微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛35例临床体会

目的探讨用微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛神经血管压迫综合征的临床经验。方法回顾2009年6月至2011年6月我院采用微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛35例,经乙状窦后入路面神经根微血管减压术,手术时经绒球小结叶显露面神经脑干段,仔细找寻责任血管后,将其推移离开面神经,在血管和脑干之间放置Teflon棉固定。结果术中发现小脑前下动脉26例(74.3%),小脑后下动脉7例(20.0%),椎动脉2例(5.7%),总有效100%,本组无死亡。结论微血管减压术是治疗颅神经血管压迫综合征的有效方法,术中不遗漏责任血管,使责任血管远离面神经是影响手术效果的关键。     

三叉神经痛微血管减压术中对非单纯动脉压迫因素处理的临床分析

目的 探讨三叉神经痛(TN)微血管减压(MVD)术中对非单纯动脉压迫因素的处理方式及其临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析69例非单纯动脉压迫致三叉神经痛行MVD术患者的临床资料.其中责任血管为小脑上/前下动脉及其分支合并岩静脉压迫的患者34例,单纯静脉压迫患者17例,椎-基底动脉扩张延长症合并分支血管压迫患者10例,无责任血管...     

微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛

目的 探讨微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的手术疗效、并发症发生率及手术策略.方法 回顾分析46例面肌痉挛患者微血管减压术疗效.结果 手术中可见动脉血管压迫面神经根部出脑干区,其中小脑前下动脉压迫24例(52.17%),小脑后下动脉压迫14例(30.43%),椎动脉和小动脉同时受压7例(15.22%),椎动脉压迫1例(2.18%).38例手术后面肌抽搐症状完全缓解,8例症状显著减轻.主要并发症包括眩晕、耳鸣(9例),听力下降或丧失(5例),脑脊液漏(1例),感染(2例).无一例手术中死亡.结论 微血管减压术是治疗特发性面肌痉挛的首选方法,娴熟的显微外科手术技术及手术中正确识别责任血管并充分减压,是保证微血管减压术成功的关键.     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌抽搐的疗效观察

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效、并发症以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析行显微血管减压术的28例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行MRI检查排除继发性病因。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干处（REZ）,均为动脉血管压迫,其中小脑前下动脉15例（53．6％）,小脑后下动脉8例（28．6％）,椎动脉2例（7．1％）,多支血管复合型压迫3例（10．7％）。术后20例症状立即完全缓解,8例明显减轻;术后3个月,1例未完全缓解。主要合并症包括眩晕、耳鸣5例,听力下降或消失2例,面瘫1例。无手术死亡。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,术中对责任血管的判断和防止脑损伤是确保疗效的关键。     

显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛(附82例分析)

目的探讨显微血管减压术治疗面肌痉挛的责任血管、手术疗效、并发症以及手术策略。方法回顾性分析采用显微血管减压术的82例面肌痉挛病人的临床资料。术前常规行MRI检查排除继发性病因。术中确认责任血管,以Teflon棉分隔。结果本组术中均能见到血管压迫面神经出脑干处(REZ),均为动脉血管压迫,其中小脑前下动脉43例(52.4%),小脑后下动脉25例(30.5%),椎动脉6例(7.3%),多支血管复合型压迫8例(9.8%)。术后58例症状立即完全缓解,24例明显减轻;术后3个月,仅1例未完全缓解。主要合并症包括眩晕、耳鸣15例,听力下降或消失6例,面瘫4例,脑脊液瘘1例,感染4例。无手术死亡。结论显微血管减压术是严重面肌痉挛的首选治疗方式,术中对责任血管的判断和防止脑损伤是确保疗效的关键。     

微血管减压术治疗125例面肌痉挛临床分析

目的探讨微血管减压术（MVD）治疗面肌痉挛（HFS）的疗效及并发症。方法125例HFS患者行乙状窦后入路面神经根MVD,手术时经绒球小叶显露面神经脑干段,仔细找寻责任血管后,将其推移离开面神经,在血管与脑干之间放置Teflon棉固定。结果术中发现责任血管为小脑前下动脉63例,小脑后下动脉34例,椎基动脉6例,椎基动脉及其分支血管（小脑前下动脉或小脑后下动脉）共同压迫22例。术后随访4年,全部病例抽搐完全消失,有效率为100％。1例术后出现面瘫（0．8％）,经针灸、理疗、药物治疗后仍有轻微的面瘫（House-Brackmann评分II级）;3例出现迟发性面瘫（2．4％）,经针灸、理疗、药物治疗后均完全恢复;1例出现咽部不适（0．8％）。无脑脊液漏及死亡病例。结论MVD是HFS最有效的治疗方法。术中不遗漏责任血管,在血管与脑干间恰当的放置Teflon棉,使责任血管远离面神经是提高手术疗效的关键。     

