颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病发生的影响因素分析

目的分析颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病发生的危险因素。方法选取2014年6月~2015年10月接受治疗的115例颅脑损伤患者为观察对象,根据其是否发生凝血病分为凝血病组和非凝血病组。观察颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病的发生率,分析造成创伤后凝血病发生的危险因素。结果 115例颅脑损伤患者中,发生创伤后凝血病26例,凝血病发生率为22.61%;凝血病组患者凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(PTT)和血小板计数(PLT)水平低于非凝血病组,D-二聚体(D-DT)水平高于非凝血病组,两组患者的纤维蛋白原(FIB)水平无明显差异(P0.05);损伤严重度评分(ISS)16分、血压≤90mm Hg、体温36.5℃、动脉血pH7.2的颅脑损伤患者创伤后凝血病的发生率较高,差异具有统计学意义,而不同年龄、性别的患者凝血病发生率无明显差异;将单因素分析有意义的ISS评分16分、收缩压≤90mm Hg、体温36.5℃、动脉血pH7.2作为自变量,将是否发生凝血病作为因变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果ISS评分、输液量和动脉血pH进入回归方程,其OR值分别为4.286、5.128和3.962。结论颅脑损伤患者有发生创伤后凝血病的危险,ISS评分、输液量和动脉血pH是患者发生凝血病的危险因素。     

The Utility of Viscoelastic Testing in Patients Undergoing IR Procedures

Whole-blood viscoelastic testing can identify patient-specific coagulation disturbances, allowing for targeted repletion of necessary coagulation factors and differentiation between coagulopathy and surgical bleeding that requires intervention. Viscoelastic testing complements standard coagulation tests and has been shown to decrease transfusion requirements and improve survival in bleeding patients. Viscoelastic testing also can be used to predict bleeding and improve the care of patients undergoing interventional radiology (IR) procedures.     

从细胞生物学角度深入研究活化凝血因子参与慢性进行性肾损伤的机制

传统观点认为,肾小球内凝血导致慢性进行性肾损伤的主要机制是微血栓形成引起肾小球缺血笥损伤。近年来作者采用细胞生物学方法,观察了活化凝血因子凝血酶和纤维蛋白对肾小球内皮细胞和系膜细胞的直接影响,发现凝血酶可以诱导ＧＥＣ增殖,细胞外基质降解增加以及细胞脱壁,纤维蛋白可以支持ＧＥＣ铺展,增殖,并可以诱导ＧＥＣ单层结构破坏和血样结构形成,同时可以上调胞间粘附分子－１的表达。     

多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤凝血功能障碍的相关因素分析

目的探讨多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤患者凝血功能障碍的相关因素。方法回顾性分析天津市人民医院神经外科2007年1月~2014年1月收治的120例多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,根据入院48h凝血功能检查,分为凝血功能障碍组(A组,68例)与非凝血功能障碍组(B组,52例),对患者性别、年龄、吸烟史、酗酒史、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS评分)、休克、合并伤情况、颅内出血情况、液体复苏等因素进行统计学分析。结果两组在年龄、性别、吸烟史对比无统计学意义(P0.05)。凝血功能障碍与休克(OR=3.073,P=0.036)、重型颅脑损伤(OR=1.794,P0.001)、液体复苏(OR=0.312,P=0.035)、多发脑挫裂伤情况(OR=2.911,P=0.040)、合并胸腹部损伤(OR=3.008,P=0.041)及酗酒史(OR=2.664,P=0.047)相关。伤后6个月随访,两组预后格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS评分)组间比较采用Ridit分析(R值A=0.613,R值B=0.464,t=2.107,P=0.046),非凝血功能障碍组优于凝血功能障碍组。结论多发伤合并中重型颅脑损伤患者凝血功能是影响预后的重要因素,合并休克、胸腹部损伤及多发脑挫裂伤患者更易出现凝血功能障碍,限制性液体复苏可能减少凝血功能障碍的发生,对改善患者预后有一定益处。     

Risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients undergoing echo-guided transperineal prostatic needle biopsy with transrectal probe

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a severe life-threatening acute bleeding disorder. Traumatized tissues, tumors, necrotic tissues, or bacterial endotoxines release similar material in the blood to the tissutal factors activating the coagulation cascade. This preliminary study was aimed at verifying the risk of DIC in patients undergoing US-guided transperineal prostatic biopsy with Chiba and Tru-Cut needles. To evaluate the activation degree of coagulation factors in the circulation, the authors measured the concentrations of urinary fibrin degradation products in 10 patients undergoing US-guided transperineal prostatic biopsy, both before and after biopsy, every second hour, for 24 hours. Every tube of urine sample contained soya bean trypsin inhibitor and bovine thrombin to prevent any further fibrin degradation during incubation period for the possible presence of blood in urine samples. The results showed that 7/10 patients had marked increase in urinary fibrin degradation product levels (up to 800 micrograms%), with a 3-phase trend: early peak after 2-6 hours, middle peak after 6-14 hours, and late peak after 18-24 hours, which proved the activation of the coagulation cascade.     

