肠系膜下动脉根部自主神经保护的解剖学基础

目的　观察肠系膜下动脉（IMA）根部与其周围自主神经的解剖学关系,为肠系膜下动脉根部自主神经保护提供解剖学证据。 方法　7例10%福尔马林固定标本进行大体解剖及显微解剖;2例新鲜标本模拟腹腔镜下直肠癌D3根治术中肠系膜下动脉根部自主神经的显露和保护。 结果　上腹下丛(SHP)的左、右侧束及束间交通支与肠系膜下动脉根部关系密切。右侧束距离肠系膜下动脉根部较远,位于肾前筋膜下。以左侧束降支为界,其近端,上腹下丛左侧束、肠系膜下丛、腹主动脉丛紧贴肠系膜下动脉根部左侧壁并相互延续,其远端左侧束走行于肾前筋膜下。左侧束降支距离IMA起点的距离不恒定。 结论　在肾前筋膜前平面分离可有效保护上腹下丛右侧束及侧束间交通支;以SHP左侧束降支作为肠系膜下动脉根部离断的解剖学标志可以有效保护左侧束。     

全直肠系膜切除相关盆自主神经的解剖学观察

目的：阐述全直肠系膜切除术相关盆自主神经的局部解剖学特点，探讨盆自主神经保留的部位和对策。方法：对20具男性盆腔固定标本进行解剖观察。结果：腹主动脉丛远离肠系膜下动脉起点；上腹下丛贴近骶岬表面；腹下神经部分毗邻输尿管；盆内脏神经伴行直肠中动脉外侧部；下腹下丛位于直肠系膜后外侧；其直肠侧支走行于直肠侧韧带内，直肠前支向前穿过Denonvilliers筋膜后叶；勃起神经位于Denonvilliers筋膜前叶外侧部。结论：盆自主神经保留的部位是：离断肠系膜下血管时的腹主动脉丛左干，直肠后分离时的上腹下丛和腹下神经，直肠侧面分离时的下腹下丛和盆内脏神经，直肠前分离时的勃起神经。共同原则是：在直肠后间隙中贴近直肠系膜操作；直视下操作；避免过度牵引直肠系膜。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术中输尿管保护的临床解剖

目的:探讨与腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术(LTME)有关的左输尿管解剖学特点和保护方法。方法:利用腹腔镜对2004年10月~2005年5月接受LTME的24例直肠癌患者进行解剖学观察。结果:左输尿管腹段偏向中线侧走行,与左半乙状结肠系膜关系密切;输尿管盆段靠外侧走行,与直肠系膜和直肠侧韧带距离较远;输尿管位于肾前筋膜/骶前筋膜后外侧,而乙状结肠直肠系膜位于肾前筋膜前面,两者处于不同的解剖间隙。结论:左输尿管腹段损伤的几率较大,盆段较安全。LTME中保护输尿管的方法是:保持正确的外科平面,紧贴结直肠系膜,避免突破肾前筋膜/骶前筋膜,与输尿管保持安全距离;充分暴露,直视下锐性解剖;避免在盆侧壁盲目电凝止血等。     

胰周筋膜及筋膜间隙CT影像的解剖观察及临床意义

目的　探讨腹部CT影像胰周筋膜及胰周的筋膜间隙与新鲜成人尸体标本胰周筋膜与筋膜间隙相互对应关系,从而对微创胰腺外科相关的手术提供指导意义。 方法　本研究选取惠东县人民医院经临床确诊的急性胰腺炎病例156例,对其腹部CT扫描的胰周影像特点进行归纳总结。同时选取南方医科大学解剖教研室提供的5具新鲜成人尸体标本进行解剖,明确腹部CT影像胰周筋膜及筋膜间隙与尸体标本的对应关系。 结果　在少数急性胰腺炎患者腹部CT扫描影像上和新鲜成人尸体标本上可同时观察到胰腺前筋膜、胰腺后筋膜、肾前筋膜,左右肾前筋膜是相互延续的。胰前间隙位于胰腺实质和其前方的胰腺前筋膜之间,胰后间隙位于胰腺实质和其后方的胰腺后筋膜之间,胰腺后融合筋膜间隙位于胰腺后筋膜和肾前筋膜之间。 结论　少数急性胰腺炎患者的腹部CT扫描影像上能观察到胰周筋膜与胰周的筋膜间隙,与新鲜成人尸体标本存在着相互对应关系。     

