睾丸Sertoli细胞对共移植同种异体肾细胞的保护作用及受体性别的影响

目的 探讨表达FasL的睾丸Sertoli细胞对不同性别受体在鼠中移植肾细胞的保护作用,方法 用酶消化法制备Sertoli细胞及肾细胞,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面FasL及Fas的表达,将约10^6个细胞（注入的细胞因分组不同而异,见1.2.3)注入异体肾包膜下,用SABC法测定肾细胞的存活状况,并以TUNEL法观察移植物中的淋巴细胞凋亡。结果 移植后20d,用组织学分析移植细胞的存活率,单纯肾细胞移植,移植物无一例存活;混合细胞移植,移植物的存活率为87.5%。以抗FasL抗体处理过的Sertoli细胞与肾细胞共移植,肾细胞的存活率仅为30.0%,雌性受体移植物的存活率为77.8%,移植物中可见凋亡的淋巴细胞,结论 同种异体移植中,Sertoli细胞对移植的肾细胞具有保护作用,其机制与Fas/FasL系统介导的淋巴细胞凋亡有关。     

Toll样受体对睾丸Sertoli细胞免疫调节的初步研究

目的:研究睾丸Sertoli细胞感染后,TLR发挥免疫调节功能的情况。方法:正常大鼠Sertoli细胞表达Toll样受体的情况以及用溶脲脲原体(Ureaplasma Urealyticum,UU)体外感染Sertoli细胞后,分别在12、24、36小时时间段比较感染组与对照组之间Toll样受体表达变化情况。结果:正常大鼠Sertoli细胞表达TLR2-8,低表达TLR9和10,未检出TLR1和5;与对照组相比,体外感染处理后TLR2、6表达增加。结论:Toll样受体的激活参与Sertoli细胞对炎症的免疫调节,两者具有一定的联系。     

转基因小鼠高表达的FasL对Sertoli细胞免疫调节功能的影响

目的 :研究转基因小鼠高表达的FasL对Sertoli细胞在睾丸局部感染时的免疫调节作用的影响。方法 :将溶脲脲原体 (UU)分别注入FasL转基因及野生型小鼠膀胱 ,模拟上行性感染的途径。分别在感染后 1、2和 3wk处死小鼠 ,分离睾丸组织观察其病理变化 ,并用免疫组化染色法比较UU感染前后 ,Ser toli细胞上FasL和TGF β、IL 1α、IL 6的表达及分泌格局的差异。从野生型小鼠睾丸组织中分离高纯度的Sertoli细胞 ,与未感染UU的对照组相比 ,观察UU感染后FasL Sertoli细胞介导Fas Jurkat细胞的凋亡能力的变化。结果 :UU感染组的转基因小鼠 ,睾丸组织发生的病理改变比野生型更为明显 ;两种小鼠感染后Sertoli细胞分泌的调节因子变化格局不同 ;感染后Sertoli细胞对Jurkat细胞的杀伤能力增强。结论 :在抗感染免疫中 ,转基因表达的FasL可影响Sertoli细胞分泌细胞因子的格局 ,进而影响睾丸局部的免疫平衡。过高表达的FasL对机体的抗感染应答并非一定有利。     

卵泡刺激素在大鼠胰腺中的定位及其与促性腺激素释放激素受体共存关系

目的：研究卵泡刺激素在大鼠胰腺中的分布及其与促性腺激素释放激素受体的共存关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学法和邻片双标记方法。结果：大鼠胰腺外分泌部腺泡内的部分腺细胞和胰岛中的部分内分泌细胞呈现FSH免疫阳性反应,阳性产物分布于胞质,胞核阴性。卵泡刺激素与促性腺激素释放激素受体在大鼠胰岛细胞中有重叠分布。结论：大鼠胰腺外分泌部的腺泡细胞和胰岛的细胞能表达卵泡刺激素。卵泡刺激素和促性腺激素释放激素受体共存于大鼠胰岛细胞中。表达卵泡刺激素的胰岛细胞可能受促性腺激素释放激素调节。     

与Sertoli细胞共培养大鼠大脑皮质神经前体细胞分化中Notch信号相关基因表达分析

目的:检测与Sertoli细胞共培养条件下大鼠大脑皮质神经前体细胞分化过程中Notch信号相关分子的表达变化.方法:分离大鼠Sertoli细胞和大脑皮质神经前体细胞.神经前体细胞与Dertoli细胞共培养条件下,用Real-time PCR相对定量法,分别检测Notch受体Notch1、Notch2、Notch3、Notch4及其配体Delta1、Delta3、Jagged1、Jagged2,以及ngn1、hes1基因的表达变化.结果:培养细胞汇片后第5天,Sertoli细胞Notch1～4基本表达维持不变;其配体Jagged2表达较高,但不表达Delta1;同时也不表达ngn1、hes1.神经前体细胞Notch表达水平较高,尤以Notch1和Notch2为高;而其配体以Jagged1、Jagged2表达较高,前神经因子Hes1有较高表达,而Ngn1表达较低.细胞共培养条件下,Notch受体、配体以及Hes1与神经前体细胞组相比都有明显的下调,而Ngn1却相对有所提高.结论:Sertoli细胞可通过Notch配体的作用,调节神经前体细胞Notch信号分子的表达.在共培养条件下,Sertoli细胞对神经前体细胞Hes1表达有抑制作用,但对Ngn1有正向调节作用,从而影响神经前体细胞的分化.     

