凋亡相关基因在乳腺癌的表达及其预后的关系

目的探讨bcl－2蛋白表达与乳腺癌患者预后的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学染色对118例随访5年以上乳腺癌进行bcl－2和bax蛋白表达检测。结果bcl－2蛋白表达与乳腺癌组织学分级呈负相关，组织学Ⅰ级中bcl－2蛋白阳性占95％，显著高于Ⅱ级（61．7％）（P相似文献   

脑星形细胞瘤组织中p16 bcl-2、bax蛋白的表达及其意义

目的：探讨p16,bcl-2,bax蛋白在脑星形细胞瘤中的表达及其意义。方法：采用S－P免疫组织化学法，检测P16，bcl-2,bax蛋白在60例不同病理分级脑星形细胞瘤组织中的表达情况。结果：60例脑星形细胞瘤组织中，p16,bcl-2,bax蛋白表达阳性率分别为50．0％（30／60），58．3％（35／60），66．7％（40／60），其中P16蛋白阳性表达与病理分级有显著性相关（P＜0．05），bcl-2,bax蛋白表达与病理分级无相关性（P＞0．05），60例脑星形细胞瘤组织中，p16,bcl-2,bax蛋白共同表达率，I级为47．8％（11／23），Ⅲ-Ⅳ级为0（0／16），在bcl-2,bax蛋白表达的基础上，不同病理分组织中p16蛋白的缺失率：I级为4．3％（1／23），Ⅲ-Ⅳ级为50．0％（8／16），有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01），结论：P16蛋白表达与脑星形细胞瘤的发生发展密切相关，在脑星形细胞瘤的发展过程中，bcl-2,bax,p16蛋白可能有某种协调作用。     

Bcl-2、Bax在乳腺癌中的表达及其与预后的关系

目的检测浸润性乳腺癌组织中Bcl-2及Bax的表达，探讨乳腺癌的发生发展过程中凋亡调控因子的作用，进一步明确这些指标与乳腺癌的临床病理和预后的关系，并与乳腺癌常用的检测指标ER、PR进行比较分析，为乳腺癌的临床治疗和预后判断提供更好的理论依据。方法用免疫组化方法检测60例手术切除的乳腺癌组织中Bcl-2、Bax、ER及PR的表达，研究其与临床病理特征的关系以及对预后的影响。结果①乳腺癌组织中Bcl-2及Bax的阳性表达率分别为51．7％、55．0％。②Bcl-2与组织学分级呈显著负相关（x^2=9．6774，P=0．0097），与淋巴结转移呈负相关（，=4．423l，P=0．0355）。而且在转移淋巴结个数为l～3个和〉／4个之间Bcl-2的表达有差异（x^2=5．1074，P=0．0238）．③随着组织学分级的提高，Bax的阳性表达率逐渐增高，各组间差异显著（P=0．0149）；淋巴结转移组癌组织中Bax的阳性表达率明显高于无淋巴结转移组（P=0．0446）。④Bax阴性表达病人的生存期明显长于阳性表达病人（p=0.0063，P=0．0009），而Bcl-2的阳性表达病人的生存期却明显长于阴性表达病人（P=0．0049），Bcl-2／Bax〉1组病人的生存期优于Bcl-2／Bax≤1组（B=0．0488）。③Bcl-2与Bax呈负相关，Bel-2与ER、PR呈正相关，Bcl-2／Bax比值与Eli呈正相关，Bax与Eli、PR之间均不具有相关性。结论Bcl-2的高表达与分化程度较低、无淋巴结转移或转移个数少以及较长的生存期有关，与Eli、PR呈明显正相关，是预后好的因素之一。Bax的表达与组织学分级、淋巴结转移以及预后呈负相关，Bax的高表达促进了乳腺癌的发生发展。乳腺癌组织中Bcl-2基因的高表达及Bax基因的低表达使Bcl-2／Bax比值高者恶性程度低，淋巴结转移少，ER的阳性率高，生存期长，低凋亡易感性与好的生物学行为和预后有关。bcl-2与bax呈明显负相关，bcl-2、bax共同作用，在乳腺癌的发生、发展及预后中起一定作用。     

Bcl-2蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨bc1-2基因表达与乳腺癌组织学类型、分级及预后的关系.方法应用免疫组织化学染色方法对45例乳腺癌进行bcl-2蛋白表达检测.结果45例乳腺癌中,bcl-2蛋白表达的总阳性率为68.9%.bcl-2蛋白表达与乳腺癌组织学类型无关,与组织学分级呈负相关.组织学Ⅰ级中,bcl-2蛋白表达阳性占90.9%,显著高于Ⅱ级(62.5%)和Ⅲ级(33.3%,P＜0.01).生存≥5年组bcl-2蛋白表达阳性为79.3%,显著高于生存＜5年级(50.0%P＜0.05).结论乳腺癌bcl-2蛋白表达阳性提示肿瘤分化程度高,患者预后好.     

