上海市7～18岁学生体质指数百分位数参考值研究

目的采用偏度-中位数-变异系数(LMS)法拟合上海市7~18岁学生体质指数(BMI)百分位数参考值曲线,为儿童青少年肥胖监测提供参考依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样法在上海市抽取15 259名7~18岁学生,测量身高和体重,应用LMS Chartmaker软件分别拟合男女生BMI随年龄变化的百分位数曲线图。以P_3、P_5、P_(10)、P_(15)、P_(25)、P_(50)、P_(75)、P_(85)、P_(90)、P_(95)、P_(97)作为参考曲线。结果随着年龄增长,男、女生BMI均呈增长趋势;男生BMI在各年龄段均高于女生。上海市男、女生各年龄组BMI的P_(50)均高于全国水平,BMI的P_(85)和P_(95)前期基本与全国水平持平,后期则高于全国水平。百分位数曲线显示,男生自9岁开始进入BMI增长高峰,12岁之后增长缓慢,18岁曲线仍呈一定的上升;女生自10岁开始进入BMI增长高峰,14岁之后增长缓慢,16岁以后曲线趋于平稳。结论用LMS法构建的BMI百分位数曲线能直观反映儿童青少年生长发育的规律;上海市儿童青少年BMI高于全国水平。     

日本儿童青少年1900-2016年生长长期趋势

分析日本儿童青少年1900-2016年的生长长期趋势,为进一步揭示中国青少年生长发育规律提供科学借鉴.方法 采用《学校保健统计调查》中1900-2016年6~17岁日本儿童青少年身高、体重数据,并使用单因素方差分析对各时期身高、体重和体质量指数(BMI)增长率和增长幅度进行差异检验,运用队列分析法对身高、体重和BMI进行纵向关联分析.结果 1900-2016年,日本6~17岁男女生身高增幅为9.5~19.9 cm和10.8~18.9 cm,体重增幅为4.0~15.9 kg和3.9~14.2 kg,男生高于女生.日本儿童青少年身高、体重增幅的峰值出现在1950-1960年,男生平均增幅为4.8cm和2.7 kg,女生为3.9cm和2.4 kg.而在1939-1950年,日本儿童青少年身高、体重均呈负增长趋势,男生平均增幅-1.8 cm和-1.2 kg,女生为-0.8 cm和-0.4 kg.2000-2016年,日本各年龄段男、女身高增长率分别为每10年平均增幅-0.2~0 cm和-0.2~-0.1 cm.结论 “二战”前后,日本儿童青少年生长长期趋势保持稳定增长态势;“二战”期间及战后初期长期趋势降幅明显;本世纪初,日本儿童青少年长期趋势呈缓慢下降趋势.     

宝鸡市区7～18岁儿童青少年生长发育及营养状况调查分析

目的 研究宝鸡市区7～18岁儿童青少年生长发育及营养现况,为改善中小学生生长发育和营养状况提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取宝鸡市区7～18岁27 114名儿童青少年,测量身高和体重,计算体重指数(BMI)。依据2009年九省/市数据制定的标准评估营养情况。结果 除10~至12~岁,男生身高显著高于女生(P<0.05);各年龄段男生体重均显著高于女生(P<0.05);除15~、16~岁,各年龄段男生BMI值显著高于女生(P<0.05)。男生14岁、女生12岁后身高显著高于全国水平,而10岁前全国水平高于本地男、女生身高(P<0.05);男生10岁后、女生各年龄段体重均显著高于全国水平(P<0.05);各年龄段男、女生BMI均值显著高于全国水平(P<0.05)。生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦、超重和肥胖的检出率分别为2.6%、1.5%、9.1%、13.7%和8.5%,男生检出率均显著高于女生(P<0.05)。各学龄组间生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦和肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 宝鸡市区儿童青少年存在营养双重负担,超重/肥胖率高于营养不良1.6倍,应有针对性的防控。     

