双源CT脑血管成像在脑动静脉畸形诊断及治疗中的价值

目的探讨双源CT脑血管成像在脑动静脉畸形(CAVM)诊断及治疗中的临床价值。方法收集27例行双源CT脑血管成像检查的CAVM患者的资料,采用MPR(多平面重建)、VR(容积再现)等技术进行血管重建,对CAVM位置、大小、血管构筑进行分析。结果 27例CAVM患者中,病变累及枕叶6例,颞叶5例,额叶3例,顶叶4例,基底节区2例,颞、枕叶4例,额、顶叶3例,均清楚显示畸形血管团、供血动脉及引流静脉;其中2例合并血管畸形内动脉瘤,1例合并血管畸形外动脉瘤,蛛网膜下腔出血3例,脑出血6例。结论双源CT脑血管成像能清楚显示CAVM畸形血管团的位置、大小及血管构筑细节,对临床诊断及治疗有重要价值。     

脑动静脉畸形的血管造影诊断与栓塞治疗

目的加深对脑动静脉畸形(AVM)数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现特点的认识,并探讨其血管内栓塞治疗价值.方法回顾性分析98例脑动静脉畸形的血管内介入诊疗资料.结果DSA均可显示供血动脉、畸形血管团和引流静脉,获得明确的诊断.98例脑AVM中病灶最大直径4.0 cm以下者57例,位于深部46例,单支供血动脉17例,深部引流16例,单支引流静脉37例(P＜0.05).52例栓塞治疗的技术成功率为100%,单纯真丝线段栓塞36例,真丝线段和NBCA联合栓塞16例.栓塞程度:畸形血管团完全消失者12例,畸形血管团减少75%以上者21例,畸形血管团减少在50%～74%之间者11例,畸形血管团缩小不足50%者8例.结论DSA检查是脑动静脉畸形可靠的诊断方法,有利于估计其预后并制订治疗方案,血管内栓塞治疗是其安全有效的治疗手段.     

脑动静脉畸形合并出血相关影响因素分析

目的 通过全脑DSA造影检测脑动静脉畸形血管构筑特征,分析探讨脑动静脉畸形合并出血的相关影响因素.方法 回顾性分析珠江医院神经外科收治的199例脑动静脉畸形患者的影像学资料,其中出血组107例,非出血组92例.采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析方法,分析畸形血管团大小、位置,供血动脉数目、位置,引流静脉数目、引流方向,合并动脉瘤数目、大小、与动脉瘤的位置关系,有无合并瘤样改变等因素与畸形血管团破裂出血的关系.结果 单因素分析表明微型(0.5～1.0 cm)和小型(1.0～2.0 cm)畸形血管团、深部畸形血管团、深部供血动脉、1～2支引流静脉、深部引流静脉、合并多个动脉瘤、合并小动脉瘤(＜5 mm)和位于供血动脉端动脉瘤是畸形血管团破裂出血的危险因素,合并瘤样变则降低出血的风险,供血动脉数目与出血无关.多因素Logistic回归分析发现畸形血管团破裂出血独立危险因素是微型和小型畸形血管团,深部引流静脉及合并供血动脉端动脉瘤.结论 微型、小型畸形血管团,深部引流静脉,供血动脉端动脉瘤与畸形血管团破裂出血密切相关.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the influencing factors of bleeding in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) through observing the angioarchitecture of AVM with cerebral DSA.Methods The clinical and imaging data of 199 patients with AVM, including 107 with bleeding and 92without bleeding, were retrospectively analyzed. The relationships between bleeding and such factors as the site and size of masses, the type and site of supplying arteries, the number and pathway of venous drainage, having vascular tumor-like changes or not, the relation between AVM and aneurysm in terms of location, and the number and size of concurrent aneurysms were determined by univariate analyses and Binary logistic regression with SPSS13.0. Results Univariate analysis indicated that such factors as micro-sized (0.5-1.0 cra) and small-sized (1.0-2.0 cra) masses ofAVM, AVM underdeep location,having exclusively deep draining veins, fewer draining veins and deep feeding arteries, concurrent small aneurysms (＜5 mm), aneurysms at the end of the blood-supply artery were positively correlated to hemorrhagic presentation. The number of feeding arteries and the number of concurrent aneurysms were not correlated with hemorrhagic presentation. Having vascular tumor-like changes can decreased the risk of bleeding. When stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was employed, only micro-sized and small-sized masses of AVM, having deep feeding arteries, and aneurysms at the end of the blood-supply artery were dependent predictors of hemorrhagic presentation. Conclusion Micro-sized and small-sized masses of AVM, having deep draining veins and aneurysms at the end of the blood-supply artery are the most powerful risk predictors for hemorrhagic AVM presentation.     