Fas和Fasl在细胞凋亡中的作用

Fas是位于细胞膜上的跨膜受体，FasL为Fas的配体，二者的结合将启动死亡信号，导致细胞凋亡。本文着重对Fas和肿瘤坏死因子受体（TNFR）的关系以及Fas和Fasl调节细胞凋亡的机理作一综述。     

大鼠睾丸支持细胞的分离纯化与鉴定

目的　简化大鼠睾丸支持细胞的分离纯化方法 ,通过不同方法对Sertoli细胞进行形态学观察鉴定。方法　取鼠龄 16～ 2 2天的雄性Wistar大鼠睾丸 ,采用酶次第消化 ,培养过程中纯化Sertoli细胞 ,并用多种方法对Sertoli细胞进行鉴定。结果　大鼠睾丸支持细胞占培养细胞总数的 90 %以上。HE染色 ,Sertoli细胞突起很多 ,核仁清晰 ,在胞质中可见吞噬物和大小不等的空泡 ;甲基绿 派洛宁染色 ,Sertoli细胞富含RNA ;Feulgen染色和透射电镜 ,核仁周围可见卫星核小体。结论　本实验培养方法可获得更多、纯度高的Sertoli细胞 ,HE染色、甲基绿 派洛宁染色、Feulgen染色和透射电镜是鉴定Sertoli细胞的有效方法     

雄激素受体和卵泡刺激素受体在成年大鼠睾丸中的期依赖性表达

目的　确定雄激素受体 (AR)和卵泡刺激素受体 (FSHR)在大鼠睾丸中的细胞定位和表达变化。　方法　利用地高辛标记的cRNA探针 ,在成年大鼠睾丸冰冻切片上进行原位杂交 ;同时利用透光显微切割技术将成年大鼠曲细精管分为Ⅱ～Ⅵ、Ⅶ～Ⅷ、Ⅸ～Ⅻ、ⅩⅢ～Ⅰ 4个阶段 ,提取总RNA ,用α 32 P标记的cDNA探针进行斑点杂交 ,观察AR和FSHRmRNA表达的细胞定位和期依赖性变化。利用图像分析系统 ,对阳性杂交信号单位面积平均辉度进行定量分析。　结果　ARmRNA阳性杂交信号位于支持细胞和间质细胞 ,于Ⅶ～Ⅷ期最强 ,Ⅸ～Ⅰ期最弱 ;FSHRmRNA阳性杂交信号位于支持细胞 ,于ⅩⅢ～Ⅰ期最强 ,Ⅶ～Ⅷ期最弱。各阶段之间具有非常显著性差异 (P<0 0 1)。　结论　AR和FSHR期依赖性表达的不同规律提示T(睾酮 )和FSH(卵泡刺激素 )作用于精子发生的不同阶段 ,说明睾酮和卵泡刺激素协同作用调节成年大鼠的精子发生。这一结论将为人类生育调控和不孕症的治疗提供新思路     

FSH受体的特性和表达的调控

卵泡刺激素（ＦＳＨ）是垂体分泌的一种糖蛋白激素,主要作用是促进和维持正常的性腺发育和生殖功能。ＦＳＨ的生理功能是通过分布于性腺的特异性受体所介导的。支持细胞（ｓｅｒｔｏｌｉｃｅｌ）和颗粒细胞（ｇｒａｎｕｌｏｓａｃｅｌ）分别是ＦＳＨ作用于睾丸和卵巢的靶...     

Dahl高血压大鼠睾丸中eNOS的表达

目的：研究高血压对Dahl高血压大鼠睾丸各细胞eNOS表达及生殖功能的影响。方法：应用免疫组化ABC法及细胞培养检测睾丸细胞中eNOS的表达情况。结果：在Dahl高血压大鼠睾丸中，eNOS定位于Sertoli细胞，Leyaig细胞和部分生精细胞的胞浆，其表达始终高于正常睾丸组织，并随着高血压病程的进展呈逐渐升高趋势。在体外培养的正常及高血压大鼠的Sertoli细胞中eNOS表达量无明显差异。睾酮水平随血压升高而下降。结论：高盐饮食及高血压使大鼠Serxoli细胞和Leydig细胞中eNOS高表达并使睾酮水平下降。两者作用对睾丸的生殖功能产生了影响。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.