2016年四川省儿童青少年学生生长发育与营养状况分析

目的 描述并分析四川省儿童青少年学生的生长发育与营养状况。方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样,抽取四川省12个城市的14772名7~18岁学生的学校体检数据进行了整理分析,按照《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》评价生长迟缓、消瘦、超重及肥胖等学生营养状况。结果 四川省学生的身高、体重、BMI之间均随着年龄逐渐升高,各年龄段学生的平均身高、体重均低于全国平均身高。四川省儿童青少年营养不良检出率为10.11%,生长迟缓率、轻度消瘦、中重度消瘦检出率男生分别为2.33%、7.51%、3.12%,女生1.26%、4.32%、2.31%,男生高于女生。农村高于城市。营养过剩检出率为13.73%,超重、肥胖检出率男生高于女生,城市高于农村。且营养过剩检出率高于营养不良。结论 四川省儿童青少年平均身高、体重低于全国水平,其营养状况结果表明四川省儿童青少年学生特别是男生存在着消瘦与超重、肥胖的共存现象,这警醒在进行营养改善计划时,要防止营养过剩的发生。     

中国儿童青少年1985-2010年速度素质发展敏感期变化

探究中国儿童青少年1985-2010年间速度素质敏感期变化特征和一般规律,为儿童青少年身体素质发展敏感期问题的探究提供数据支撑.方法 采用5次全国学生体质与健康调研的相关测试数据,使用SPSS 18.0,Tab-leau 10.3等软件对7~18岁儿童青少年50 m跑测试成绩的变化率进行可视化纵向分析.结果 男生速度素质呈现出7~8岁和12~13岁2个敏感期,而女生只有7~8岁1个敏感期.在1985-2010年间,男生7~8岁的增长率一直保持在5%以上,而12~13岁的增长率由1985年的4%提升到2010年的6%,且第2敏感期由11~12岁提前为10~11岁.从2000年开始,女生速度素质下滑明显,11岁以后每个年龄段的测试成绩均值比1985年慢0.2s左右.结论 25年间,儿童青少年速度素质的敏感期出现动态变化特征,且存在性别差异.体育教学内容应该根据学生敏感期的变化有所调整.     

上海市2000-2014年中小学生体质量指数变化趋势

了解2000-2014年上海市学龄儿童青少年体质量指数(BMI)的变化趋势,为儿童青少年超重、肥胖判别标准研制及预防干预提供参考.方法 选取2000,2005,2010,2014年4次全国学生体质与健康调研中7~18岁儿童青少年作为研究对象.应用最小均方(Least Mean Square,LMS)法探讨不同性别、年龄组儿童青少年BMI的变化趋势.结果 14年间学生BMI P85低年龄组差异比较小,随年龄增加差异逐渐增大,青春期后有减小的趋势,男生平均增加2.1百分点,女生平均增加1.3百分点.学生BMI增长主要集中在中等和高百分位数,尤其是P90后,差值逐渐增大.7~11,12~15岁男生在P5o后差值均逐渐增大,P95分别达2.0,3.2百分点,其中12岁男生从23.4 kg/m2增加到26.8 kg/m2,14岁女生从24.0 kg/m2增加到25.9 kg/m2.与WGOC标准相比,2014年男生BMI P85,P95均较高,而女生BMI P85 10岁之前高于WGOC标准,从11岁开始与WGOC标准基本相一致.2014年上海市7~18岁儿童青少年超重、肥胖检出率分别为15.4%,9.1%,较2000年总体均呈上升趋势,分别上升6.4,5.2百分点.结论 BMI分布高百分位的个体比低百分位个体的变化更大.在肥胖防治工作中,加强对群体BMI曲线的监测分析,对适时调整宏观调控战略意义重大.     

烟台市1985—2010年中小学生体质量指数变化趋势分析

目的探索烟台市1985—2010年7~18岁学生体质量指数(BMI)变化趋势,为有关部门制定促进儿童少年体质健康的对策提供科学依据。方法利用烟台市1985,1995,2000,2005和2010年学生体质健康状况调查研究资料,计算BMI值第5,15,50,85和95百分位数。结果烟台市1985—2010年间7~18岁男女生BMI百分位数增幅,P5为-0.1,-0.1 kg/m2;P15为0.6,0.4 kg/m2;P50为2.2,1.3 kg/m2;P85为5.3,2.0 kg/m2;P95为6.9,3.1 kg/m2。男生增幅明显高于女生,男女生增幅均为P5P15P50P85P95。男女生BMI百分位数增幅最大的年龄段均为9~13岁。1985—2010年男女生BMI中高百分位数曲线变化呈右移趋势。结论烟台市1985—2010年7~18岁男女生BMI高百分位数曲线变化呈明显右移趋势。以低年龄段男生为重点人群,遏制群体BMI高百分位数快速增长已刻不容缓。     