CT血管造影在脑血管畸形诊断中的临床应用

目的研究多层螺旋CT血管造影及其处理技术在脑动静脉畸形（AVM）方面的应用及诊断价值。方法20例患者行多层螺旋CT血管造影（MSCTA）检查，评估CT血管造影（CTA）在脑血管畸形诊断中的价值。除3例外其余患者均行数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查，并与CTA结果对照。结果20例患者的MSCTA断面和重建图像上均见到典型的畸形血管团，19例发现粗大的供血动脉，16例明确的引流静脉或扩大的静脉窦，6例病人合并亚急性出血．2例有出血后脑软化。结论MSCTA是脑血管病诊断的一种简单、快速、非侵袭和可靠的方法。MSCTA对脑动静脉畸形有重要的诊断价值。MSCTA在描绘脑血管三维结构以及毗邻骨结构上优于DSA。     

CTA、DSA在颅内动静脉畸形诊治中的对比研究

目的探讨CT血管造影（CTA）和数字减影血管造影（DSA）诊治颅内动静脉畸形的价值。方法对45例颅内动静脉畸形患者行CTA检查,三维重建采用最大强度投影（MIP）和容积成像显示（VR）技术;分析动静脉畸形显示情况并将结果与DSA和手术结果比较。部分动静脉畸形病例术后行CTA和DSA复查。结果CTA对颅内动静脉畸形的敏感性为93．33％,特异性为100％。能可靠地显示动静脉畸形的位置、形态、供血动脉和引流静脉。结论CTA是有效的血管成像技术,对颅内动静脉畸形有重要的诊治价值,临床疑诊为颅内动静脉畸形患者可作为一种筛选方法。CTA可作为动静脉畸形术后复查的方法之一。     

脑干动静脉畸形的特点及治疗

目的 探讨脑干动静脉畸形的临床表现、脑血管影像特点及治疗效果.方法 12例患者在数字减影血管造影(DSA)监视下进行全脑血管造影,了解畸形血管团的位置、大小、供血动脉及引流静脉情况,然后给予血管内栓塞治疗或放射治疗.结果 12例患者应用漂浮导管技术行血管内栓塞治疗;AVM完全消失4例(含栓塞加X刀1例);减少70%以上2例,40%～70%2例,40%以下4例.2例行X刀治疗,4例临床治愈,1例因治疗时间短未复查.结论 脑干动静脉畸形,发病年龄不等,出血危险性大,畸形团小,位置深,供血动脉多,引流静脉单一,栓塞治疗效果确实.     

三维CT血管造影在脑动静脉畸形诊治中的初步应用经验

目的 评估三维CT血管造影（3D－CTA）在脑动静脉畸形诊断及术前评估中的应用。方法 对我科收治的25例脑动静脉畸形患者采用3D－CTA检查，并同期行脑数字减影血管造影（DSA），比较两种检查的结果。结果 3D－CAT显示了24例动静脉畸形，3D－CTA在显示畸形血管闭、供血动脉和引流静脉的三维构造以及空间关系上优于DSA，并能显示三者与颅骨的关系。3D－CTA虽未能发现1例小型小脑动静脉畸形，但其显示了一个位于小脑后下动脉（PICA）远端的供血动脉动脉瘤，并确定了出血系动脉瘤而非动静脉畸形。3D－CTA可以模拟手术入路时可观察到的血管构造，有助于正确判断动静脉畸形的各种成分，提高手术的安全性。结论 3D－CTA对脑动静脉畸形的诊断及其术前评估有其独特的价值。尤其适合于大型脑动静脉畸形、动静脉畸形合并动脉瘤以及颅内巨大血肿怀疑系动静脉畸形破裂者。它与DSA可互补，但尚无法取代DSA。     

三维数字减影血管造影在脑动静脉畸形血管内治疗中的应用

目的探讨三维数字减影血管造影(3D-DSA)在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)血管内治疗中的临床应用价值。方法选择22例脑AVM患者进行血管内治疗,在治疗过程中均行3D-DSA,分析AVM供血动脉、引流静脉的特征和畸形血管团的内部结构,并与二维DSA比较。结果二维DSA和3D-DSA均可正确诊断脑AVM,但对AVM供血动脉、引流静脉及AVM内部结构的显示3D-DSA优于二维DSA。本组22例脑AVM中,二维DSA清晰显示供血动脉13例(59.1%),而3D-DSA清晰显示20例(90.9%);二维DSA和3D-DSA清晰显示引流静脉分别为15例(68.2%)和20例(90.9%),清晰显示AVM内部结构分别为5例(22.7%)和17例(77.3%)。同时对合并的动脉瘤,二维DSA仅清晰显示1例,而3D-DSA则清晰显示了6例。结论 3D-DSA在脑AVM血管内治疗中具有重要的应用价值。     

脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征与使用Onyx栓塞治疗的体会

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征与使用Onyx进行血管内栓塞治疗的技巧. 方法 选择自2005年3月至2006年12月广州医学院附属第二医院神经外科收治的26例脑动静脉畸形患者,根据脑血管造影和超选择造影后脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征,使用Onyx进行血管内栓塞治疗. 结果 脑动静脉畸形栓塞治疗前需分析房隔结构.引流静脉数量,引流是否通畅,供血方式及混合伴有动脉瘤或静脉结构等.粗大、危险性小的供血动脉及伴发动脉瘤的脑动静脉畸形应优先栓塞,对于多支供血的脑动静脉畸形需保护引流静脉.本组栓塞治疗后畸形血管团完全消失7例,消失90%以上10例,消失70%～90%的7例.消失70%以下2例. 结论 全面的脑血管造影可正确指导使用Onyx栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形,掌握一定的推注技巧可以显著提高脑动静脉畸形血管内治疗的效果.     

多支供血的脑动静脉畸形在血管造影上的构筑特征

根据全脑和超选择脑血管造影，分析了９３例多支供血的脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征。整个畸形血管团由多个间隔组合而成，每根供血动脉支配一个间隔，每个间隔有各自的一条或数条引流静脉，亦可与其他间隔共用一条引流静脉。此外，注意到动静脉畸形周围的血管瘤样改变。并对其形成机理和临床意义进行了探讨。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。