用人群用药(19.98%)和超禁忌证用药(18.61%)。超说明书用药发生率前3位的药物种类依次为女性生殖系统用药(61.91%),电解质、酸碱平衡及营养药(23.82%)和中成药(12.82%)。结论:妊娠患者超说明书用药发生率较高,应积极推进妊娠患者的超说明书用药的循证研究、建立超说明书用药分级分类管理制度,确保妊娠患者的用药安全。     

中山市坦洲医院15460张超说明书处方的用药分析

目的:了解广东省中山市坦洲医院(以下简称"我院")门诊超说明书用药情况,促进临床安全、合理用药。方法:2011年1月—2014年7月,每天随机抽查我院一定比例门诊处方,以药品说明书为依据,比较处方中开具药品的适应证、适应人群、给药剂量、给药频次、给药途径、禁忌证、配伍禁忌等与说明书的相符性,不符者即为超说明书用药处方。结果:共抽取64 930张处方,占总处方数的3.36%。超说明书用药处方15 460张,占抽取总处方数的23.81%。超说明书用药类型居前3位者分别是给药频次(67.35%)、适应证(20.66%)和给药途径(11.51%),超说明书用药居前3位的科室分别是小儿内科(42.80%)、急诊科(38.38%)和内科门诊(7.63%)。15 460张超说明书用药中,医护人员不规范操作占79.33%,无大量临床研究数据支持、循证医学证据不足占7.68%,有多中心样本的循证医学证据支持占12.99%。结论:我院超说明书用药比例较高,需制定相应措施,提高规范用药水平。     

妇产科医院门诊超药品说明书用药情况调查与分析

目的:为规范超说明书用药及保证临床合理用药提供参考。方法:通过等间隔方式抽取我院2016年1-3月门诊处方2 400张进行处方分析,按照药品说明书将超说明书用药分为超适应证用药、超剂量用药、超给药途径用药及超人群用药;通过查阅国内外药品说明书、国内外指南、国内外文献及MICROMEDEX Health Care Series数据库等对超说明书用药进行分析。结果:超说明书用药处方有219张(9.1%),共涉及药品12种、超说明书用药38项,主要表现为超适应证用药219张(100%),其中合并超人群用药4张(1.8%)。各项超说明书用药用法均有证据支持,其中9项(23.7%)超说明书用药用法已被MICROMEDEX收录。最常见超说明书用药的药品为戊酸雌二醇片(22.8%)、盐酸二甲双胍片(17.4%)和炔雌醇环丙孕酮片(12.3%)。结论:我院门诊超说明书用药均有证据支持,但各证据质量存在差异。临床确需超说明书用药时需充分权衡利弊,建立相应的临床应用管理制度与流程,尽量规避医疗风险,保障患者用药安全。     

儿科门诊超说明书用药的调查与分析

目的:了解我院儿科门诊处方超说明书用药的发生率及特点.方法:采用回顾性分析,随机抽取我院2014年5月~2015年4月门诊处方,记录处方基本信息,从抽取的处方中筛选出就诊科室为儿科,年龄在0~18岁的病例处方,根据药品说明书,经两名药师共同判断是否属于超说明书用药,并进行分类统计.结果:共筛选出符合条件的处方543张,占总处方11.4%,用药医嘱1422条,占总用药医嘱13.5%.含超说明书用药的处方有321张,共含有438条超说明书用药医嘱,类型为超适应人群354(80.8%),超用法用量77条(17.6%),超适应症4条(0.9%),超给药途径3条(0.7%).超说明书用药频率较高的药品类别为抗过敏、止咳祛痰平喘、调节胃肠功能、抗感染及中成药.结论:我院门诊儿科处方超说明书用药现象普遍,临床医生和药师应密切关注不良反应、禁忌症和注意事项,并收集循证医学证据,以促进合理用药.     

某院门、急诊儿科超说明书用药调查与分析

目的 回顾调查及分析2021年1月～12月我院门、急诊儿科超说明书用药情况,为医院门、急诊儿童安全合理用药提供参考数据。方法 从2021年1月～12月中每月随机抽取1000张门、急诊儿科处方,以最新版药品说明书为参考依据,对比处方中开具药品的适应症、给药剂量、给药频次等信息与说明书内容是否相符,不相符则判为超说明书用药处方。结果 共抽取门、急诊儿科处方11904张,点评处方用药医嘱29052条,涉及用药品种168种。按处方数量、用药医嘱数量和用药品种数分别统计,超说明书用药发生率分别为：39.24%(4671/11904)、21.07%(6121/29052)、38.10%(64/168)。按用药医嘱统计,超说明书用药占比最高的类型为超适应症52.31%(3202/6121),超说明书用药发生率最高的年龄段为幼儿期24.60%(821/3337),超说明书用药占比最高的药品为平喘药37.85%(2317/6121)。结论 我院门、急诊儿科处方存在超说明书用药情况,建议医院管理部门制定院内超说明书用药相关规范,保障区域内儿童安全合理用药。     