腹腔镜下左半结肠切除术相关筋膜平面的解剖观察

目的：探讨左半结肠切除术相关筋膜的解剖学特点和外科平面的鉴别方法。临床资料和方法：2003-2004年南方医院普通外科施行的腹腔镜左半结肠切除术15例，病例均为左半结肠癌。对腹腔镜下左半结肠后外侧、中线侧和直肠后外侧相关筋膜的解剖特点和镜下定位标志进行观察和描述。结果：在乙状结肠第一曲外侧缘肠壁与左侧腰大肌筋膜之间存在一个固定的粘连带，它是左侧Toldt’s线的尾侧端点。左半结肠系膜后外侧存在肾前筋膜；中线侧存在主动脉前筋膜；直肠系膜后外侧存在盆筋膜壁层。这三个部位的筋膜相互延续。结论：乙状结肠和左侧腰大肌筋膜之间的粘连带是左半结肠切除术外侧分离的起点。肾前筋膜是衬贴于左半结肠和直肠系膜后面的一层连续筋膜，在不同的解剖位置有不同的表现形式。左半结肠切除术的外科平面统一于结直肠系膜与连续的肾前筋膜之间。     

腹腔镜入路骶神经电刺激器植入的解剖学特点及其临床意义

目的　讨论腹腔镜下骶前方植入骶神经电刺激电极手术入路解剖及手术可行性。 方法　在20具成人尸体标本上模拟腹腔镜下显露骶骨前第2~4骶神经前支手术,观察骶骨前方第2~4骶神经前支的形态特征和骶孔周围可能损伤重要血管的区域。 结果　第2~4骶神经前支出骶前孔至汇成骶丛的长度：S2左(32.62±3.15) mm,右(31.46±3.28) mm;S3左(21.96±2.59) mm,右(20.61±3.14) mm;S4左(15.04±1.64) mm,右(16.09±1.38) mm。骶外侧动脉的脊支动脉进入骶前孔的方位主要为内上象限。臀下动脉穿过神经时比较偏外侧靠近神经汇合处。骶椎旁静脉在第2~4骶前孔处与骶外侧动脉伴行,脊支静脉出骶前孔的位置与动脉一致。 结论　骶骨前方第2~4骶神经前支游离的长度能够达到硬膜外型骶神经电刺激器电极植入的要求。手术中骶前孔内侧为血管易损伤的危险区域。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎腹膜后引流的应用解剖

在３０具成人尸体标本上对急性坏死性胰腺炎的腹膜后引流途径进行了解剖学观察。探查宜从第１２肋下１￣１．５ｃｍ做横切口深入腹膜后间隙。壁腹膜与肾前筋膜间无肉眼可见的小血管，易分离。胰床内门静脉等管道性结构、肠系膜下静脉、十二指肠空肠曲、降部、胆总管、胰十二指肠后静脉弓的１￣３条小静脉为左右探查时易损伤之结构，应注意保护。左右肾新闻社 前间隙可经肠系膜上动脉与睾丸或卵巢动脉根之间的腹主动前方互相连通。腹     

骶骨前间隙的应用解剖学

目的:为直肠手术防止伤及骶骨前间隙内的结构提供应用解剖学资料.方法:在20具成人盆部标本上测量骶骨前筋膜的厚度,观测骶前静脉、骶正中动脉、骶外侧动脉、骶横静脉的数目、位置,并测量其外径.结果:骶骨前筋膜的中点厚度为1.75mm.骶横静脉的中点外径:第1骶骨为4.0mm,第2骶骨为3.5mm,第3骶骨为1.6mm.骶骨前间隙位于骶尾骨的盆面与骶骨前筋膜之间.间隙内有骶前静脉、骶正中动脉、骶外侧动脉.同时观察了骶交感干及骶前神经节、盆内脏神经解剖位置等.结论:行直肠手术时应不破坏骶骨前筋膜,才能有效地保护骶骨前间隙内的诸结构,特别是第1、2、3的骶前静脉外径均在1.6mm以上,它们相互之间常吻成为骶前静脉丛,避免损伤,防止出血.     