Exercise-induced changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy populations and patients with cardiovascular disease

This review highlights the clinical significance of coagulation and fibrinolytic responses, and adaptations in healthy individuals and patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much of the review focuses on indicators of the potential for coagulation and fibrinolysis. The terms 'coagulation potential' and 'fibrinolytic potential' are used frequently, as much of the literature in the area of exercise haemostasis evaluates factors that reflect an increased potential for coagulation, while coagulation per se, may or may not be occurring. Similarly, fibrinolysis is definitively the lysis of inappropriate or excessive blood clot, which may or may not be occurring when the enzymes that stimulate fibrinolysis are activated. Nevertheless, markers of coagulation and fibrinolytic potential are associated with CVD, ischaemic events, and cardiovascular mortality. Additionally, fibrinolytic potential is associated with other established CVD risk factors. Ischaemic events triggered by physical exertion are more likely to occur due to an occlusive thrombus, suggesting the exercise-induced responses related to haemostasis are of clinical significance. The magnitude of increase in coagulation potential, platelet aggregation and fibrinolysis appears to be primarily determined by exercise intensity. Patients with CVD may also have a larger increase in coagulation potential during acute exercise than healthy individuals. Additionally, the magnitude of the fibrinolytic response is largely related to the resting fibrinolytic profile of the individual. In particular, high resting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may diminish the magnitude of tissue plasminogen activator response during acute exercise. Therefore, acute responses to exercise may increase the risk of ischaemic event. However, chronic aerobic exercise training may decrease coagulation potential and increase fibrinolytic potential in both healthy individuals and CVD patients. Due to the aforementioned importance of resting fibrinolysis on the fibrinolytic response to exercise, chronic aerobic exercise training may cause favourable adaptations that could contribute to decreased risk for ischaemic event, both at rest and during physical exertion.     

Argon-plasma coagulation as a primary therapeutic method for the treatment of flat duodenal adenomas

BACKGROUND: Argon-plasma coagulation is a method for tissue coagulation that uses high-frequency electric energy and ionized argon gas. It is used in endoscopic haemostasis and in coagulation of smaller, superficial lesion on gastrointestinal mucosa such as flat adenomas, but also in reduction of tumor tissue. CASE REPORT: We presented a patient with flat adenoma duodeni. Adenoma had been treated with argon plasma coagulation, in one act, and with a complete restitution of mucosa in further follows up. CONCLUSION: Argon plasma can be efficiently used in coagulation of superficial lesion of gastrointestinal mucosa, that belongs to the type of flat adenomas, as well as other superficial lesions of mucosa that require endoscopic mucosectomy from smaller, bordered spaces.     

肝移植围手术期的凝血功能调控

目的总结肝移植病人围手术期凝血功能障碍变化的规律,摸索调控措施的时机和指征。方法回顾性分析我院实施的37例肝移植患者,依据PT和PA将凝血功能障碍分为轻、中、重度,对轻度障碍术前不予以纠正;对中、重度患者术前应用血浆置换及术前、术中补充凝血因子等方法进行干预。术后早期低凝状态,无活动出血不予处理。对高凝状态常规应用肝素抗凝。结果37例患者均无术后移植物血管内血栓形成。结论(1)依据PT和PA评估肝移植病人围手术期凝血障碍程度有重要的参考意义。(2)对中、重度凝血障碍患者,术前积极干预可提高手术的安全性。(3)术中对新肝初期凝血功能短时间恶化,若创面渗血不明显可不予纠正。(4)术后低凝状态一般持续12～72h后逐渐转向高凝,及时合理地抗凝治疗是预防血栓形成的关键。     

Effects of exercise on parameters of blood coagulation, platelet function and the prostaglandin system