TIP30蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达及与bax蛋白相关性研究

目的研究肿瘤转移抑制基因TIP30和促凋亡基因bax在乳腺癌中的表达，探讨它们之间的关系及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学S-P法，检测88例乳腺癌病人TIP30蛋白和bax蛋白的表达，并与32例乳腺良性病变组织进行对照。结果①乳腺癌中TIP30蛋白的表达阳性率42％，明显低于在乳腺良性病变中的表达率75％（P〈0．05），在Ⅲ级癌组织中TIP30蛋白的表达率比Ⅰ、Ⅱ级低（P〈0．05），而与病人年龄、组织学分型、腋淋巴结转移无关。②bax蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达明显低于乳腺良性病变（P〈0．05），Ⅲ级癌组织中bax蛋白的表达率比Ⅰ、Ⅱ级低（P〈0．05），与乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05），而与病人年龄、组织学分型无关。结论TIP30蛋白的缺失表达与乳腺癌的发生发展有关，TIP30蛋白与bax蛋白成正相关，TIP30基因可能通过上调bax基因的表达促进细胞的凋亡。     

ERβ、C-erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白在乳腺癌组织的表达及意义

目的：检测乳腺癌组织中雌激素受体p（ERp）、C—erbB-2和bcl-2蛋白的表达情况，并分析ERB蛋白的表达与组织学分级、C—erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白表达的关系。方法：采用免疫组化S—P法检测96例乳腺癌组织标本中ERB、C—erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白的表达情况，并作统计学分析。结果：96例乳腺癌组织标本中，ERp、C—erbB-2及bcl-2蛋白阳性表达率分别为64．6％、36．5％和51．0％；ERB蛋白的表达与组织学分级、C—erbB-2蛋白的表达呈负相关（P〈0．05），与bcl-2蛋白的表达呈正相关，与腋淋巴结状态无关（P〉0．05）。结论：ERB蛋白表达可能是乳腺癌患者预后良好的指标。     

前列腺癌中BAG-1、bcl-2及bax的表达及意义

目的：检测凋亡抑制因子BAG-1在前列腺癌组织（PCa）中的表达，探讨其与前列腺癌发生发展的关系及其与bcl-2和bax表达的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学染色法检测BAG-1、bcl-2、bax在10例前列腺增生组织（BPH）、45例PCa组织中的表达。结果：BAG-1在BPH、PCa中的阳性表达率分别为20％（2／10）、91．1％（41／45）。PCa中BAG-1表达水平明显高于BPH（P〈0．05），且在癌组织中与肿瘤临床分期（P〈0．01）、病理分级（P〈0．01）呈正相关。BAG-1与bcl-2在PCa中的表达正相关（P〈0．05）。BAG-1与bax在PCa中的表达也呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论：BAG-1基因可能通过抑制凋亡在PCa的发生发展中发挥重要作用，且其表达与bcl-2、bag的异常表达密切相关     

乳腺癌中环氧合酶2与p53的表达及其与预后的关系

目的探讨环氧合酶2（COX．2）和p53蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达及其与乳腺癌预后的关系。方法用免疫组化法检测152例乳腺癌组织和16例正常乳腺组织COX．2和p53蛋白表达情况。通过生存分析研究它们与预后的关系。结果COX．2与p53在正常乳腺组织均不表达。COX．2和p53蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的表达率分别为58．6％（89／152）、61．2％（93／152）,二者呈显著相关性（r=0．426,／9〈0．01）;二者表达在Ⅰ、Ⅱ级乳腺癌组织中均显著相关（r值分别为0．414,0．381,均P〈0．01）,在Ⅲ级乳腺癌组织中二者无相关性（／9〉0．05）。I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期乳腺癌COX-2、p53表达均显著相关（r值分别为0．659,O．557,0。390,0．685,均P〈0．01）。两者表达与淋巴结、远处转移均相关（均／9〈0．05）。COX-2高表达组的5年无进展生存（PFS）率显著低于低表达者,但p53高表达组与低表达组的5年PFS率差异无统计学意义。COX-2与p53均高表达者的5年PFS低于COX-2或p53单一高表达者,亦低于两者均双低表达者。结论COX－2和p53的表达与临床分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移、病理分级等临床预后不良因素有关。检测COX-2和p53对乳腺癌的预后有重要价值。     