16 腹膜后间隙向内侧通连的应用解剖

<正>在30具成人尸体制成的腹部连续横断面标本上(其中8具为肾周间隙灌注后制成的,6具为肾周间隙灌注并作CT扫描后制成的断面标本,断面厚约1.00cm),观察了腹膜后间隙向内侧通连的情况,结果如下:1.肾旁后间隙向内侧的延伸随肾后筋膜内侧端附着位置的变化而变化,肾后筋膜内侧端附着点变化在腰方肌稍外侧的腹横筋膜和腰大肌后外侧部的筋膜之间,但集中附着在腰方肌外侧3/4的筋膜上,在肾门和肾下极平面分别占80%和90%左右.2.两侧肾周间隙完全不通者占30%左右,而通连者约70%,前者的肾前筋膜向内侧与腹部大血管及其周围结缔组织紧密连接,后者的肾前筋膜向内侧经肾血管和腹部大血管的前方与对侧同名筋膜延续,与血管间为疏松结缔组织所填充.在70%的连通中,肾门平面连通的为100%,L_3～5单面的占16%,另有8%可在Th_(11～12)平面,主动脉裂孔的前上方经膈前方通连,而腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉起始部之间的区域由于有大量致密结缔组织、神经丛和节的存在以及肾前筋膜与此的紧密连接,为不能通连区.3.肾旁前间隙在胰平面因胰在腹后壁的横垮可两侧通连,但间隙灌注显示灌注剂多局限在灌注侧.在联平面以下,两侧间隙由于肠系膜根在腹后壁的附着而被阻隔.熟悉腹膜后间隙的内侧延伸和通连情况,对腹膜后间隙疾患尤其积液的诊治具有?     

腹腔镜中间入路法右半结肠切除术解剖学观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中线入路相关活体解剖学特点。方法:对2004年1月至2006年12月我科施行的21例腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术手术录像进行观察分析。结果:利用中间入路,以肠系膜上静脉为解剖学标志,可成功进行系膜血管的解剖、淋巴结清扫,并进入正确的外科平面。结肠系膜和肾前筋膜之间存在融合筋膜间隙,其内侧、外侧、腹侧、背侧的边界分别是肠系膜上静脉、右结肠旁沟、结肠系膜、肾前筋膜。胃结肠韧带、肝结肠韧带和结肠外侧腹膜返折等外周固定装置是右半结肠切除术中必须离断的结构。结论:在腹腔镜中间入路右半结肠切除术中,肠系膜上静脉是关键解剖学标志和主线,融合筋膜间隙是正确的外科平面;一系列外周腹膜结构是重要固定装置。     

Clinical anatomy study of autonomic nerve with respective to the anterior approach lumbar surgery

Introduction  Male genital dysfunction was recognized as a complication following anterior approach lumbar surgery. Disruption of efferent sympathetic pathways such as the abdominal aortic plexus (AAP) and superior hypogastric plexus (SHP) which lied pre-abdominal aorta and iliac artery had been thought as the main reason. Though there were some clinical reports of retrograde ejaculation, the applied anatomic study of the autonomic nerve anterior to the lumbar was little. The purpose was to find out a lumbar surgery approach which was ejaculation preservation through the detailed study of the anatomy and histology observation of the autonomic nerve anterior to the lumbar vertebrae. Methods  The lumbar region of ten male cadavers was dissected and analyzed. We investigated the relationship between the peritoneum and abdominal aorta, iliac artery and sacral promontory fascia, as well as the trend and distribution of the autonomic nerve and SHP anterior to the L5-S1. We also observed the distribution of autonomic nerve at retroperitoneum through hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained tissues pre-aorta, para-aorta, and pre-vertebrae sacrales. Results  Superior hypogastric plexus, which deviated to left, located in a triangle formed by the common iliac arteries and its bilateral branches, its truck sited anterior to the lumbarsacral space in seven cases (70%), and anterior to sacrum in three cases (30%); at the aortic bifurcation, SHP strided over left iliac artery from left-hand side, then located in front of sacrum in four cases (40%), and sifted to the left at the lumbar sacral promontory in six cases (60%); from both anatomic and histological view, the autonomic nerve plexus lying in an fascia layer of retroperitoneum. Conclusion  At the anterior approach lumbar surgery of trans-peritoneum, we should choose the right-hand side incision; the SHP should be pushed aside carefully from right to left along intervertebral disc. The accurate surgical plane was at the deeper layer of autonomical nerve fascia; we also could lift the complete autonomical nerve layer which lies behind the aorta and lumbar sacral promontory, so that the autonomic nerve could be preserved.     