Acute exercise causes a temporary short lasting activation of blood coagulation, platelet function and the prostaglandin system, the extent of these alterations being significantly less pronounced in well trained athletes than in untrained persons. The reversal is also much faster in athletes, thus providing an underestimated indicator of the individual training status. Changes in platelet function and some plasma parameters of coagulation exhibit a significant correlation to base excess, pH and lactate. Immediately after acute exercise there is, therefore, an increased risk for acute thrombosis if an additional risk such as doping and/or smoking and/or contraceptive pill use is present. This risk is again higher in untrained than in well exercised persons. Patients with clinically manifest atherosclerosis (predominantly with risk factors) performing only occasionally anaerobic exercise are more likely to be at special risk. The overall response of the coagulation system, platelet function and prostaglandin system is significantly impaired. In contrast, regular exercise causes decreased activity of platelets and the coagulation system resulting in an improvement in haemostatic balance. As well as the psychological factors beneficially influencing the subjective feeling, it seems rather likely that the above mentioned mechanisms may be one factor underlying the decreased death rate from cardiovascular disease in persons performing regular physical activity.     

高流量持续血液净化联合血必净对重症脓毒症患者凝血功能及炎性因子的影响

目的探讨高流量持续血液净化联合血必净治疗重症脓毒症患者的临床效果。方法选取2017年1月-2019年8月收治的重症脓毒症患者72例,将其以随机数字表法分为观察组(常规治疗+高流量持续血液净化+血必净治疗,36例)和对照组(常规治疗+高流量持续血液净化治疗,36例),比较两组凝血功能及炎性因子水平。结果观察组血小板计数(PLT)值高于对照组,凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)值低于对照组,白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高流量持续血液净化联合血必净可改善重症脓毒症患者凝血功能紊乱情况,降低炎性因子水平,利于重症脓毒症患者病情稳定。     

Exercise and training effects on blood haemostasis in health and disease: an update

In recent years, the dysfunction of the haemostatic system in relation to the clinical complications from arterioscleroses and cardiovascular diseases has become more recognised. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis comprise two important physiological systems, which are regulated by a balance between activators and inhibitors. Activation of blood coagulation is associated with accelerated clot formation, whereas activation of blood fibrinolysis enhances the breakdown of the blood clot. Available evidence suggests that strenuous exercise induces activation of blood coagulation with simultaneous enhancement of blood fibrinolysis. Although the responses of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis appear to be related to the exercise intensity and its duration, recent reports suggest that moderate exercise intensity is followed by activation of blood fibrinolysis without concomitant hyper-coagulability, while very intense exercise is associated with concurrent activation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Similar to blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, systemic platelet-related thrombogenic factors have been shown to be involved in the initiation and progression of atherogenesis and plaque growth. Although exercise effects on platelet aggregation and function in healthy individuals have been examined, the results reported have been conflicting. However, for patients with coronary heart disease, the balance of evidence available would strongly suggest that platelet aggregation and functions are increased with exercise. Few studies are available concerning the influence of training on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis and the exact effects of exercise training on the equilibrium between blood coagulation and fibrinolysis is not as yet known. Although the effects of physical training on platelets have been briefly investigated, available meagre evidence suggests that exercise training is associated with favourable effects on platelet aggregation and activation in both men and women.     

Resolved splenic accumulation of Tc-99m HMDP after recovery of disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with rhabdomyosarcoma.

Unusual, intense splenic radioactivity was seen on bone scintigraphy with Tc-99m HMDP in a 14-year-old boy with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Abnormal splenic radioactivity was resolved after recovery from the disseminated intravascular coagulation. During treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation and tumors, the patient received repeated blood transfusions, resulting in iron overload, but this did not prevent the abnormal splenic uptake from resolving. This case indicates that disseminated intravascular coagulation may be a cause of splenic accumulation of bone-seeking agents, and that abnormal splenic uptake can be resolved.     

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient treated with strontium-89 for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate.

Strontium-89 is effective in the palliation of bone pain caused by skeletal metastases. Its primary side effect is mild thrombocytopenia that typically recovers in 3 or 4 months. Subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation is reported to be present in approximately 10% to 20% of patients with advanced prostate cancer. These patients may be at increased risk for severe marrow depression after radionuclide therapy for bone pain palliation. This report describes a patient with painful bony metastases resulting from prostate carcinoma. He had a normal platelet count and no clinical evidence of a coagulation disorder at the time of strontium-89 therapy, and a severe disseminated intravascular coagulation developed and lead to death after treatment. A normal platelet count before strontium-89 therapy does not preclude subsequent disseminated intravascular coagulation, and we support the Society of Nuclear Medicine's bone pain treatment procedure guideline that patients referred for bone palliation should be screened for disseminated intravascular coagulation before therapy.     