c-erbB-2和nm23蛋白在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨c-erbB-2和nm23在乳腺癌中的表达及其与临床预后因素的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测70例原发性乳腺癌c-erbB-2和nm23蛋白表达,分析其表达水平与乳腺癌病理参数的关系。结果：c-erbB-2蛋白的阳性表达率为45．7％,与年龄、肿瘤大小无明显相关（P〉0．05）,与腋淋巴结转移及临床分期呈明显正相关（P〈0．05）。在组织学分级的比较中,高分化患者阳性率低,中低分化患者c-erbB-2蛋白表达阳性率高,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,但中低分化患者之间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。nm23蛋白的阳性表达率为68．6％,与临床分期、组织学分级及腋淋巴结转移呈显著负相关,与年龄及肿瘤大小无明显关系。c-erbB-2表达与nm23表达两者之间呈明显负相关（P〈0．05）。结论：联合检测乳腺癌组织中c-erbB-2和nm23表达来估计患者预后指导意义更佳。     

量子点免疫荧光技术检测乳腺癌中端粒酶的表达和增殖的关系

目的研究乳腺癌组织中端粒酶和PCNA的蛋白表达及其临床病理学意义。方法采用量子点免疫荧光组织化学方法检测乳腺癌组织芯片中端粒酶和PCNA蛋白的表达情况。结果乳腺癌和非癌变乳腺组织相比，端粒酶和PCNA蛋白的表达差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。其中端粒酶的阳性表达率与高的病理分级（x2=4．419，P=-0．041）、高的TNM分期（x2=6．4315，P=-0．012）均呈显著正相关，并与淋巴结转移也呈正相关（x2=7．783，P=-0．005）。PCNA表达在病理分级的Ⅲ级组明显高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组，差异具有显著性（x2=10．606，P=0．001）；淋巴结转移组显著高于未转移组（x2=71636，P=-0．006）。而且在乳腺癌中端粒酶和PCNA的表达呈显著正相关性（r=0．368，P=-0．002）。结论端粒酶与PCNA蛋白表达与乳腺癌的进展相关，且二者有协同作用。     

Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, and carcinoma of the esophagus

Information on occupation, smoking, food and beverage consumption, and medical history were compared between 275 incident cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and 275 neighborhood controls who were matched to the cases on age (within 5 years), race, and sex. Tobacco use, mainly cigarette smoking, was a significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus. Ex-smokers of cigarettes showed a reduced risk relative to those who continued to smoke, and current smokers of two or more packs per day displayed a higher risk than those who smoked less. Alcohol consumption was another significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus; there was a highly significant trend with average daily dose of ethanol. Relative to controls, cases also consumed significantly more fried bacon or ham, less fresh fruits and raw vegetables, and were more likely to prefer white than whole grain bread. Finally, there was a significant association between carcinoma of the esophagus and long-term occupational exposure to metal dust; this association was largely confined to the lower one-third section of the esophagus.     

Fat, fiber, fruits, vegetables, and risk of colorectal adenomas

A case-control study was conducted at the National Naval Medical Center (Maryland, USA) from 1994 to 1996 to investigate the possible association between dietary factors and colorectal adenomas. Cases (n = 239) were subjects diagnosed with adenomas (146 new and 93 recurrent) by sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Those with no evidence of adenomas found by sigmoidoscopy were recruited as controls (n = 228). Dietary variables, assessed by a 100-item food frequency questionnaire, were analyzed by the logistic regression model, which was adjusted for age, gender and total energy intake. Variables of fat intake were further adjusted for red meat intake. An increased risk of 7% [odds ratio (OR): 1.07; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.94-1.22] per 5% energy/day from total fat was observed. Every additional 5% unit of oleic acid intake/day significantly increased the adenoma risk by 115% (OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05-4.39). Red meat fat increased the risk by 20% (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.71-2.04), and white meat fat decreased the risk by 67% (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.19-0.95) for every additional 5% unit of respective intake/day. Risk decreased by 41% (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41-0.86) for every additional 5% unit of fiber intake/day. Vegetable [OR per 100 g of vegetable intake/day: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.67-1.04] and fruit (OR per 100 g of fruit intake/day: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82-1.03) intake showed an inverse association, and the results are suggestive of an association with the risk for adenomas. In conclusion, a strong positive association between oleic acid intake and colorectal adenoma risk was observed. This is likely to be an indicator of "unhealthy" food (meat, dairy, margarine, mayonnaise, sweet baked food) consumption in this population. Increased intake of dietary fiber was associated with a moderately decreased risk of adenomas.     