Topography of the pelvic autonomic nervous system and its potential impact on surgical intervention in the pelvis

Bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction caused by iatrogenic lesions of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) are well known and commonly tolerated in pelvic surgery. Because the pelvic autonomic nerves are difficult to define and dissect in surgery, and their importance often ignored, we conducted a gross anatomic study of 90 adult and four fetal hemipelves. Using various non-surgical approaches, the anatomic relations and pathways of the IHP were dissected. The IHP extended from the sacrum to the genital organs at the level of the lower sacral vertebrae. It originated from three different sources: the hypogastric nerve, the sacral splanchnic nerves from the sacral sympathetic trunk (mostly the S2 ganglion), and the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which branched primarily from the third and fourth sacral ventral rami. These fibers converge to form a uniform nerve plate medial to the vascular layer and deep to the peritoneum. The posterior portion of the IHP supplied the rectum and the anterior portion of the urogenital organs; nerve fibers traveled directly from the IHP to the anterolateral wall of the rectum and to the inferolateral and posterolateral aspects of the urogenital organs. The autonomic supply from the IHP was supplemented by nerves accompanying the ureter and the arteries. An understanding of the location of the autonomic pelvic network, including important landmarks, should help prevent iatrogenic injury through the adoption of surgical techniques that reduce or prevent postoperative autonomic dysfunction.     

Quantitative anatomical study of male pelvic autonomic plexus and its clinical potential in rectal resection

The pelvic autonomic nerves innervate the pelvic viscera, and carry a high risk of damage during surgery. This high risk has been ascribed to the complex interrelationship of pelvic paravisceral structures and the difficulty in identifying particular structures, despite the fact that the anatomic characteristics of the pelvic autonomic plexus have been well documented. We dissected ten male embalmed adult cadavers with particular attention to the quantitative parameters of the pelvic plexus and its subsidiary plexus. The right inferior hypogastric plexus and its rectal branch were found to be significantly longer and wider than the left one, while the transverse diameter of the vesical and prostatic branches of the left side was significantly larger the right. The inferior mesenteric plexus gave off fibers directly to form the pelvic plexus in four of 20 hemipelves (20%). In the side-by-side comparison, the distance to midpoint of the sacral promontory of the left rectal plexus was significantly longer than that of the right, whereas the maximum length (the length of the longest nerve fiber from origin to corresponding organ) of the left vesical plexus was significantly shorter than that of the right. Additionally, the craniocaudal and dorsoventral diameters of the right pelvic autonomic plexus were significantly shorter those of the left. The quantitative parameters relating to the pelvic autonomic plexuses not only can enhance our understanding of its anatomy and function, but can also be used as references for surgical procedures and robot-assisted surgery.     

男性盆腔内脏神经的解剖学研究及其临床意义

男性盆腔内脏神经与盆筋膜及盆内脏器的毗邻关系复杂,且个体形态学差异大,临床上涉及肛肠外科、泌尿外科、男科等多个学科,应用甚广。近年来,对内脏神经的术中保护越来越受到重视。男性盆腔内脏神经主要包括上腹下丛、腹下神经、下腹下丛(即盆丛)、盆内脏神经、膀胱丛、前列腺丛、直肠丛及其分支等。现已证明盆腔内脏神经的损伤会给患者的排便、排尿及阴茎勃起等造成功能障碍。熟悉男性盆腔内脏神经及其分支的形态特点及其与周围结构的关系,能降低手术并发症,提高患者术后生活质量。     

Fascial structures and autonomic nerves in the female pelvis: A study using macroscopic slices and their corresponding histology

We investigated the topographical anatomy of the pelvic fasciae and autonomic nerves using macroscopic slices of five decalcified female pelves. The lateral aspect of the supravaginal cervix uteri and superior-most vagina issued abundant thick fiber bundles. These visceral fibrous tissues extended dorsolaterally, joined another fibrous tissue from the rectum (the actual lateral ligament of the rectum) and attached to the parietal fibrous tissues at and around the sciatic foramina (i.e. the sacrospinous ligament, thick fasciae of the coccygeus and piriformis and dorsal end of the covering fascia of the levator ani). The inferior or ventral vagina also issued thick fiber bundles communicating with the levator ani fascia. This connection between the vagina and levator fascia, when stretched, seemed to provide a macroscopic morphology called the arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis. The overall morphology of the visceroparietal fascial bridge exhibited a bilateral wing-like shape. The fascial bridge complex was adjacent but dorso-inferior to the internal iliac vascular sheath and located slightly ventral to the pelvic splanchnic nerve. However, the pelvic plexus and its peripheral branches were embedded in the fascial complex. The hypogastric nerve ran along and beneath the uterosacral peritoneal fold, which did not contain thick fibrous tissue. During surgery, in combination with the superficially located vascular sheath, the morphology of the visceroparietal fascial bridge and associated nerves seemed to be artificially changed and developed into the so-called cardinal, uterosacral, uterovesical and/or rectal lateral ligaments. The classical and original concepts of these pelvic fascial structures may need to be altered to adjust to these surgical observations.