微血管减压术治疗168例面肌痉挛临床报告

目的总结微血管减压术MVD在治疗面肌痉挛HFS中的手术疗效及并发症。方法 168例HFS患者行乙状窦后入路面神经根MVD,手术时经绒球小叶显露面神经脑干段,仔细寻找责任血管后,将其推移离开面神经,在血管与脑干之间放置Teflon棉固定。结果术中发现责任血管构成情况:小脑前下动脉94例,小脑后下动脉38例,椎基底动脉15例,椎基底动脉及其分支血管(小脑前下动脉或小脑后下动脉)共同压迫21例。术后随访半年,150例患者抽搐完全消失,10例术后抽搐频率及强度均明显减轻,但仍有抽搐。总有效率为95.2%。4例(2.4%)术后出现听力下降。2例(1.2%)患者在术后7 d以后出现迟发性面瘫。3例(1.7%)皮下积液,无脑脊液漏。1例(0.6%)死亡。结论 MVD是目前HFS最有效的治疗方法。     

面神经临床分段与面肌痉挛术中责任血管分布初探

目的介绍一种面神经临床分段方法并初步总结术中发现的责任血管的分布及特点,以帮助找到主要责任血管。方法回顾性分析连续123例面肌痉挛病例。将面神经分为中枢髓鞘段、髓鞘移行段和外周髓鞘段。血管压迫程度分为轻、中、重三型。术中打开小脑桥脑裂上、下支,探查责任血管的分布情况与压迫程度。结果所有病人均发现有血管压迫。中枢髓鞘段压迫98例,髓鞘移行段压迫15例,外周髓鞘段压迫10例;主要责任血管为小脑前下动脉68例,小脑后下动脉23例,椎基底动脉合并小脑前下动脉和/或小脑后下动脉共26例,其他6例;轻度压迫28例,中度压迫82例,重度压迫13例。术后112例痉挛立即消失,术后1年仅1例痉挛未完全消失;无死亡。2例轻、中度复发。结论打开小脑桥脑裂并根据面神经分段探查责任血管,重点为中枢髓鞘段,将有助于发现主要责任血管,避免遗漏,提高治愈率。     

不同责任血管处理方式对面肌痉挛微血管减压术疗效的影响

目的探讨面肌痉挛微血管减压术中不同类型的责任血管减压方法及疗效的关系。方法回顾研究我院手术治疗的面肌痉挛患者272例,对责任血管进行分类,并采取不同的减压方法,观察术后疗效。结果典型小脑前下动脉压迫141例,术后治愈率为98．58％;椎动脉和小脑前下动脉联合压迫82例,术后治愈率为95．12％;伴有旁穿支压迫28例,术后治愈率为92．86％;位于面听神经根部之间的压迫21例,术后治愈率为90．48％;总治愈率为96．32％。结论在面肌痉挛微血管减压术中,对不同责任血管采取不同的减压方式可显著提高治愈率。     

远外侧入路手术中椎动脉颅内段的显微解剖应用研究

目的 对椎动脉颅内段进行观察和测量,探讨远外侧人路手术中如何保护椎动脉颅内段和小脑后下动脉. 方法 手术显微镜下对20例带颈成人头颅标本模拟远外侧人路开颅,到达颈静脉孔区,显露椎动脉颅内段及其主要分支,观察其走形特点和形态,并测量相关数据. 结果椎动脉颅内段穿寰枕筋膜后在基底动脉沟与对侧椎动脉合成基底动脉.椎动脉与舌下神经关系密切,本组30侧椎动脉穿经舌下神经根的腹侧达桥脑延髓沟,8侧椎动脉穿舌下神经根丝之间,2侧椎动脉经舌下神经根丝的背侧.70%的椎动脉与舌下神经有接触,其中30%的椎动脉对舌下神经造成压迫.椎动脉颅内段主要分支有小脑后下动脉、脊髓前动脉、脑膜后动脉和一些穿动脉.小脑后下动脉是椎动脉最大的分支,本组全部发自椎动脉颅内段,行程多为袢状并同后组颅神经关系密切.小脑后下动脉的起始点因人而异,同一标本左右也不一致,大多起自椎动脉颅内段的中上1/3.本组未见小脑前下动脉起源于椎动脉.脊髓前动脉均起于双侧椎动脉的末段,在中线吻合成一单干,沿脊髓前正中裂迂曲下降供应脊髓. 结论 熟悉椎动脉颅内段及其分支的走形特点和解剖变异有助于远外侧入路到颈静脉孔区手术中识别和保护椎动脉颅内段的主要分支.     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.