Microwave ablation: results with a 2.45-GHz applicator in ex vivo bovine and in vivo porcine liver

PURPOSE: To characterize the relationship between applied power and treatment duration in their effect on extent of coagulation produced with a 2.45-GHz microwave applicator in both an ex vivo and a perfused in vivo liver model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All experimentation was approved by the Institute of Animal Care and Use Committee. Multiple tissue ablations were performed in ex vivo bovine liver (120 ablations) and in vivo porcine liver (45 ablations) with a 5.7-mm-diameter 2.45-GHz microwave applicator. The applied power was varied from 50 to 150 W (in 25-W increments ex vivo and 50-W increments in vivo), while treatment duration varied from 2 to 20 minutes (in eight time increments for ex vivo and five for in vivo liver). Three-dimensional contour maps of the resultant short- and long-axis coagulation diameters were constructed to identify the optimal parameters to achieve maximum coagulation in both ex vivo and in vivo models. Multivariate analysis was performed to characterize the relationship between applied power and treatment duration. RESULTS: Power and treatment duration were both associated with coagulation diameter in a sigmoidal fashion (ex vivo, R(2) = 0.78; in vivo, R(2) = 0.74). For ex vivo liver, the maximum short-axis coagulation diameter (7.6 cm +/- 0.2 [standard deviation] by 12.3 cm +/- 0.8) was achieved at greatest power (150 W) and duration (20 minutes). In vivo studies revealed a sigmoidal relationship between duration and coagulation size, with a relative plateau in coagulation size achieved within 8 minutes duration at all power levels. After 8 minutes of treatment at 150 W, the mean short-axis coagulation diameter for in vivo liver was 5.7 cm +/- 0.2 by 6.5 cm +/- 1.7, which was significantly larger than the corresponding result for ex vivo liver (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Large zones of ablation can be achieved with the 2.45-GHz microwave applicator used by the authors. For higher-power ablations, larger zones of coagulation were achieved for in vivo liver than for ex vivo liver with short energy applications, a finding previously not seen with other ablation devices, to the authors' knowledge.     

冷沉淀在抢救大量输血后凝血异常中作用的观察

目的　观察输注冷沉淀对大量输血后凝血异常的作用。方法　对 8例严重损伤大量输血后有凝血异常的病人 ,行输冷沉淀前、输冷沉淀后 12～ 2 4小时和输后 3～ 5天凝血象及血浆Fn水平测定。结果8例患者输注冷沉淀后 12～ 2 4小时及输后 3～ 5天与输注前相比 ,患者的凝血酶原时间 (PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、部分凝血活酶时间 (APTT)均明显缩短 ,纤维蛋白原 (Fbg)含量增加 ,血浆纤维结合蛋白 (Fn)水平显著提高 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,5例患者D 二聚体转为阴性。结论　对大量输血后并发凝血异常的患者及时输注冷沉淀可提高血循环中凝血因子及纤维蛋白原等凝血物质的含量 ,缩短凝血时间 ,纠正凝血异常     

肝移植术后凝血功能动态观察及临床意义

 目的 动态观察原位肝移植(OLT)术前、后 5项凝血指标的变化,探讨其临床意义.方法 检测41例终末期肝病患者OLT术前和术后1～7 d的凝血酶原(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、凝血酶(T T)、抗凝血酶(AT-Ⅲ).结果 肝移植患者普遍术前凝血机制差,术后1～3 d ,PT、APTT延长,Fbg、ATⅢ减低,3 d后凝血功能逐渐恢复.各种术后并发症可影响凝血功能恢复,尤其是出血或血栓发生.结论 肝移植患者术后凝血功能恢复与多种因素有关,包括术前仔细评估肝脏凝血功能并进行纠正,术中肝动脉重建的外科技术 ,术后根据病情调整凝血紊乱,积极防止血栓和出血的发生.     

Radiofrequency ablation: effect of surrounding tissue composition on coagulation necrosis in a canine tumor model