Age,Race, Sex,Stage, and Incidence of Cutaneous Lymphoma

BackgroundThe incidence of the T- and B-cell CLs has been well documented, but information pertaining to racial incidence by age, and by burden of disease (stage) have not been extensively documented.Materials and MethodsThe SEER 2004-2008 public use database was investigated. The relative incidence of CL in different races and age groups was examined. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression was performed for the likelihood of presenting at a higher stage.ResultsOf 4496 patients diagnosed with CL between 2004 and 2008; 1713 patients were diagnosed with MF, 1518 with non-MF cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and 1265 patients with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. For MF, there was a trend for females to be less likely to present with a higher T-stage (T3-T4) than males (odds ratio [OR], 0.73) on multivariate analysis (P = .06). For race, AA had a significantly increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage (T3-T4) MF (OR, 1.72) on multivariate analysis (P = .02), compared with white patients. For white, AA, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Native American/other/unknown, the mean age at diagnosis was 59.2, 51.5, 51.3, and 53.8. These groups presented at a significantly different age than white (P = .0001, 0.0001, and 0.0006).ConclusionNonwhite racial groups present with MF at an earlier age compared with white, and AA have increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage compared with white. These findings have significant implications regarding need for earlier diagnosis and understanding the reasons for racial disparity in age and stage of presentation.     

Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to Tetracycline,Doxycycline, Erythromycin,Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin,Azithromycin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin

Abstract

The in vitro activity of tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was tested against 63 clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method in A7 medium. The miC50 and miC90 of the tested agents after 24 h of incubation were as follows: Tetracycline, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml; doxycycline, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml; erythromycin, 2.0 and 8.0 μg/ml; roxithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; clarithromycin, 0.25 and 1.0 μg/ml; azithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml; and moxifloxacin, 0.5 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC values after 24 h and 48 h incubation differed by no more than one dilution for all the agents with the exception of doxycycline (two dilution difference for MIC₉₀). Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against U. Urealyticum, with the narrowest difference between MIC and MBC values, followed closely by levofloxacin. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide.     

Occurrence,Efficacy, Metabolism,and Toxicity of Triclosan

Triclosan has broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is widely used in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Due to its extensive use, there is potential for humans in all age groups to receive life-time exposures to triclosan, and, indeed, triclosan has been detected in human tissues and the environment. Data gaps exist regarding the chronic dermal toxicity and carcinogenicity of triclosan, which is needed for the risk assessment of triclosan. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nominated triclosan to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for toxicological evaluations. Currently, the NTP is conducting several dermal toxicological studies to determine the carcinogenic potential of triclosan, evaluate its endocrine and developmental-reproductive effects, and investigate the potential UV-induced dermal formation of chlorinated phenols and dioxins of triclosan. This paper reviews data on the human exposure, environmental fate, efficacy of anti-microbial activity, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, endocrine disrupting effects, and toxicity of triclosan.     

Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin

The in vitro activity of tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was tested against 63 clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method in A7 medium. The MIC(50) and MIC(90) of the tested agents after 24 h of incubation were as follows: tetracycline, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml; doxycycline, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml; erythromycin, 2.0 and 8.0 μg/ml; roxithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; clarithromycin, 0.25 and 1.0 μg/ml; azithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml; and moxifloxacin, 0.5 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC values after 24 h and 48 h incubation differed by no more than one dilution for all the agents with the exception of doxycycline (two dilution difference for MIC(90)). Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against U. urealyticum, with the narrowest difference between MIC and MBC values, followed closely by levofloxacin. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide.     

Histologic features of bladder cancer in Boston,USA, Manchester,UK, and Nagoya,Japan

Histologic characteristics of bladder cancer in Boston, USA, Manchester, UK, and Nagoya, Japan, were evaluated. In each of these areas broadly-based series of cases were assembled during a collaborative case-control study. The present analysis was based on 589 cases in Boston, 484 cases in Manchester, and 241 cases in Nagoya. A single pathologist reviewed a slide of the primary tumor without reference to identifying information or other data. The primary histologic type of nearly all tumors was transitional-cell, and there was little variation in the proportion of transitional-cell tumors among the study areas. Nor was there much variation in the distribution of histologic grade, the proportion of tumors showing submucosal invasion, or the proportion of tumors with a papillary surface. Age at diagnosis was strongly correlated with histologic grade. The proportion of grade III (most malignant) tumors was about twice as high among patients 80 years of age and over as among those aged less than 50. An apparent association between age and submucosal invasion was explained in large part by the relationships of histologic grade to submucosal invasion and to age. Other histologic features had only weak and inconsistent relations with age. None of the features evaluated showed consistent associations with history of cigarettesmoking or with sex.