门诊超说明书用药处方调查与分析

目的 调查分析某院门诊处方中超药品说明书用药的情况,提出规范的超说明书用药建议。方法 按处方的时间顺序分段抽取某院2018年7～9月的门诊处方5000张,包含16 750条医嘱和涉及271种药品,依据药品说明书的内容和处方的基本信息,对每条医嘱逐项判断是否与药品说明书相符,统计分析超说明书用药的类型及合理性。结果 在5000份抽样处方中,超说明书处方占27.16%,超说明书用药医嘱占21.43%,超说明书使用的药品占11.44%,超适应人群占33.69%,超给药剂量和频次占31.25%,超给药途径占23.40%,超适应证占11.66%,在3590条超说明用药医嘱中有不同级别证据支持为2922条,占81.39%。结论 某院门诊大部份超说明书用药均有诊疗规范、指南专家共识、临床试验证据的支持,但还须加强超说明书用药的规范化管理,规避超说明书用药风险,促进合理用药。     

郑州市儿童医院2013年门诊处方超说明书用药情况调查

目的：：调查郑州市儿童医院2013年门诊处方超说明书用药现状,为促进儿童合理用药提供依据。方法：采用系统随机抽样方法抽取2013年门诊处方,根据药品说明书的内容,判断处方医嘱是否存在超说明书用药,并对处方抽样情况、超说明书用药类型、各年龄段超说明书用药发生率和药品种类进行统计分析。结果：共纳入8684张处方,涉及410种药品,含16344条医嘱记录,其中超说明书用药处方、品种和医嘱的比例依次为70.87%、71.95%、51.21%。超说明书用药类型主要有超适用人群(50.83%)、超给药剂量(21.00%)和超给药频次(19.04%)。超说明书用药发生年龄段排名前3位为新生儿(63.27%)、婴幼儿(56.20%)、学龄期(44.98%)。超说明书用药品种排名前5位为：心血管系统用药(99.02%)、抗感染药(64.14%)、维生素和矿物质类药(62.89%)、血液系统用药(59.48%)、中成药(53.43%)。结论：该院门诊处方超说明书用药现象较为普遍,医师要严格把握说明书规定的适应证、用法用量,选择合适的药物剂型,减少超说明书用药,以保障儿童安全用药。     

门诊超说明书用药情况分析及管理对策

目的 分析门诊超说明书用药情况,为规范化管理超说明书用药提供参考,促进临床合理用药。方法 以药品说明书为依据,从适应证、适应人群、给药剂量、给药频次、溶媒、给药途径和禁忌证等方面对宁波市妇女儿童医院分院2014年8月门诊处方的超说明书用药情况进行统计与分析,并根据临床指南、专家共识、循证医学或文献等以判断其合理性,提出管理对策。结果 有1 866张处方出现超说明书用药,占总处方的18.69％。超说明书用药记录共有3 972条,占总用药记录的15.52%,其中“未提及儿童用药信息”是最常见的超说明书用药类型,占53.00%,其他依次是给药频次(17.55%)、给药剂量(10.70％)和超年龄用药(9.09％)等。结论 本院超说明书用药基本合理,但为了保障患者用药安全,应加强超说明书用药的规范化管理。     

我院104份儿科住院病历超说明书用药调查分析

目的:了解我院儿科住院患儿的超说明书用药情况,为规范儿童超说明书用药、促进儿童安全合理用药提供参考。方法:利用电子病历系统从我院2016年12月至2017年2月1 279份儿科住院病历中抽取104份(8.13%),收集患儿的基本信息,审核病历中的用药医嘱,依据药品说明书及药学知识判断是否超说明书用药,并对超说明书用药类型等情况进行统计分析。结果:104份病历共包含用药医嘱1 739 条,涉及18类81种药品,其中超说明书用药医嘱412条(23.69%),涉及药品类别主要为抗病毒药、维生素和矿物质、呼吸系统用药;超说明书用药类型前3 位依次为超剂量(33.98%)、超适应人群(25.24%)、超适应年龄(19.42%)。结论:我院儿科住院医嘱存在超说明书用药情况,应逐步完善说明书儿童用药信息,加强超说明书用药的监管,以促进儿童安全合理用药。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.