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of surrounding tissue type on coagulation necrosis from radiofrequency (RF) ablation in a homogeneous animal tumor model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty canine venereal sarcomas were implanted in three tissue sites (subcutaneous, kidney, and lung) in 13 mildly immunosuppressed dogs. Five of 25 tumors, which were 19 mm +/- 3 (mean +/- SD) in diameter, were allocated to each of five groups: (a) subcutaneous tumors, (b) kidney tumors, (c) lung tumors with blood flow, and (d) subcutaneous and (e) renal tumors without blood flow, which was achieved by sacrificing the animal to eliminate tumor perfusion. A sixth group comprised larger subcutaneous tumors (mean diameter, 46 mm +/- 4) that were also treated. RF ablation was performed with a 1-cm tip and 5 minutes of ablation at 90 degrees C +/- 1. Impedance, temperature, and resultant coagulation diameter were recorded and compared. Data were analyzed statistically, including one-way analysis of variance to determine the effect of tissue conductivity (ie, systemic impedance) on necrosis size and tissue temperatures. Linear regression analysis was used to compare changes in impedance between the control and experimental groups. RESULTS: Increasing linear correlation was observed between tumor coagulation diameter and overall baseline system impedance (R(2) = 0.65). RF ablation of lung tumors resulted in the greatest coagulation diameter (13.0 mm +/- 3.5) compared with that in the other groups (P <.01). The smallest coagulation diameter was observed in kidney tumors in the presence of blood flow (7.3 mm +/- 0.6) compared with that in the other groups (P <.01). Elimination of blood flow in kidney tumors increased coagulation diameter to 10.3 mm +/- 0.6 (P <.01). After RF ablation, coagulation diameter in the subcutaneous tumor groups was the same (mean, 9.8 mm +/- 1.0) (difference not significant), regardless of tumor size or presence of blood flow. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of tissue that surrounds tumor, including vascularity and electric conductivity, affect ablation outcome. Predominance of tissue-specific characteristics will likely result in site-specific differences in RF-induced coagulation necrosis.     

炎性反应因子及凝血因子在下肢深静脉血栓形成中作用与相关性分析

目的探讨炎性反应因子C-反应蛋白(CRP)、D-二聚体(D-Dimer)、白介素-6(IL-6)、血浆纤维蛋白原(FIB)和凝血因子Ⅷ(FⅧ)在急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)中的作用及相关性。方法随机选取在承德医学院附属医院住院的急性下肢DVT患者55例,以及同期接受健康体检的同年龄段健康人22例,分别定义为研究组(n=55)和对照组(n=22)。分别对两组研究对象的CRP、D-Dimer、IL-6、FIB浓度和FⅧ活性水平进行测定,将两组上述指标进行组间比较及相关性分析。结果研究组CRP、D-Dimer、IL-6、FIB浓度和FⅧ活性水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。研究组炎性反应因子CRP、D-Dimer和IL-6相互呈正相关(P<0.05),炎症反应因子CRP与凝血因子FIB和FⅧ之间呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论急性炎性反应因子与凝血因子在急性DVT形成中起重要作用,其水平的升高是急性DVT的危险因素。各因子之间的相互作用可能是急性下肢DVT发病的机制之一。     

Case report: lumbar artery bleeding as a complication of percutaneous nephrostomy in a patient with coagulopathy

A case of severe lumbar artery bleeding as a complication of percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) is presented. A 70-year-old man with coagulation disorder (factor VIII deficiency) underwent left PCN because of left hydronephrosis and abnormal renal function. The procedure was complicated by a major haemorrhage from the left first lumbar artery into the left posterior pararenal space. This case illustrates bleeding from the lumbar artery in a patient with coagulation disorder resulting in a fatal outcome. CT can provide the diagnosis, while angiography with embolisation is an effective means to control the bleeding. These examinations should be performed as soon as possible.     

MR-guided radiofrequency ablation in a 0.2-T open MR system: technical success and technique effectiveness in 100 liver tumors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and technique effectiveness of magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation of hepatic malignancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 64 patients, 100 primary (N = 19) or secondary (N = 81) liver tumors (mean diameter = 24.7 mm; range = 4-60 mm) were treated with 87 sessions of MR-guided RF ablation. The entire ablation procedure was carried out at an 0.2-T open MR system by using MR-compatible internally cooled electrodes. T2-weighted turbo spin echo sequences (TR/TE = 3500 msec/110 msec) were used to monitor thermally induced coagulation. Technique effectiveness was assessed four months after the last RF ablation by dynamic MR imaging at 1.5-T. RESULTS: MR-guided RF ablation procedures were technical successful in 85 of 87 (97.7%) assessed at the end of each session. Complete coagulation was intended in 99 of 100 tumors. Technique effectiveness was observed in 92 of 99 (92.9%) of these tumors. To achieve complete coagulation 82 of 92 (89.1%) tumors required a single session. T2-weighted sequences were accurate to monitor the extent of coagulation and were supportive to guide overlapping ablation. There were two of 87 (2.3%) major and seven of 87 (8.0%) minor complications. CONCLUSION: MR-guided RF ablation is a safe and effective therapy in the treatment of hepatic malignancies. MR imaging offers an accurate monitoring of thermally-induced coagulation, thus enabling complete tumor coagulation in a single session.