北京市海淀区1985-2010年中小学生肥胖变化趋势分析

目的 了解北京市海淀区1985 -2010年中小学生超重、肥胖及体质量指数(BMI)变化趋势,为儿童青少年肥胖干预政策的制定提供科学依据.方法 使用1985 -2010年中国学生体质与健康调研北京市海淀区资料,根据身高和体重计算BMI,应用中国肥胖工作组(WGOC)“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查BMI分类标准”判定超重和肥胖,比较7 ～18岁学生各年度超重与肥胖检出率,分析各百分位数BMI( P25,P50,P75,P90,P95)变化趋势.结果 1985 -2010年7～18岁男生肥胖率分别为1.0％,4.0％,6.5％,15.2％,女生分别为0.5％,2.1％,2.8％,5.2％.各年龄组男、女生超重、肥胖率以及各百分位数BMI值均随年度不断上升(P值均＜0.01).1985 -2010年各百分位数BMI增长表现为男生增速高于女生,较高百分位BMI值增速高于较低百分位BMI值,各年龄组高百分位BMI值全面大幅上升.2000-2010年以来10～15岁男、女生BMI增速明显.结论 北京市海淀区1985 -2010年学生超重、肥胖检出率以及BMI水平持续增长,10～15岁学生是下一步肥胖防控的重点对象.     

2000-2014年拉萨地区藏族学生身体形态学指标情况及动态分析

目的 调查2014年西藏地区藏族学生身体形态指标及体质状况,并分析2000年以来身体形态变化的特点及规律。方法 利用2000-2014年学生体质调查资料分析7~18岁年龄组藏族学生的身高、体重、体质指数(BMI)、维尔维克等指数变化情况,了解其变化规律及趋势。结果 2014年7~18岁年龄组藏族男生平均身高分别是122.7~172.5 cm,较2010年平均增加5.95 cm;女生平均身高为121.7~159.0 cm,平均增加5.07 cm;2014年藏族男生7~18岁年龄组的平均体重为24~61.9 kg、女生平均体重为22.5~53.7 kg,分别较2000年平均体重增加6.62 kg及4.95 kg。2000-2014年男、女生BMI分别平均增长1.61、1.20。维尔维克指数男、女生分别平均增长3.81和3.12。结论 藏族儿童青少年身高、体重及BMI等均明显增加,体现生长水平全面加速的趋势。     

上海市7~18岁儿童青少年身体形态长期变化趋势

了解上海市7~18岁儿童青少年2000--2014年身体形态指标的变化趋势,为儿童青少年生长发育监测提供理论依据.方法 从200-2014年上海市学生体质与健康调研数据中,抽取7~18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,运用LMS法拟合儿童青少年身高、体重主要百分位数值及曲线,并观察其变化趋势.结果 14年间,男生P5,P15,P5o,P85,P95身高平均增幅分别为3.5,3.4,3.2,3.1,3.1 cm,女生分别为2.6,2.5,2.3,2.3,2.4 cm;男生P5,P15,P50,P85,P95体重平均增幅分别为3.3,3.9,5.3,7.4,9.2 kg,女生分别为2.2,2.5,3.3,4.6,5.8 kg.男女生体重平均增长幅度均为高百分位数大于低百分位数,身高则是低百分位数大于高百分位数(P值均<0.01);不同群体的身高最大增幅的出现年龄均提前,城市男生、城市女生、郊区男生生长最大发育年龄提前,提前幅度表现为郊区男生(0.45)>城市女生(0.35》城市男生(0.26).结论 上海市儿童青少年身体形态正经历生长发育的长期变化趋势,需注意身高、体重不同百分位数人群增长特点.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.